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  • American Meteorological Society  (83,344)
  • Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 1
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 381-404 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The essential cause of the growth of pore pressure during cyclic loading is identified as an ‘autogenous’ shrinkage or densification of the solid phase of the soil and this is related to a strain path parameter. Introduction of this ‘shrinkage’ coupled with an elasto-plastic behaviour of the soil skeleton allows a full non-linear dynamic analysis to be conducted up to the point of structural failure for any earthquake input. Explicit time marching procedures are used. The procedure outlined is applicable to all problems of complex geometry and for conditions of undrained or partially drained behaviour at a moderate computational cost.
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  • 2
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 3 (1979), S. 63-78 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Problems of a raft on a visco-elastic continuum may be converted to equivalent elastic problems by means of a Laplace transformation. In this paper a numerical solution of the equivalent problem is obtained by finite element or other techniques. This solution is converted into the form of an eigenvector expansion and then transformed into a numerical solution to the original problem by inverting the Laplace transform. This form of solution has the advantage of applying to any visco-elastic model, and of requiring little additional computation as a result of changing the visco-elastic model, the relative raft-soil stiffness or the load pattern.The application of the method is illustrated by results for circular rafts, strip footings of finite length and rectangular rafts, and particular attention is paid to a realistic soil creep function which is asymptotic to a linear function of log time.
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 4
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 320-320 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 343-375 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Bearing capacity ; Deformation ; Earth pressure ; Finite elements ; Friction plastic properties ; Retaining walls ; Soil mechanics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Three constitutive models of soil are used in finite element analyses of lateral earth pressure and bearing capacity. The three models are an elasto-plastic formulation derived from the Mohr-Coulomb law, a similar model with the plastic dilatancy removed, and a strain hardening model with a capped yield criterion. Stiffness formulations are described; the non-dilatant model has a non-symmetric stiffness. The results for the retaining walls are in close agreement with classical soil mechanics, but the bearing capacity analyses greatly overestimate the bearing capacity. The patterns of motion are, however, reasonable. Reasons for the discripancies in the bearing capacity case include: (a) the elements are too stiff and do not permit sliding on discrete failure planes; (b) the bearing capacity problem is itself not well settled theoretically; (c) very fine element divisions are necessary in areas of strong stress gradients and (d) rotation of principal stresses is significant.
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 3-17 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element program is used to analyse an 80 m high rockfill dam. An analysis is made of the deformed shape of the dam and the internal stresses and strains due to reservoir filling.
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  • 7
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The problem of plates on consolidating soil is considered. Biot's three-dimensional consolidation theory, the generalization of Terzaghi's model, is employed to account for the consolidation process. A mathematical model is developed and the differential equations governing the system together with the proper boundary conditions are derived. A variational formulation of the problem and a convenient approximate method of solution are also presented.For numerical analysis, the problem of a rectangular plate on consolidating soil under various loading conditions is numerically solved and the effects of various physical factors on the settlements and the pore pressures are studied.
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  • 8
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 200-200 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 9
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 203-221 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An anisotropic hardening model for soils is proposed by applying the concept of a field of hardening moduli developed previously for metals. Besides the yield surface, a set of nesting surfaces in the stress-space specifies the variation of hardening moduli during the deformation process. Both drained and undrained soil behaviour can be treated and distortional as well as volumetric strain cycles can be considered. The model can be applied in studying soil behaviour under cyclic loading and in particular to describe densification or liquefaction phenomena.
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite-difference scheme widely used in analysis of pile driving is examined, the scheme is shown to yield peculiar results in simple symmetric impact problems and to inherently posses an imprecise definition of energy balance. A modified difference scheme is suggested and comparisons of the two methods are shown.
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  • 11
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 103-119 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The spontaneous shear band formation in the biaxial test on dry sand samples with constant cell pressure is treated as a bifurcation problem. The constitutive response of sand is described in terms of mobilized friction and dilatancy. Dilatancy is looked upon as an internal constraint and the hardening rule is expressed in terms of an adequate dimensionless stress measure. Owing to fail of normality in sand, localization always occurs in the hardening regime. The theoretical solution of the shear band inclination is a geometrical mean of the classical Coulomb and Roscoe solutions and is in good agreement with the experimental data. The incipient shear modulus is proportional to the stress level and can be estimated to be also proportional to these cant modulus.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 291-292 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 293-311 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Hysteretic and viscous material damping are compared in the context of soils. Popular assumptions about damping are shown to lead to different results for the rocking mode of surface foundations at low frequency.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 389-389 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 57-78 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The trap-door problem with dry sand is treated in a statical analysis based upon model test kinematics. Integration of the equilibrium conditions along horizontal slices and introducing the mean value for the vertical stresses yields a differential equation for the trap-door force. Concerning the constitutive response of sand a statical model of a moving shear band is proposed as an internal boundary. Solutions for the trap-door force for the active and passive modes and for the ultimate and residual states are discussed.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 387-396 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method is presented for the analysis of composite structures with prescribed frictional conditions at the interfaces. The method, which can also be used for the piecewise solution of large structures, is illustrated by analyzing a test problem with two interfaces.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 397-405 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An approximate method, using a simplified soil model, for predicting the behaviour of raft foundations subjected to applied vertical forces and moments will be outlined. Results obtained for circular rafts of finite rigidity are compared with those obtained, from more rigorous solutions, by other authors. Satisfactory agreement is obtained for the surface settlements and raft bending moments over a wide range of soil inhomogeneity. Finally, the versatility of the method of analysis is illustrated for an unusual asymmetrical structure. Computed total and differential settlements are shown to be in reasonable agreement with measured values and those predicted by an independent plane strain finite element analysis.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 57-72 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Numerical codes which use a one-point quadrature integration rule to calculate stiffness matrices for the 2-D quadrilateral element and the 3-D hexahedral element, produce matrices which are singular with respect to a number of displacement patterns, other than the rigid body patterns. In this paper an economical method is derived to remove this singularity and which also produces accurate flexural response. For rectilinear element geometry the method is equivalent to the incompatible model element of Wilson et al.7 For non-rectilinear element geometry a slight modification of the scheme is required in order to assure that it passes the patch test. The method of this paper can also be used in finite difference codes which experience similar difficulties.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 99-128 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The paper reports on the results of theoretical and experimental investigations on the spontaneous formation of shear bands in sand bodies. The phenomenon is considered as a bifurcation problem. Consequently, material response and configuration-dependent loading determine the bifurcation mode. Both Coulomb's and Roscoe's solutions of inclination of the shear band can be correct theoretically and experimentally. The first one holds for non-rotating stress axes, the second one for co-rotating stress and strain increment axes during failure. Values in between can occur if the rotation of principal stress axes is not equal to one of these limits. If Coulomb's inclination of shear band occurs, there is a thin deforming material layer separating rigid bodies. Inside the shear band non-coaxiality of strain increment and stress holds from the beginning. If Roscoe's inclination of shear band occurs, it is separating two deforming bodies. Inside the shear band strain increment and stress are coaxial at peak.
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. i 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 333-359 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The analysis of the stability of slopes using limiting equilibrium considerations necessitates the determination of the critical slip surface which yields the minimal factor of safety. The numerous methods currently available for slope stability analysis provide a procedure for assigning a factor of safety to a given slip surface, but do not consider the problem of identifying the critical conditions.This paper presents an effective minimization procedure based on dynamic programming by which the minimal factor of safety, and the corresponding surface, are determined simultaneously. This procedure SSDP (Slope Stability by Dynamic Programming), couples the minimization scheme with Spencer's method of slope stability analysis. It may be applied to slopes of any geometry, layering, pore pressure and external load distributions. No arbitrary restrictions are placed on the shape of the slip surfaces, and the analysis satisfies all equilibrium equations.Application of the procedure to slope stability problems reported in the literature shows that for a given slip surface the procedure yields factors of safety which are almost identical to those reported, but in every case a more critical slip surface, with a lower factor of safety, may be found.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 361-375 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new concept based on the use of a function expressed as a (complete) polynomial expansion in terms of the three invariants of the stress tensor is proposed for deriving yield, failure and plastic potential functions for use in plasticity based constitutive laws. A mathematical interpretation and physical meaning of the proposed concept are provided by using the idea of the singular nature of constiutive matrices in incremental hypoelastic laws. It is suggested that the proposed function and (polynomial) forms of material moduli can be synonymous. A number of specialized forms of the general function are adopted and their values at failure from advanced three-dimensional tests for a number of (geological) media are evaluated. The results indicate the possibility that there exist invariant numbers associated with the functions(s) that may apply to a wide range of materials. Some ideas on implementation of the proposed concept are also presented.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 30
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981), S. 139-163 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A novel finite element method has been proposed in this paper for the solution of seepage problems economically and accurately. In this method the governing equation and the prescribed boundary conditions are transformed so that they refer to a suitable logarithmically condensed ‘image’ space; the physical problem domain is also mapped into the image space. The transformed equation is then solved in the image space using standard finite elements, subject to the transformed boundary conditions. Because physical space is logarithmically condensed in the image space, the proposed method is capable of dealing with large or very large aspect ratio seepage problems economically and accurately.The validity of the method has been demonstrated by means of a number of examples including anisotropy and non-linearity. In all cases an excellent degree of accuracy was achieved, efficiently and economically.
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 77-94 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: It is commonly accepted that the mechanical behaviour of granular masses is strongly affected by their microstructure, namely the relative arrangement of voids and particles, i.e. the granular fabric. Therefore, parameters which characterize the granular fabric are of paramount importance in a fundamental description of the overall macroscopic stresses and deformation measures. In this paper several measures of granular fabric are introduced for a random assembly of spherical granules, using a statistical approach. In particular, a second-order symmetric tensor, Fij, emerges from this consideration, which seems to be of fundamental importance for the description of fabric, and which is closely related to the distribution of the contact normals in the assembly. The relation between fabric measures presented here and those discussed by other investigators is also discussed.
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A mapping finite element method is proposed for the solution of elastic problems in two-dimensions. This method, based on the logarithmic condensation of physical space, is found to give significantly greater accuracy than when the problem is solved in the physical plane using the standard FEM. Logarithmic condensation of space also permits the solution of large aspect-ratio problems of this type, accurately and economically.
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. i 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 151-171 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method for the analysis of the consolidation of a horizontally layered soil under plane conditions is developed. The method depends upon the transformation of the governing equations by a Fourier trasform. This transformation has the effect of reducing the partial differential equations of consolidation to ordinary differential equations. The ordinary differential equations are then solved using a finite layer or finite difference approach. Once the solution in the transformed plane has been found, the actual solution is synthesized by Fourier inversion. The method leads to a considerable reduction in the amount of core storage necessary for solution and enables the solution of quite significant problems to be obtained on a mini-computer.
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 233-254 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new one-dimensional model for penetration analysis of a rigid projectile into a soil target is presented. The soil medium is represented by a set of discs of constant thickness, responding in the radial direction under plain strain regime. When penetration through a typical disc occurs, the projectile displaces soil material and a radial plastic shock wave propagates in the disc. The interaction pressure between the projectile and soil material is compatible with the motion of the contact boundary, between them. The instantaneous resistive force is obtained by summation of the contributions of all the discs which are in contact with the nose surface of the projectile. Soil is considered as a ‘floating’ ideally locking material, in which the locking volumetric strain is adjusted to the physical stress-strain properties of the soil material. Friction between projectile and soil is assumed to be negligible. Comparison is made with both twodimensional computer program results and experimental data, and very good agreement is observed. Comparison with other analytical methods reveals that the present model most closely resembles existing experimental results and permits further analysis of the problem as predictions of target response and of stress distribution on the projectile nose. The calculations require very small amounts of computer time. Analysis with the present model yields an efficient and comprehensive means to analyse penetration and perform parameter analysis.
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new and simple concept based on the idea of correcting for non-associative characteristics of (geologic) media is presented. A special form of the concept is adopted and introduced in a critical state plasticity model. An example problem of behaviour of a soil tested under triaxial conditions is included. The concept can permit a simplified treatment of non-associativeness and under certain assumptions can allow use of existing formulations of plasticity by maintaining symmetry of the associated matrices.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 5 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
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    Notes: Localization of deformation in elastic-plastic solids subject to plane strain deformation are investigated numerically. It is shown that the localization may be captured accurately in finite element models by employing (1) the elastic-plastic material stiffness to form the global stiffness, (2) in the case of symmetrical configurations, an imperfection in the form of a weak element, and (3) in the case of incompressible materials, a reduced selective integration scheme which alleviates mesh ‘locking’. Accuracy of the technique is demonstrated by applying it to analyse the classical punch and slope stability problems. Its versatility is illustrated by applying it to analyse finite deformation problems and shear bands formations in associative and non-associative elastic-plastic solids.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The notion of overall macroscopic stress in granular masses is examined from a fundamental point of view by a statistical consideration of the contact forces that are transmitted by the contacting granules at the microscale. This examination leads in a natural way to relations between the macroscopic stress and the resulting granular fabric. The overall stresses are expressed in terms of the contact forces in two different but complementary ways: (1) by a statistical averaging over the sample volume of contact forces and “branches” which are vectors connecting the centroids of two contacting granules; and (2) by defining the overall tractions transmitted across an interior imagined plane as the sum of the contact forces which represent the mechanical effect of granules on one side of a unit area of this plane, upon those on the other side. Conditions under which the two representations of overall stresses are equivalent, are examined in detail. In addition, explicit results are given, which, define stresses in terms of the fabric and other microstructural characteristics of the granular mass.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 306-308 
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 195-209 
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    Notes: During the last ten years the Calculus of variations technique has been applied to solve the problem of stability of slopes. All published methods are essentially based on the attainment of a functional and the search for its absolute minimum or maximum by vanishing its first variation.Obviously this statement of the problem is valid only if such a minimum or maximum exists and can be obtained by making the first variation of the functional equal to zero. So, these implicit hypotheses must be checked.This work analyses from this point of view the validity of the methods proposed by ‘Baker and Garber’, ‘Chen’ and ‘Castillo and Revilla’, and demonstrates that the first two methods are incorrectly stated while the third one is correct at least in the case of a frictionless soil.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 513-517 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A method is devised for measuring soil thermal diffusivity in situ. It is based on direct experimental simulation of the finite difference approximation to the one-dimensional heat conduction equation.The method does not require the soil to be homogeneous except between the three thermometers that are used, at depths z + d, z and z - d. Nor need the energy input curve be sinusoidal. However, it must be fairly smooth for the finite difference approximation to be accurate.Experimental results for London Clay are presented, obtained using thermometers at depths of 1, 6 and 11 cm to give a mean thermal diffusivity of 0.0074 cm2/s at a depth of 6 cm. This value is consistent with other estimates of diffusivity for clay soils.The method is capable of automation, and should be suitable for use on engineering sites, at low cost.The method is capable of generalization to other linear diffusion equations containing one independent parameter. The same limitation also applies to its application to constitutive or geometrical non-linear one dimensional diffusion equations, and each equation requires individual study to assess feasibility of use of the method.The method in effect uses the usual finite difference approximation, not to prepare a numerical solution, but to design an experiment carried out essentially within the finite difference ‘molecule’. The measured parameter of the diffusion equation is the usable product of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 519-529 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The pressure versus settlement response is highly non-linear for soils, in general. In the present study, a cubic equation of the type p = K1w - K2w3 is suggested to incorporate the non-linear behaviour. A trapezoidal footing with constant depth resting on a subgrade having non-linear response is analysed. The resulting fourth order non-linear differential equation with variable coefficients is solved by using the Galerkin technique and beam characteristic functions are employed to obtain faster convergence. The results are presented in the form of non-dimensional charts for valid ranges of footings and soil parameters.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 589-604 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The analysis of mechanisms which could control the growth of fractures in non-homogeneous regions is of paramount importance. One such mechanism is the behavior of the fracture as it reaches a frictional interface; coupled with this is the question of re-initiation, e.g. whether a fracture can be contained within the region of initiation. Though the problems of slippage have been dealt with by other investigators, the present paper gives a more comprehensive picture and detailed treatment: effects of various frictional models at an interface are considered for a crack which intersects it at any angle; specialization then allows comparison with existing results in the literature.The problem of re-initiation, after slippage has occurred at a frictional interface, is also considered, using two different models. First, by introducing microcracks in the adjacent stratum and looking at the effects on propagation criteria and, secondly, by examining the actual distribution of the stress tangential to the slip surface; detailed computations are performed and a simple criterion for re-initiation is given, relating the re-initiation stress dominantly to the confining stress on the interface.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: On the basis of the two-dimensional theory of elasticity, the theoretical analysis of a vertical, fluid-filled crack intersecting and oblique joint has been made for the extraction of geothermal heat from hot, dry rock masses, where the opening of the joint near a point of intersection and the frictional resistance against slips along the joint are taken into account. The stress intensity factors are evaluated for discussing crack kinking at the upper joint tip, and the sufficient conditions on theinclination of the joint and on the length between the upper joint tip and the point of intersection are obtained for keeping a fluid-filled crack stable just beneath a joint. It is also shown that the volume of the stable reservoir created by using a joint is much larger than that of a fluidfilled crack in a jointless rock mass, even if the joint is oblique and is opened up by the fluid pressure.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 91-99 
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    Notes: The plate loading test is performed in order to determine the deformation modulus of a rock mass in situ. In the standard execution of this test the loading is applied perpendicular to the rock surface. The displacements are measured on the axis of symmetry, since for an isotropic material with linear deformation characteristics exact formulae are known which are valid at this location. For horizontal strata this presents no problem as it is easy to provide loading in a vertical direction. When the rock strata are dipping it is imprectical to use nonvertical load and it is then necessary to calculate the modulus from the displacements in a non-axisymmetrical arrangement. Using the well-known method of the Taylor series approximate formulae are derved which are sufficiently accurate for all practical cases of sloping rock.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 161-172 
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    Notes: A coupling scheme for boundary and finite elements using a joint element is proposed. The scheme is based on the finite element discretization (i.e. the equivalent FE procedure). Footing problems founded on multiple layers are solved. Furthermore, the scheme is extended to a non-linear analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 117-127 
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    Notes: A coupled finite element-rigid block model for the transient analysis of caverns in jointed media is presented. This coupling permits the modelling of lined openings in a jointed rock mass as well as the propagation of stress waves to the cavern. Both the finite element and the rigid block algorithms employ explicit time integration; an efficient, stable scheme is developed for coupling the two algorithms. Two numerical examples are given: one is a simple validation, the second is a representation of a lined cavern in a sparsely jointed medium.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 111-112 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 385-393 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. ii 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 457-468 
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    Notes: This paper sets forth the theoretical background and basic numerical expressions for the incorporation of elastic-plastic constitutive equations for ductile rock into a finite element computer code. The derivation of an expression for the total strain rate is performed both for a total stress formulation and for a formulation that employs the concept of effective stress for inelastic behaviour. Specific expressions for the incremental strain rate are presented for the case of a porous material having a quadratic initial yield surface and observing the associated flow rule with a special hardening law for subsequent plastic deformation. A final section of the paper summarizes the expressions required to insert the quadratic yield surface model into a finite element code.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 367-381 
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    Notes: A method for predicting the maximum mobilized side resistance and unit shaft resistance-displacement curves (load transfer functions) on piles in clay is described. The method was derived using a numerical solution to model pile installation effects and a finite element scheme to model pile loading. Results of three well-documented pile load tests on steel piles were used to develop intermediate steps and final solutions, and the method was verified by comparing predicted results to two other load tests. An expression is proposed to represent load transfer functins for use by practitioners for the design of bridge and other foundations in clay.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 431-441 
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    Notes: This paper discusses the kinematic admissibility of axisymmetric velocity fields for the upper bound stability analysis of slopes surrounding cylindrical openings in frictional materials. The governing kinematic equations for two corner regimes of the Mohr-Coulomb yield condition are analysed. Although the equations can be solved by the method of characteristics, the characteristics and the characteristic relations for each regime differ significantly, for the Haar-von Karman regime the characteristics are non-orthogonal and strong discontinuities are admissible, whereas for the other regime the characteristics are orthogonal and strong discontinuities must be excluded. Examples of simple velocity fields and the corresponding stability numbers are, given and compared with the partial collapse mechanisms. The solutions are verified against certain inequalities which must be satisfied for kinematical admissibility of axisymmetric velocity fields.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 449-458 
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    Notes: This communication describes an approximate method for generalizing homogeneous, linearly elastic, subgrade type solutions of axial pile response to account for soil creep behaviour. The method is very simple to apply and can be used in conjunction with either analytical or numerical elastic solutions. Exact solutions for limiting cases and finite difference solutions in both space and time are presented to confirm that errors introduced by the approximations are small. Because of the theoretical basis of this approach it is anticipated that method can be used with other pile problems, lateral and axial, for both subgrade adn continuum idealizations. Methods for generalizing the results to more complex conditions such as non-homogeneity or time varying loads are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 461-482 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 585-608 
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    Notes: On the basis of the correspondence principle of visco-elasticity, an application is discussed of the boundary integral equation method to the solution of time-dependent stress analysis problems. The adopted solution technique, in addition to the time-dependent stress and strain distributions, enables the determination of a measure of the error affecting the numerical results. The governing equations for the plane strain visco-elastic problem are derived with reference to a generalized Kelvin model consisting of the series of any number of simple kelvin elements, having both volumetric and deviatoric components. To get some insight into the overall performance of the technique, the results obtained in the solution of some test examples are discussed and compared with those dering from the available closed from solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 667-667 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A numerical procedure is described for the analysis of vertical deformation of smooth, rigid foundations of arbitrary shape on homogeneous and layered soil media. The contact area at the interface of the foundation and soil medium is approximated by square subdivisions. The response of the system is then obtained from the superposition of the influence of the individual subdivisions. The flexibility influence coefficients are based on equivalent smooth, rigid circular areas with the same contact area as the square subdivisions. For foundations on a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space, the flexibility coefficients are given analytically by the integrated forms of the Boussinesq's solution. For a layered soil medium, the flexibility coefficients are determined from an axisymmetric finite element analysis which is essentially two dimensional. Thus, there is no necessity for a full three-dimensional finite element analysis. Comparison with solutions obtained using the integral transform technique for smooth, rigid rectangular foundations on a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space shows good agreement. Parametric solutions are presented for the response of rectangular foundations on some ‘typical’ soil profiles. The use of a simplified method to estimate the settlement of rectangular foundations on a layered soil medium by superposing solutions for homogeneous, elastic strata is discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 61-77 
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    Notes: The complete solution is presented for the transient effects of pumping fluid from a point sink embedded in a saturated, porous elastic half-space. It is assumed that the medium is homogeneous and isotropic with respect to its elastic properties and homogeneous but anisotropic with respect to the flow of pore fluid. The soil skeleton is modelled as a linear elastic material obeying Hooke's law, while the pore fluid is assumed to be incompressible with its flow governed by Darcy's law. The solution has been evaluated for a particular value of Poisson's ratio of the solid skeleton, i.e. 0.25, and the results have been presented graphically in the form of isochrones of excess pore pressure and surface profile for the half-space. The solutions presented may have application in practical problems such as dewatering operations in compressible soil and rock masses.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 115-129 
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    Notes: To facilitate the practical numerical analysis of tunnel structures by means of the finite element method in the case of viscoplastic properties of the rock mass and viscoelastic properties of the shotcrete, this method is coupled to boundary elements. In this way, the unchanged properties of the boundary element region provide enormous savings in computing time. In order to improve the numerical stability of such calculations, a variable time-step analysis was employed for each time step with an iterative correction method. Characteristic values are obtained from measured values by back-analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 143-153 
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    Notes: The heat extraction through a geothermal reservoir on an oblique fault plane in the earth's crust is considered. The fault could be modelled mechanically as a frictional contact interface of two elastic bodies. The heat is recovered by circulating fluid through the reservoir, and then the surface of the reservoir is cooled by the fluid. The analysis is based on the two-dimensional theory of quasi-static thermoelasticity. It is concluded from numerical calculations that a geothermal reservoir can be created on an oblique fault plane, and the opened region, i.e. the fluid-filled region, increases gradually with time during the heat extraction. Also discussed are the effects of the fluid pressure and the coefficient of friction on the behaviour of the reservoir.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 49-69 
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    Notes: In this paper, a general variational principle for the initial boundary value problem of quasi-static thermoelastic consolidation is developed by assuming infinitesimal deformation and an incompressible fluid flowing through a linearly elastic solid. By manipulating the coupling operators, an extended form of the variational pronciple is derved. The associated finite element formulation based on this principle is presented and numerical applications for plane strain thermo-elastic consolidation are revealed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 283-305 
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    Notes: A finite element, variable mesh analysis of unconfined steady-state seepage problems is presented based on a nonlinear programming algorithm. It is shown that the minimization of an objective function which merely represents a measure of the total flux leaving or entering the mesh at the free surface nodes (except those that belong also to pervious boundaries) does not permit a unique definition of the free surface geometry. This problem, which is apparently related to the numerical instabilities often met when using variable mesh approaches, can be eliminated by adding to the objective function a term representing a sort of overall ‘regularity’ condition for the shape of the free surface. The modified solution procedure turns out to be stable and able to provide meaningful results for practical problems even when rather coarse meshes are adopted.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 381-390 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Hydraulic and mechanical properties of rock masses are largely dependent upon the distribution and variation of fracture areas. Consequently, it is essential to develop good models for analysing the spatial geometric characteristics of fracture fields. The latter, however, may be ascertained only by measuring open cuts or boreholes. The most important factor from the analysis of areas is to be able to determine spatial networks. Without an exhaustive and expensive inventory, the classical methods involving measurements of dip and strike do not provide either a correct estimation of fracture orientations in space, or a good estimation of their distribution.At present, automatic analysis of linear traces on large plane areas is used by several authors1,2 and the field strike and dip measurements are applied only for verification purposes. This method of computing spatial networks is especially suitable because of the nature of data so obtained, since it permits various simulations on computed networks. It is based upon classical methods of vector geometry that involve a measurements data matrix and provide a means of solving a double system of equations. Results are the directional spatial fracture densities. The object of this paper is to define the geometric parameters of this problem and the computation method, to present an example and, finally, to conclude with critical comments supported by certain proposals for a variety of applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 296-296 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 297-297 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 331-351 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: In this paper the settlement of a rigid foundation supported by a layer of clay which has been stabilized with stone columns is considered. The results of an analytic solution for the settlement, assuming no yield occurs in the clay or columns, have been presented in a previous publication. This solution is now used to develop an interaction analysis which takes account of yielding within the stone columns.This interaction analysis is based on a number of plausible assumptions regarding the behaviour of the clay and columns. In order to check the validity of these assumptions elasto-plastic finite element analyses have been performed and the agreement between the two methods is very good. However, the computational effort required for the finite element analyses is many orders of magnitude greater than that for the interaction analysis.This analysis has been used to generate a number of parametric solutions which provide a basis for estimating the reduction in settlement of the foundation due to the stabilization of the clay.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 399-414 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Stability and bifurcation of plane-strain, undrained, rectilinear deformations on water-saturated granular soil specimens are discussed. The soil, sand or normally consolidated clay, is described by a 2D-flow theory of plasticity for frictional material with non-associated flow rule. Contractant material become unstable (liquefies) at the state of maximum deviatoric stress. For dilatant material the dominant failure mode is shear banding that occurs close to the state of maximum principal effectivestress ratio. The theoretical findings are supported by and are used to explain existing experimental results.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 505-505 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 557-571 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The finite element method (FEM) and the boundary element method (BEM) are two well established numerical methods used for the analysis of underground openings. The advantages of both the methods are utilized by adopting FEBEM in which finite elements are coupled with boundary elements. A coupling procedure is presented in this paper. In using FEBEM, the effect of the location of interface boundary between finite element and boundary element regions, effect of Poisson's ratio and effect of stress ratio are discussed. It is shown that Poisson's ratio and stress ratio have significant effect on the accuracy of the results. Different discretization schemes are discussed to study their effect on accuracy and computation time. The use of different material properties in the FE region is presented. A comparative study is made with FEM for all the cases. It is shown that use of FEBEM is more advantageous than FEM.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 9 (1985), S. 599-608 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The current work uses Baiocchi's transformation to obtain heuristically a formulation of the inhomogeneous dam problem. When finite element methods are applied the finite dimensional problem is a variational inequality which may be solved to obtain approximate solutions. The main advantage of the method is that it uses a fixed mesh.The finite dimensional problem is solved by means of succesive overrelaxation with projection. Although the standard convergence theory1 for this method does not apply in this case, because the stiffness matrix is not symmetric, satisfactory and rapid convergence was obtained in all of our examples.Numerical results are given for some examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 17-39 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: An incremental finite element formulation for elasto-plastic bodies subjected to large strains and large displacements is presented in this paper. The formulation is in Lagrangian co-ordinates (material description) and the plasticity model employed is the extended von Mises. The bearing capacity of a strip footing and the stability of an earth slope illustrate the applicability of this theory.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 113-113 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Closed-form solutions are presented for the steady-state distributions of displacement, pore pressure and stress around a point sink embedded in a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half space. These solutions have been evaluated for a typical case of a sink (pump) buried in sand and the magnitude of the settlement of the ground surface has been estimated.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 191-211 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Hydraulic fracture propagation is predicted by a general numerical procedure which satisfies the transport equations in a global or integral sense over the entire fracture and over a small control volume near the leading edge. At each discrete time step the pressure distribution is selected from a four-parameter family of profiles such that the stress intensity is equal to the critical value at the tip of the fracture and the integral equations are satisfied. Comparisons with previous analytical and, numerical solutions indicate accuracy within 10 per cent for a variety of test problems include wedge-shaped and envelope-shaped fractures, laminar and turbulent flows, incompressible liquids and ideal gases, permeable and impermeable media, prescribed inlet pressure and prescribed flow rates. CPU time is typically a few seconds for a tenfold increase in fracture length. The method has been applied to explosively driven and propellant-driven gas fracturing problems as well as the traditional pump-driven hydraulic fracturing problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 311-327 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Analytic solutions to the problem of the time-settlement behaviour of raft foundations have been limited in the past to flexible or rigid loadings, and have treated the foundation as being completely permeable. In this paper, solutions are presented for smooth circular rafts of any flexibility causing consolidation of a deep homogeneous clay layer, where the raft may be considered permeable or impermeable.Results for the time-dependent behaviour of contact stresses, pore pressures, raft displacements and moment in the raft are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 10 (1986), S. 343-343 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 25-43 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Presented in this paper is a formulation and a numerical solution method for problems which involve finite deformations of an elasto-plastic material. The governing equations are cast in rate form and the constitutive laws are formulated in a frame indifferent manner. Particular reference is made to the finite deformation of soil. Plastic failure is described by a general yield condition and plastic deformation by an arbitrary flow rule. Several examples are treated numerically.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 151-176 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The use of discrete models for the dynamic analysis of a contiuum requires the existence of a finite domain with well defined boundaries. When these boundaries do not exist naturally but have to be artificially imposed it may be necessary to apply appropriate conditions on forces or displacements at the boundary nodes to reproduce the physical behaviour of the actual problem. In the solution of soil structure interaction problems these conditions are simulated through the use of transmitting boundaries. In this paper several of these boundaries are evaluated comparing the results they produce in the amplification of seismic motions, the determination of foundation stiffnesses and the structural response. The distance of the boundaries to the zone of interest, the level of excitation (influencing the amount of internal soil damping), the geometry of the problem (finite soil layer versus a half-space) and the relative frequency of the structure with respect to the soil and the specified motion are all parameters which must be taken into account for this evaluation.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 249-269 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element study is presented of the short-term effects that develop when a tunnel is driven in a ground showing viscous behaviour associated with the deviatoric deformations. Axisymmetric conditions around the tunnel centreline are assumed and the process of excavation is simulated by means of a step-by-step time incremental technique. The Kelvin's model is used to approximate the medium creep behaviour and a simple procedure is presented that allows the determination of the creep model constants from the laboratory test data. Various rates of advancing, the presence of an unsupported zone close to the tunnel face and the temporary interruption of the excavation process are considered. For the viscous model and the analytical technique used, simple, approximate relationships are presented for the displacements around the tunnel and the overexcavation volume as functions of the rate of excavation advancing.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 323-341 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A numerical step-by-step procedure, analogous to the ‘Initial Stress Method,’ is presented for the analysis of a single-layer jointed rock beam subjected to gravity loads and in-plane in situ formation pressure. The joints are permitted to open at locations where the flexural stresses exceed flexural strength. The material properties may be different for each rock block and joint. A detailed algorithm is given for the solution of the problem. The results of several analyses indicating the relative effects of initial formation pressure, transverse load, stiffness of the joint material, and joint spacing on the response of a jointed beam are presented. The convergence characteristics of the numerical procedure are included. The joint material is assumed to be ‘no-tension’ type. Both the geometric and material non-linear effects are considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 1 (1977), S. 407-407 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 35-56 
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    Notes: Incremental theory of plasticity has been used to derive associated and non-associated stress-strain relations for analysing the undrained stress-strain response of isotropic normally and lightly overconsolidated clays. A series of comparisons between the theoretical stress-strain-pore pressure response and laboratory test results for 3 in. × 6 in. samples of very high degree of repeatability and reproduceability have been described. From these comparisons it can be seen that both the associated and, non-associated Cam clay models appear to give consistently the best correlations between the theoretical results and the experimental observations.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Isothermal moisture movement ; Non-isothermal moisture movement ; Moisture model ; Transient steady state moisture flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to develop a comprehensive moisture model for predicting non-isothermal moisture conditions in soils. An extensive literature review indicated that a model based on the Philip and de Vries equations for non-isothermal moisture movement and heat conduction would give the best results. By using numerical methods, the implicit finite difference approximations to the moisture movement and heat-transfer equations were programmed for computer solution of water content and temperature in the soil with time.Validation studies indicate that the moisture model can be used to predict accurately moisture conditions in the soil. The model was validated by using hydraulic data from laboratory studies conducted on soil columns compacted with AASHO A-3 and AASHO A-4 soil.The application of the moisture model to the study of non-isothermal moisture movement in the field is demonstrated. The influence of parameters such as water table depth, precipitation, and soil hydraulic properties on soil moisture content are shown by use of the moisture model. The model is shown to be applicable to a wide range of boundary conditions and that it predicts the moisture-temperature regime with time in soils utilizing climatic input data.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 73-86 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The paper deals with the determination of the flow properties of expansive and unsaturated clays under different conditions of stress. By choosing the moisture content as the dependent variable, the well known non-linear diffusin equation is derived. Numerical solutions using a finite element program are presented, assuming a linear relationship between the moisture diffusivity and the concentration (the relative moisture content). These solutions are interpreted and a procedure is proposed to derive the flow properties of the clay from the sorption curves. Results of tests are presented and used to illustrate the procedure. It is found that the lower the stress applied, the smaller the initial moisture diffusivity and the stronger the dependence of the moisture diffusivity upon the concentration.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 129-158 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 189-197 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The equations governing the undrained linear elastic behaviour of a saturated soil are formally similar to the equations governing slow of an incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid. This principle of equivalence can then be effectively employed to obtain the load-deflection reiationship for a deep rigid anchor with the shape of a solid of revolution which is embedded in bonded contact with an unbounded incompressible elastic medium. It is found that the load-deflection relationship for the deep rigid anchor can be directly recovered from the expression for the drag induced on an impermeable object with the same size and shape as the anchor, which is appropriately placed in a slow viscous flow region of uniform velocity.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 202-202 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978), S. 283-301 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The effects and simulation of driving of structures (piles) into saturated soil media are discussed, and procedures for numerical simulation of driving are proposed. Consolidation caused by changes in stresses and in pore water pressures in the soil mass due to the driving is solved by using a finite element procedure. The changes in stresses and pore water pressures due to driving are obtained on the basis of the cavity expansion approach, and are introduced in the finite element procedure as initial conditions. Stresses and deformations around a pile as consolidation proceeds are plotted and related to the quantities such as a wall friction, and point and total loads relevant to analysis and design.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 2 (1978) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 503-520 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The constitutive model of sands is proposed to describe the characteristics of plastic behaviour for cyclic loadings. A non-associated flow rule is used and both yield function and plastic potential are generalized forms of the Modified Cam clay model. The hardening parameter is represented by the plastic work related to different portions of volumetric and deviatoric changes. The boundary surface is employed to describe the plastic strain within the yield surface. The directional independency of yield condition in triaxial compression and extension tests is extended to that in general stress states. Several drained and undrained cyclic tests are predicted and the comparison is made with experimental results. The proposed model is capable of representing the monotonic and cyclic behaviours of sands with reasonable accuracy. The simulation is performed for both included and excluded membrane penetration effects and it is suggested that the membrane penetration causes the significant influences on the results of undrained cyclic tests.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 521-542 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A review of the literature indicates that the elastic behaviour of granular materials is isotropic and that Poissony's ratio is constant, whereas Young's Modulus, the bulk modulus and the shear modulus vary with the mean normal stress and the deviatoric stress. A nonlinear, isotropic model for the elastic behaviour is developed on the basis of theoretical considerations involving the principle of conservation of energy. Energy is therefore neither generated not dissipated in closed-loop stress paths or in closed-loop strain paths. The framework for the model consists of Hooke's law, in which Poission's ratio is constant and Young's modulus is expressed as a power function invlving the first invariat of the stress tensor and the second invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor. The characteristics of the model are described, and the accuracy is evaluated by comparison with experimental results from triaxial tests and three-dimensional cubical triaxial tests with a variety of stress paths. Parameter determination from unloading-reloading cycles in conventional triaxial compression tests is demonstrated, typical parameter values are given for granular materials and extension of the model to soils with effective cohesion is described.
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