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  • Ultrastructure  (1,615)
  • temperature  (697)
  • Springer  (2,312)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Cambial activity ; Frost hardiness ; Phenology ; Salix ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cells in the cambial region of Salix dasyclados Wim. (clone 78056) was studied during the development of winter hardiness and the onset of cambial activity in spring. Plants were grown at relative growth rates (RG) of 8% and 12% respectively, resulting in different nitrogen content in the stems. Frost hardiness of the plants was estimated by standardized freezing tests. Plants with a higher nitrogen status ceased growth later and started re-growth earlier in spring than plants with lower nitrogen content. Differences in ability to withstand low temperatures during autumn and spring were found between plants grown in the two nutrient treatments. During the development of frost hardiness in the autumn, the number of meristematic cells in the cambial region decreased. The cessation of meristematic activity was accompanied by cell wall thickening and ultrastructural changes in the cells. Frost hardiness increased from the ability to survive -6° C in October to survival of -80° C at the beginning of December. From November to February the cambial region comprised a layer of 2–3 thick-walled cells with conspicuous ultrastructural features. Starch accumulated in plastids in September, decreased during November to March and then increased again in accordance with changes of frost hardiness. Onset of cambial activity began between the end of March and the beginning of April, as shown by increased vacuolization of meristematic cells and mitotic activity. By April, the starch content had increased and lipolysis was observed. Frost hardiness had decreased, and plants with low and high nitrogen content were able to survive -15° C and -10° C, respectively. After budburst, all axillary shoot parts were damaged at temperatures below-3° C.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Conifer ; Fluoride ; Nitrogen ; Sulphur dioxide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of SO2, aqueous fluoride (NaF) and a solution of nitrogen compounds (NH4NO3) on the visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in an open-air experiment lasting for 3 consecutive years. Visible injury symptoms were most pronounced in combination exposures and whenever F was applied. Visible symptoms correlated well with needle pollutant concentrations. Exposure to NaF increased needle F contents particularly when F was applied with SO2 or NH4NO3. This suggests that a reduction in N or SO2 emissions, in F polluted areas, could improve the condition of conifers via decreased accumulation of phytotoxic F in the needles. Norway spruce needles accumulated 2–10 times as much S and F as those of Scots pine. Microscopic observations showed various changes in the needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. In both species, exposure to SO2 increased significantly the amount of cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting detoxification of excess sulphate or low pH. F treatments resulted in a significant enlargement of plastoglobuli in Scots pine and a darkening of plastoglobuli in Norway spruce. All exposures enhanced the accumulation of lipid bodies. An increased portion of translucent plastoglobuli was most pronounced in N treatments. Many of the ultrastructural changes and visible symptoms appeared only as number of years exposed increased, indicating that long-term experiments are needed. Both visible symptoms and ultrastructural changes pointed to the more pronounced sensitivity of Norway spruce compared to Scots pine. Ultrastructural results mostly supported earlier qualitative observations of F, N and SO2 effects on needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. However, no reduction of thylakoids in SO2 containing exposure or curling of thylakoids in F exposure could be detected in the present study.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nuclear crystalloid inclusions ; Olea europaea ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nuclei of mesophyll cells of olive trees contain numerous sizeable crystalloid inclusions. Cytochemical examination using epoxy resin-embedded, semithin-sectioned tissue indicated the presence of proteins and oligoor polysaccharides in these inclusions. Their electron microscopical analysis revealed a crystalline substructure consisting of intersected subunits of high order. The spacing of the lattice fibrils and the angles of intersection were determined and used to establish a model of the unit cell of crystallization. It is suggested that the nuclear crystalloids of olive trees consist of glycoprotein molecules. They differ from the intranuclear crystalloids observed in other species predominantly in the high density of their subunit arrangement.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Air pollutants ; Chloroplasts ; Fluoride ; Olive tree leaves ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaves of olive trees growing in the vicinity of the Aluminium Factory of Greece were ultrastructurally investigated in order to determine any malformations caused by environmental air pollutants, especially hydrogen fluoride, in comparison with control samples and normal seasonal senescence. Estimation of some elements accumulated by these leaves showed that they contained high amounts of F and Al attributable to the operation of the nearby factory. The most seriously effected cell components were found to be the mesophyll chloroplasts that show a dilation of the intrathylakoid space, increase of the number of plastoglobuli, discoloration of plastoglobuli, accumulation of large starch grains and an overall disorganized appearance of the organelle. The nuclear crystalloid inclusions have unusual shapes, while the vacuoles contain a fibrillar/granular material that increases their electron density. It is concluded that the ultrastructural malformations are caused by a combination of environmental stresses and air pollutants.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Gills ; Epithelial cells ; Polychaeta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gill epidermal cells of Diopatra neapolitana and their relationship with blood spaces are described. The existence of a basal infolding complex, related to the blood spaces, is also reported. A possible involvement of these cells in osmoregulation and ion interchange, apart from their well-known role in respiration, is suggested.
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  • 6
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    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 208-216 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Megagametophyte ; Synergids ; Brassica campestris ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Brassica campestris, both synergids of the ovule degenerate before the arrival of the pollen tube. Synergid degeneration does not depend on pollination. At the non-degenerated stage, the synergids are completely filled with a complexly organized cytoplasm containing numerous mitochondria with many cristae, a large number of dictyosomes with many associated vesicles, and a very extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. The degenerative changes that occur in the cytoplasm of the synergids are characterized by a loss of visibility of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the simultaneous formation of dense deposits on the surrounding membranes of the mitochondria. Locally, the plasma membranes of the synergids disappear, and some ground plasma of the synergids penetrates into the space between the plasma membranes of the egg cell and the central cell.
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  • 7
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    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 368-373 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Egg-cell isolation (angiosperm) ; Micromanipulation ; Plumbagozeylanica ; Viable egg ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A protocol for isolating viable eggs in Plumbago zeylanica by mechanical dissection is reported. The optimum solution for isolation was 0.8 M mannitol + 10 mM MOPS + 10 mM CaCl2, (pH 4.5–5.0) with an osmolality of 860–940 mmol/kg. Eggs retain their viability for at least 24 h. Isolated eggs were true protoplasts without cell walls and could tolerate osmolality of 437 mmol/kg to 965 mmol/kg. Observation of the isolated eggs using transmission electron microscopy indicated that they were well preserved and reflected the ultrastructure of physiologically active cells, displaying features similar to those of in vivo egg cells. Notable differences include the absence of a filiform apparatus and the accumulation of dense particles in the plastids, which was most conspicuous in egg cells that were damaged during isolation.
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  • 8
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    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Egg cell ; Parthenogenesis ; Synergid ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat ; Zygote
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of the egg apparatus of the sexual (aestivum)-Salmon line (aS) and the isogenic but alloplasmic (kotschyi)-Salmon line (kS) of the Salmon system of wheat was studied by transmission electron microscopy 3 days before and during anthesis. Additionally, the zygotic stage of aS, 17 h after pollination, was included. Metabolic activity of egg cells from the sexual line aS was low 3 days before anthesis and increased dramatically after pollination and fertilization. This timing of increased activity was evident because of changes occurring in the egg cell nucleus and nucleolus, polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and the completion of the cell wall around the zygote. In contrast to the sexual line, the egg cell of the parthenogenetic line showed high activity 3 days before anthesis. The metabolic and ultrastructural characters observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the kS line 3 days before and during anthesis corresponded with those of the isogenic sexual line aS during anthesis and 17 h after pollination, respectively. High metabolic activity observed in the persistent synergid of kS may be connected with the occurrence of additional embryos in seeds (twins) of this line.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
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  • 10
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    Sexual plant reproduction 12 (1999), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Arabidopsis thaliana ; Megasporogenesis ; Meiosis ; Ultrastructure ; Cellular polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In this study, megasporogenesis of the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated by electron microscopy for the first time. The data described here could constitute a reference for future investigations of Arabidopsis mutants. During the beginning of meiosis the megaspore mother cell shows a polarity created by unequal distribution of organelles in the cytoplasm. Plastids accumulate in the chalazal region and long parallel saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, small vacuoles and some dictyosomes are found in the micropylar region. Plasmodesmata are abundant in the chalazal cell wall. The nucleus is almost centrally localized and contains a prominent excentric nucleolus and numerous typical synaptonemal complexes. After the second division of meiosis the four megaspores are separated by thin cell walls crossed by numerous plasmodesmata and do not show significant cellular organization. The young functional megaspore is characterized by a large nucleus and a large granular nucleolus. The cytoplasm is very electron dense due to the abundance of free ribosomes and contains the following randomly distributed organelles: mitochondria, a few short saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and undifferentiated plastids. However, there is no apparent polarity, except for the distribution of some small vacuoles which are more abundant in the micropylar region of the cell. The degenerating megaspores are extremely electron dense and do not show any substructure.
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  • 11
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    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 154-166 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; Unfertilized ovule culture ; Parthenogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Proembryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies have been conducted on the parthenogenesis induced by in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In comparison with the state of the egg prior to inoculation, some eggs 5 days after culture show striking ultrastructural changes, which include, among others, nuclear migration, an increase in the number and activity of the organelles, a loss of polarity and wall formation at the chalazal end of the cell. Most of these changes are similar to those that occur normally in the zygote, indicating that parthenogenic development has been triggered in these eggs. Such eggs have been termed activated and are presumed to be capable of undergoing parthenogenesis. The parthenogenic proembryos which result share some features in common with zygotic proembryos. In addition, some parthenogenic proembryos exhibit unique properties not found in zygotic proembryos. These include embryos that consist of two parts differing markedly in density, an inversion of polarity, the frequent occurrence of autophagic vacuoles, the thickening of cell walls, a centripetal growth mode of wall formation, the appearance of an incomplete cell wall, free nuclear division, amitosis and degeneration. We believe that these ultrastructural peculiarities are the effects of in vitro culture.
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  • 12
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    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Polymorphism ; Ultrastructure ; Pollen grains ; Canna indica L ; Tannin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our investigations on Canna indica L. indicate that the pollen of this species is polymorphic: there are two types of pollen — a larger type and a comparatively smaller type. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of small vacuoles containing tannic substances in the generative cell (GC) of the larger grains: the GC of the mature grain contained a higher quantity of tannins than the GC of the immature grain. Mitochondria, lipid bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and microtubular bundles were present in the cytoplasm of the GC. Numerous mitochondria, lipid bodies and plastids were also present in the vegetative cell (VC), with the mitochondria clustered around the vegetative nucleus. The plastids were observed to be associated with the RER cisterns. During the maturation process, the number of starch grains contained in the plastids decreased.
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  • 13
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    Sexual plant reproduction 4 (1991), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Tapetal cells ; Brassica oleracea L ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the secretory, binucleate tapetum of Brassica oleracea in the micro spore mother cell (MMC) stage through to the mature pollen stage is reported. The tapetal cells differentiate as highly specialized cells whose development is involved in lipid accumulation in their final stage. They start breaking down just before anther dehiscence. Nuclei with dispersed chromatin, large nucleoli and many ribosomes in the cytoplasm characterize the tapetal cells. The wall-bearing tapetum phase ends at the tetrade stage. The dissolution of tapetal walls begins from the inner tangential wall oriented towards the loculus and proceeds gradually along the radial walls to the outer tangential one. The plasmodesmata transversing the radial walls between tapetal cells persist until the mature microspore, long after loss of the inner tangential wall. After wall dissolution, the tapetal protoplasts retain their integrity and position within the anther locule. The tapetal cell membrane is in direct contact with the exine of the microspores/pollen grains and forms tubular evaginations that increase its surface area and appear to be involved in the translocation of solutes from the tapetal cells to the microspores/ pollen grains. The tapetal cells exhibit a polarity expressed by spatial differentiation in the radial direction.
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  • 14
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    Sexual plant reproduction 4 (1991), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen ; Brassica napus ; Mitoses ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus pollen development during the formation of the generative cell and sperm cells is analysed with light and electron microscopy. The generative cell is formed as a small lenticular cell attached to the intine, as a result of the unequal first mitosis. After detaching itself from the intine, the generative cell becomes spherical, and its wall morphology changes. Simultaneously, the vegetative nucleus enlarges, becomes euchromatic and forms a large nucleolus. In addition, the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell develops a complex ultrastructure that is characterized by an extensive RER organized in stacks, numerous dictyosomes and Golgi vesicles and a large quantity of lipid bodies. Microbodies, which are present at the mature stage, are not yet formed. The generative cell undergoes an equal division which results in two spindle-shaped sperm cells. This cell division occurs through the concerted action of cell constriction and cell plate formation. The two sperm cells remain enveloped within one continuous vegetative plasma membrane. One sperm cell becomes anchored onto the vegetative nucleus by a long extension enclosed within a deep invagination of the vegetative nucleus. Plastid inheritance appears to be strictly maternal since the sperm cells do not contain plastids; plastids are excluded from the generative cell even in the first mitosis.
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  • 15
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    Sexual plant reproduction 4 (1991), S. 226-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Male germ unit ; Sperm cells ; Isolation ; Pollen tubes ; Brassica napus ; Pollen-tube inner plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sperm cells of pollen tubes grown both in vivo and in vitro form a male germ unit. Extensions from both sperm cells of each pollen tube are closely associated with the tube nucleus. A high yield (2.7 × 104. 20 mg−1 pollen grains germinated) of intact sperm cells was obtained following release by osmotic shock from pollen tubes grown in vitro. Structural integrity of isolated sperm was maintained by isolation at low temperature in an osmotically balanced medium. At 4° C many isolated sperm pairs were still enclosed within the pollentube inner plasma membrane. Sperm cells not enclosed within this membrane no longer remained connected as a pair. During isolation vesicles formed on the sperm cell surface from disruption of the fibrillar components bridging the periplasmic space. Both in the pollen tube and after isolation the sperm nucleus is in close association with at least one region of the sperm plasma membrane. Sperm isolated at room temperature showed the presence of nucleopores, and nuclei were euchromatic, instead of heterochromatic as in intact sperm in the pollen tube.
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  • 16
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Isolated generative cells ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubule ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Allemanda neriifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of isolated generative cells ofAllemanda neriifolia at interphase and prophase was studied. The microtubule organization of the isolated cells was also investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy with a monoclonal anti-α-tubulin. After the generative cells had been isolated from the growing pollen tubes by osmotic shock, most of the cells were at prophase and only a few were at interphase. The interphase cell is spindle shaped and contains an ellipsoidal nucleus. In addition to the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of the interphase cell contains numerous vesicles (each measuring 40–50 nm in diameter) and two sets of longitudinally oriented microtubule bundles — one in the cortical region and the other near the nucleus. Most of the prophase cells are spherical in shape. Based on the ultrastructure and the pattern of microtubule cytoskeleton organization three types of prophase cells can be recognized. (1) Early prophase cell, which contains the usual organelles, numerous vesicles, and a spherical nucleus with condensed chromosomes. Longitudinally oriented microtubule bundles can no longer be seen present in the early prophase cell. A new type of structure resembling a microtubule aggregate appears in the cytoplasm. (2) Mid prophase cell, which has a spherical nucleus containing chromosomes that appear more condensed than those seen in the early prophase cell. In addition to containing the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of this cell contains numerous apparently randomly oriented microtubules. Few vesicles are seen and microtubule aggregates are no longer present. (3) Late prophase cell, typified by the lack of a nuclear envelope. Consequently, the chromosomes become randomly scattered in the cytoplasm. Microtubules are still present and some become closely associated with the chromosomes. The changes in the ultrastructure and in the pattern of microtubule organization in the interphase and prophase cells are discussed in relation to the method of isolation of the generative cells.
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  • 17
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen grain ; Generative cell ; Formation and detachment ; Ultrastructure ; Polystachia pubescens ; Orchidaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation and nature of the generative cell wall and the detachment mode of the generative cell from the intine in Polystachia pubescens were observed by LM and TEM. Vesicles evenly positioned within the phragmoplast fuse to form a cell plate that divides the microspore into the generative and vegetative cell. This cell plate consists of callose. Before the generative cell leaves the intine, however, the callose is completely resorbed and is not replaced by any other substance. The generative cell becomes detached from the intine by moving towards the centre of the pollen grain. A constriction formed thereby gives the generative cell a bulb-like appearance and leads ultimately to the generative cell being pinched off. Plasma-filled vesicles originating from the generative cell remain between the intine and the plasma membrane of the vegetative cell.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Wheat pollen ; Chemical hybridizing agents ; Male sterility ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phenylcinnoline carboxylate compounds SC-1058 and SC-1271 cause complete male sterility in wheat when applied at suitable dosages at the pre-meiotic stage of anther development. Anthers from treated and untreated plants were compared using light and electron microscopy from the pre-meiotic stage through the formation of nearly mature pollen. Overall anther development is gradually slowed in treated plants and pollen development is generally arrested in the late prevacuolate or early vacuolate microspore stage, although the first pollen mitosis does sometimes occur. The sporopollenin-containing exine walls are thinner, and show abnormally developed foot and tectum layers with sparse connecting baculi. Microspore cytoplasm degenerates and the cells eventually collapse. At the early, prevacuolate, free microspore stage treated tapetal cells hypertrophy, expanding into the locule. They contain abnormally large vacuoles that appear to form from the fusion of secretory vesicles, and some vacuoles contain electrondense deposits. The sporopollenin-containing orbicular wall and Ubisch bodies are retarded in their development and are structurally deformed. Acetolysis of whole anthers and of thick sections shows that the sporopollen-in-containing structures of treated materials are greatly reduced in thickness and are less rigid than in the control. We conclude that application of these compounds causes interference with the secretory function of tapetal cells which supplies sporopollenin cell-wall polymers to the exine of the microspores and to the tapetal orbicular wall and associated Ubisch bodies. Interference with the tapetal secretion of other nutrients required for microspore development is strongly suggested.
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  • 19
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    Sexual plant reproduction 6 (1993), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Micropyle ; Transfer cells ; Ultrastructure ; Nucellus ; Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several kinds of outgrowth from the grass ovule are known. Attention is focused here on one outgrowth that occurs within or around the micropyle and is of nucellar origin. Grass species in which it is currently known to occur are listed and examples of variants briefly described. Attention is concentrated upon Pennisetum, where the cell structure is described in detail with a series of electron photomicrographs. The tissue representing an aggregation of these transfer cells is newly named with the term ‘embellum’, and its significance for pollen tube growth is considered.
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  • 20
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    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Apospory ; Aposporous initial ; Aposporous embryo sac ; Ultrastructure ; Panicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucellar ultrastructure of apomictic Panicum maximum was analyzed during the meiocytic stage and during aposporous embryo sac formation. At pachytene the megameiocyte shows a random cell organelle distribution and sometimes only an incomplete micropylar callose wall. The chalazal nucellar cells are meristematic until the tetrad stage. They can turn into initial cells of aposporous embryo sacs. The aposporous initials can be recognized by their increased cell size, large nucleus, and the presence of many vesicles. The cell wall is thin with few plasmodesmata. If only a sexual embryo sac is formed, the nucellar cells retain their meristematic character. The aposporous initial cell is somewhat comparable to a vacuolated functional megaspore. It shows large vacuoles around the central nucleus and is surrounded by a thick cell wall without plasmodesmata. In the mature aposporous embryo sac the structure of the cells of the egg apparatus is similar to each other. In the chalazal part of the egg apparatus the cell walls are thin and do not hamper the transfer of sperm cells. Structural and functional aspects of nucellar cell differentiation and aposporous and sexual embryo sac development are discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Somatic embryogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Pennisetum ; Poaceae ; Morphometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Ultrastructural changes during zygotic and somatic embryogenesis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) were quantified using morphometric techniques. The total area per cell profile and the cell volume percentage of the whole cell, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies, mitochondria, nuclei, lipids, plastids, starch grains and vacuoles were measured and comparisons made between three zygotic and three somatic embryo developmental stages. All measurements were taken from scutellar or scutellar-derived cells. Zygotic embryogenesis was characterized by increases in cell size, lipids, plastids, starch, Golgi bodies, mitochondria and ER. Somatic embryogenesis was characterized by two phases of cell development: (1) the dedifferentiation of scutellar cells involving a reduction in cell and vacuole size and an increase in cell activity during somatic proembryoid formation and (2) the development of somatic embryos in which most cell organelle quantities returned to values found in late coleoptile or mature predesiccation zygotic stages. In summary, although their developmental pathways differed, the scutella of somatic embryos displayed cellular variations which were within the ranges observed for later stages of zygotic embryogenesis.
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  • 22
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    Mycorrhiza 10 (2000), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Anthoceros punctatus ; Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Bryophytes ; Glomus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glomus claroideum (Schenck & Smith emend. Walker & Vestberg) were investigated for ability to form arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbioses with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus (L.). Spores were transferred to a cellulose acetate filter on water agar and a small portion of an Anthoceros thallus was placed directly upon the spores. Light-microscope observations 20 days after inoculation revealed branched hyphae growing within the thallus. After 45 days, arbuscules and vesicles were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. After 60 days in water agar culture, the colonised Anthoceros thalli were transferred to a low-nutrient medium agar. Hyphae spread in the agar and newly formed spores were observed 5 weeks after the transfer. After 4 months, about 1000 spores were formed in each Petri dish. This is the first report of an experimentally established arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbiosis between an identified fungus belonging to the Glomales and a bryophyte.
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  • 23
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    The journal of membrane biology 79 (1984), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: epithelial monolayers ; MDCK cells ; occluding junctions ; intramembrane particles ; electrical resistance ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In previous works it was demonstrated that the monolayer of MDCK cells behaves as a leaky epithelium where the electrical resistance across reflects the sealing capacity of the occluding junction. In the present work we study whether this sealing capacity can be modified by temperature and whether this is accompanied by changes in the structure of the occluding junction. Monolayers were prepared on disks of nylon cloth coated with collagen and mounted as a flat sheet between two Lucite chambers. The changes in resistance elicited by temperature were large (306% between 3 and 37°C), fast (less than 2 sec), and reversible. An Arrhenius plot of conductance versus the inverse of temperature shows a broken curve (between 22 and 31°C), and the activation energies calculated (3.2 and 4.0 kcal·mol−1) fall within the expected values for processes of simple diffusion. The morphology of the occuluding the number of evaluated in freeze-fracture replicas by counting the number of strands and the width of the band occupied by the junction every 133 nm. In spite of the change by 306% of the electrical resistance and the phase transition, we were unable to detect any appreciable modification of the morphology of the occluding junction. Since the freeze-fracture replicas also show a density of intramembrane particles (IMP) different in the apical from that in the basolateral regions of the plasma membrane, as well as differences between faceE and faceP, we also investigated whether this is modified by temperature. Cold increases the population of IMP, but does not affect their polarization with the incubation time it takes to elicit changes in electrical resistance.
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  • 24
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    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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  • 25
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    The journal of membrane biology 77 (1984), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vesicle fusion ; surface energy ; divalent cations ; osmotic pressure gradient ; temperature ; membrane curvature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Fusion of phosphatidylserine vesicles induced by divalent cations, temperature and osmotic pressure gradients across the membrane was studied with respect to variations in vesicle size. Vesicle fusion was followed by two different methods: 1) the Tb/DPA fusion assay, whereby the fluorescent intensity upon mixing of the internal aqueous contents of fused lipid vesicles was monitored, and 2) measurement of the changes in turbidity of the vesicle suspension due to vesicle fusion. It was found that the threshold concentration of divalent cations necessary to induce vesicle fusion depended on the size of vesicles; as the diameter of the vesicle increased, the threshold value increased and the extent of fusion became less. For the osmotic pressure-induced vesicle fusion, the larger the diameter of vesicles, the smaller was the osmotic pressure gradient required to induce membrane fusion. Divalent cations, temperature increase and vesicle membrane expansion by osmotic pressure gradient all resulted in increase in surface energy (tension) of the membrane. The degree of membrane fusion correlated with the corresponding surface energy changes of vesicle membranes due to the above fusion-inducing agents. The increase in surface energy of 9.5 dyn/cm from the reference state corresponded to the threshold point of phosphatidylserine membrane fusion. An attempt was made to explain the factors influencing fusion phenomena on the basis of a single unifying theory.
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  • 26
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    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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  • 27
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    The journal of membrane biology 112 (1989), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: myelinated nerve fiber ; gating current ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Asymmetrical displacement currents and Na currents of single myelinated nerve fibers ofXenopus laevis were studied in the temperature range from 5 to 24°C. The time constant of the on-response atE=4 mV,τ on, was strongly temperature dependent, whereas the amount of displaced charge atE=39 mV, Qon, was only slightly temperature dependent. The mean Q10 forτ on -1 was 2.54, the mean Q10 for Qon was 1.07. The time constant of charge immobilization,τ i , atE=4 mV varied significantly (α=0.001) with temperature. The mean Q10 forτ i -1 was 2.71±0.38. The time constants of immobilization of gating charge and of fast inactivation of Na permeability were similar in the temperature range from 6 to 22°C. The Qoff/Qon ratio forE=4 mV pulses of 0.5 msec duration decreased with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the time constant of the off-response could not be described by a single Q10 value, since the Q10 depended on the duration of the test pulse. Increasing temperature shifted Qon (E) curves to more negative potentials by 0.51 mVK −1, but shiftedP Na (E) curves andh ∞ (E) curves to more positive potentials by 0.43 and 0.57 mV K−1, respectively.h ∞ (E=−70 mV) increased monotonously with increasing temperature. The present data indicate that considerable entropy changes may occur when the Na channel molecule passes from closed through open to inactivated states.
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  • 28
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    The journal of membrane biology 127 (1992), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: chloride channel ; lymphocyte ; outward rectification ; temperature ; regulation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Outwardly rectifying Cl− channels in cultured human Jurkat T-lymphocytes were activated by excising a patch of membrane using the inside-out (i/o) patch-clamp configuration and holding at depolarized voltages for prolonged periods of time (1–6 min at +80 mV, 20°C). The single-channel current at +80 mV was 4.5 ± 0.3 pA and at −80 mV, it was 1.0 ± 0.4 pA. After activation, the probability of being open (P 0)for the lymphocyte channel was voltage independent. Activation of the Cl− channel in lymphocytes was temperature dependent. Nineteen percent of i/o recordings from lymphocytes made at 20°C exhibited Cl− channel activity. In contrast, 49% of recordings made at 30°C showed channel activity. The number of channels in an active patch was not significantly different at the two temperatures. Channel activation in excised, depolarized patches also occurred 20-fold faster at 30°C than at 20°C. There was no marked change in the single-channel conductance at 30°C. Open-channel conductance was blocked by 200 μm indanyloxyacetic acid (IAA) or 1 mm SITS when applied to the intracellular side of the patch. The characteristics of this channel are similar to epithelial outwardly rectifying Cl− channels thought to be involved in fluid secretion
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  • 29
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    The journal of membrane biology 125 (1992), S. 171 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: chloride channel ; cell-attached patches ; lymphocyte ; T cell ; temperature ; voltage dependence
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We recently described a large, multiple-conductance Cl− channel in excised patches from normal T lymphocytes. The properties of this channel in excised patches are similar to maxiCl− channels found in a number of cell types. The voltage dependence in excised patches permitted opening only at nonphysiological voltages, and channel activity was rarely seen in cell-attached patches. In the present study, we show that Cl− channels can be activated in intact cells at physiological temperatures and voltages and that channel properties change after patch excision. Maxi-Cl− channels were reversibly activated in 69% of cellattached patches when the temperature was above 32°C, whereas fewer than 2% of patches showed activity at room temperature. Upon excision, the same patches displayed large, multiple-conductance Cl− channels with characteristics like those we previously reported for excised patches. After patch excision, warm temperatures were not essential to allow channel activity; 37% (114/308) of inside-out patches had active channels at room temperature. The voltage dependence of the channels was markedly different in cell-attached recordings compared with excised patches. In cell-attached patches, Cl− channels could be open at cell resting potentials in the normal range. Channel activation was not related to changes in intracellular Ca2+ since neither ionomycin nor mitogens activated the channels in cell-attached patches, Ca2+ did not rise in response to warming and the Cl− channel was independent of Ca2+ in inside-out patches. Singlechannel currents were blocked by internal or external Zn2+ (100–200 μm), 4-acetamido-4′ isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (SITS, 100–500 μm) and 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene 2,2′disulfonate (DIDS, 100 μm). NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate) reversibly blocked the channels in inside-out patches.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: skeletal muscle ; Cl− efflux ; Cl− channel ; pH ; muscle membrane ; temperature ; diethylpyrocarbonate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Efflux of36Cl− from frog sartorius muscles equilibrated in two depolarizing solutions was measured. Cl− efflux consists of a component present at low pH and a pH-dependent component which increases as external pH increases. For temperatures between 0 and 20°C, the measured activation energy is 7.5 kcal/mol for Cl− efflux at pH 5 and 12.6 kcal/mol for the pH-dependent Cl− efflux. The pH-dependent Cl− efflux can be described by the relationu=1/(1+10n(pK a -pH)), whereu is the Cl− efflux increment obtained on stepping from pH 5 to the test pH, normalized with respect to the increment obtained on stepping from pH 5 to 8.5 or 9.0. For muscles equilibrated in solutions containing 150mm KCl plus 120mm NaCl (internal potential about −15 mV), the apparent pK a is 6.5 at both 0 and 20°C, andn=2.5 for 0°C and 1.5 for 20°C. For muscles equilibrated in solutions containing 7.5mm KCl plus 120mm NaCl (internal potential about −65 mV), the apparent pK a at 0°C is 6.9 andn is 1.5. The voltage dependence of the apparent pK a suggests that the critical pH-sensitive moiety producing the pH-dependent Cl− efflux is sensitive to the membrane electric field, while the insensitivity to temperature suggests that the apparent heat of ionization of this moiety is zero. The fact thatn is greater than 1 suggests that cooperativity between pH-sensitive moieties is involved in determining the Cl− efflux increment on raising external pH. The histidine-modifying reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) applied at pH 6 reduces the pH-dependent Cl− efflux according to the relation, efflux=exp(−k·[DEPC]·t), wheret is the exposure time (min) to DEPC at a prepared initial concentration of [DEPC] (mm). At 17°C,k −1=188mm·min. For temperatures between 10 and 23°C,k has an apparent Q10 of 2.5. The Cl− efflux inhibitor SCN− at a concentration of 20mm substantially retards the reduction of the pH-dependent Cl− efflux by DEPC. The findings that the apparent pK a is 6.5 in depolarized muscles, that DEPC eliminates the pH-dependent Cl− efflux, and that this action is retarded by SCN− supports the notion that protonation of histidine groups associated with Cl− channels is the controlling reaction for the pH-dependent Cl− efflux.
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    The journal of membrane biology 103 (1988), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: H+ pump ; K+ channel ; light ; Nitella ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary At membrane potentials different fromE K, the temperature effect on membrane potential ofNitella consists of two components. One of them changes its sign atE K, the other one does not. This leads to the assignment of these components to changes in the K+ channel and in the H+ pump, respectively. It is shown that the fast time constant (3 to 30 sec) of the temperature effect on the H+ pump measured as a change in membrane potential and that of the temperature effect on the K+ channel measured as a change in resistance (having about twice the value of that of the pump) are sensitive to light intensity. Both time constants measured inNitella become smaller if light intensity increases from 0 to 15 Wm−2. This supports the suggestion of Fisahn and Hansen (J. Exp. Bot. 37:440–460, 1986) that temperature acts on plasmalemma transport via photosynthesis via the same mechanism as light does.
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  • 33
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    The journal of membrane biology 101 (1988), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hemolysis ; membrane ; erythrocyte ; pyrexia ; phospholipid ; phase transition ; unilamellar ; temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rates of human red blood cell hemolysis were measured as a function of temperature. Three distinct temperature intervals for hemolysis were noted: a) At temperatures equal to or less than 37°C no hemolysis was observed for the duration of the incubation (30 hr). b) For temperatures exceeding 45°C hemolysis rates are rapid and are accompanied by gross changes in cellular morphology. The activation energy for hemolysis is 80 kcal/mole; this value is characteristic of protein denaturation and enzyme inactivation suggesting that these processes contribute to hemolysis at these high temperatures. c) Between 38 and 45°C the energy of activation is 29 kcal/mole, indicating that a fundamentally different process than protein inactivation is responsible for hemolysis at these relatively low temperatures. A mechanism based on the concept of the critical bilayer assembly temperature of cell membranes (N.L. Gershfeld,Biophys. J. 50:457–461, 1986) accounts for hemolysis at these relatively mild temperatures: The unilamellar state of the membrane is stable at 37°C, but is transformed to a multibilayer when the temperature is raised; hemolysis results because formation of the multibilayer requires exposing lipid-free areas of the erythrocyte surface. An analysis of the activation energy for hemolysis is presented that is consistent with the proposed unilamellar-multibilayer transformation.
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  • 34
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    The journal of membrane biology 69 (1982), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: axon ; hydrostatic pressure ; Na currents ; kinetics ; temperature ; activation volume
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The effects of hydrostatic pressures up to 62 MPa upon the voltage-clamp currents of intact squid giant axons were measured using mineral oil as the pressure transmitting medium. The membrane resistance and capacitance were not appreciably affected over the whole range of pressures explored. The predominant effect of pressure is to slow the overall kinetics of the voltage-clamp currents. Both the early (Na) currents and the delayed (K) ones were slowed down by approximately the same time scale factor, which was in the range of 2 to 3 when pressure was increased from atmospheric to 62 MPa. Finer details of the effects, most evident at moderate depolarizations, are: the apparent initial delay in the turn-on of Na currents is increased by pressureless than is the phase of steepest time variation, and the later decay is slowedmore than is the rising phase. The initial time course of the currents at high pressures can be made to overlap with that at normal pressure by a constant time compression factor, Θm, together with a small, voltage-dependent delay. In a given axon, Θm was fairly independent of voltage, and it increased exponentially with pressure according to an apparent activation volume, ΔV∓, ranging between 32 and 40 cm3/mole. ΔV∓ tended to decrease with increasing temperature. Contrary to what is observed for moderate or large depolarizations, the kinetics of Na inactivation produced by conditioning prepulses of −50 or −60 mV was little affected over the whole range of pressures explored. Inferences about the pressure dependence of the steady-state Na activation were made from the comparison of the plots of early peak currents,I p, versus membrane potential,E. The Na reversal potential,E Na, and the slope of the plots nearE Na did not change significantly with pressure, but the peak Na conductancevs. E relationship was shifted by about +9 mV upon increasing pressure to 62 MPa. Steady-state Na inactivation,h ∞, was slightly affected by pressure. At 62 MPa the midpoint potential of theh ∞ (E) curve,E h, was shifted negatively by about 4 mV, while the slope atE h decreased by about 38%. Under the tentative assumption that pressure directly affects the gating of Na channels, the Na activation data follows a simple Hodgkin-Huxley scheme if the opening of anm gate involves an activation volume of about 58 Å3 and a net volume increase of about 26 Å3. However, a self-consistent description of the totality of the effects of pressure on Na inactivation cannot be obtained within a similar simple context.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Crustacean ; Sensorimotor ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellar sheath ; Myelinated axons
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Speed of nerve impulse conduction is greatly increased by myelin, a multi-layered membranous sheath surrounding axons. Myelinated axons are ubiquitous among the vertebrates, but relatively rare among invertebrates. Electron microscopy of calanoid copepods using rapid cryofixation techniques revealed the widespread presence of myelinated axons. Myelin sheaths of up to 60 layers were found around both sensory and motor axons of the first antenna and interneurons of the ventral nerve cord. Except at nodes, individual lamellae appeared to be continuous and circular, without seams, as opposed to the spiral structure of vertebrate and annelid myelin. The highly organized myelin was characterized by the complete exclusion of cytoplasm from the intracellular spaces of the cell generating it. In regions of compaction, extracytoplasmic space was also eliminated. Focal or fenestration nodes, rather than circumferential ones, were locally common. Myelin lamellae terminated in stepwise fashion at these nodes, appearing to fuse with the axolemma or adjacent myelin lamellae. As with vertebrate myelin, copepod sheaths are designed to minimize both resistive and capacitive current flow through the internodal membrane, greatly speeding nerve impulse conduction. Copepod myelin differs from that of any other group described, while sharing features of every group.
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    Planta 133 (1976), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Tropaeolum, Embryogenesis ; Differentiation ; Plastids ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogeny in the nasturtium is characterized by the development of a large, tripartite suspensor and storing cotyledons. A light and electron microscopic study revealed an early diversification of the plastids in the various regions of the suspensor and the embryo proper. Amyloplasts are found in the developing cotyledons of the heart-like embryo, while chloroplasts occur within the meristematic part of the embryo and the adjacent portion of the suspensor. The cells between the meristem and the storing cotyledons display undifferentiated leukoplasts, whereas leukoplasts with an electron-dense matrix occur in the basal cell mass of the embryo-suspensor. Etioplasts develop in several cells of the placental haustorium of the suspensor. The carpel haustorium shows rather undifferentiated leukoplasts, which are transformed into electron-dense plastids during autolysis of the suspensor. This early plastidal differentiation in discussed with respect to its control and functional significance.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Festuca ; Frost damage ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tillers of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were subjected to-8°C in a bath of methylated spirits for three-quarters of an hour. They were thawed at room temperature and some material taken from the shoot apical meristem and leaf blade for electron microscopy. Similar material was taken from control plants for electron microscopy. Nine tillers subjected to-8°C and thawed subsequently failed to regrow. Nine control tillers regrew. All the treated meristem cells and about half the treated leaf mesophyll cells were extensively altered. Their nuclei were contracted, organelles were swollen or partly disrupted, plasmalemma and nuclear membranes were broken or absent and vacuoles were sometimes disrupted. Strongly osmiophilic material accumulated in the vicinity of membranes. About half the leaf mesophyll cells differed from the control mesophyll cells only in having more spherosomes and narrower thylakoids. Parallels with other ultrastructural studies of stress damage and the indications the results give of possible primary damaging events are discussed.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Galactomannan ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Trigonella
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of deposition (secretion) of galactomannan in the cells of the seed endosperm ofTrigonella foenum-graecum has been studied by electron microscopy. In cells which are just beginning to secrete galactomannan there are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The intracisternal space (containing the enchylema) of the rough ER then swells, becomes vacuolated and forms a voluminous network, with “pockets” of cytoplasm entrapped within poculiform rough ER. The enchylema contains material which reacts with periodate-thiocarbohydrazidesilver proteinate in a very similar manner to the galactomannan already deposited in the cell wall. It appears that the galactomannan is formed in the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then expelled outside the plasmalemma. This mode of deposition contrasts with that of other plant cell wall polysaccharides whose secretion is mediated by Golgi vesicles.
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  • 39
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    Planta 188 (1992), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Gunnera ; Infection process ; Nostoc ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The symbiosis between Gunnera and Nostoc was reconstituted using G. chilensis Lam. and G. manicata Linden, respectively, and three different Nostoc strains. Six stages characterised by specific modifications in both the cyanobiont and the host were recognised during the infection process. Mucilage-secreting stem glands developed on the Gunnera stems independent of the presence of cyanobacteria (Stage I). Soon after addition of the Nostoc isolates to the plant apices, an abundant differentiation of motile hormogonia commenced. The cyanobacteria accumulated in the mucilage on the surface of the gland (Stage II), and the hormogonia then proceeded into the stem tissue through intercellular channels (Stage III). At the channel bases, Nostoc was detected between the cell walls of small, densely cytoplasmic Gunnera cells and also in elaborate folds of these (Stage IV). The Gunnera cell walls subsequently dissolved adjacent to the cyanobacteria and Nostoc entered the host cells (Stage V). Once the intracellular association was formed, a high proportion of the vegetative Nostoc cells differentiated into heterocysts (Stage VI). Nostoc changed from being rich in inclusions (particularly cyanophycin) while on the gland surface into a comparatively “non-storing” form during penetration and the early intracellular stages. Bacteria were numerous on the gland surface, fewer in the channels, and were never detected within the Gunnera cells, indicating the existence of specific recognition mechanisms discriminating between conceivable microsymbionts. Mechanisms behind mutual adaptations and interactions between the two symbionts are discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Glycine (root nodules) ; High-pressure freezing ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in sharp contrast to chemical fixation and prefixation, appears to preserve the ultrastructure close to the native state. This is supported by the observation that the peribacteroid membrane of high-pressure-frozen samples is tightly wrapped around the bacteroids, a finding that is fully consistent with the current views on the physiology of oxygen and metabolite transport between plant cytosol and bacteroids. In soybean root nodules, the plant tissue and the enclosed bacteria are so dissimilar that conventional aldehyde-fixation procedures are unable to preserve the overall native ultrastructure. This was demonstrated by high-pressure freezing of nodules that had been pre-fixed in glutaraldehyde at various buffer molalities: no buffer strength tested preserved all ultrastructural aspects that could be seen after high-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electric fish ; Pacemaker ; GABA ; Glutamate ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The medullary pacemaker nucleus of Hypopomus triggers each electric organ discharge (EOD) by a single command pulse. It consists of electrotonically coupled ‘pacemaker’ cells, which generate the rhythm, and ‘relay’ cells, which follow the pacemaker cells and excite the spinal motoneurons of the electric organ. The pacemaker cells receive two inputs from the complex of the diencephalic prepacemaker nucleus (PPn), a GABA-ergic inhibition and a glutamatergic excitation. Relay cells, on the other hand, receive two glutamatergic inputs, one from a subnucleus of the PPn, the PPn-C, and a second from the sublemniscal prepacemaker nucleus (SPPn). We have labelled afferents to the pacemaker nucleus by injecting HRP to specific sites of the prepacemaker complex. By using immunogold-labelled antibodies and en-grid staining techniques, we demonstrated GABA and glutamate immunoreactivity in labelled synaptic profiles of ultra-thin sections of the pacemaker nucleus. The two types of synapses were interspersed on the surfaces of pacemaker cells, with GABA-immunoreactive synapses apparently representing the GABA-mediated input of the ‘PPn-I’, an inhibitory subdivision of the PPn, and glutamate-immunoreactive synapses representing the input of the ‘PPn-G’, an excitatory subdivision of the PPn. Only glutamate-immunoreactive synapses were found on relay cells.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Shell formation ; Free nerve endings ; Ultrastructure ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Biomphalaria pfeifferi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snailsLymnaea stagnalis andBiomphalaria pfeifferi was investigated with histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The mantle edge gland, which is involved in shell formation, consists of the periostracal groove and the belt. This belt appears to be composed of various regions. In the area of the periostracal groove a number of subepithelial gland cell types occur; these release their products into the groove. Between the groove cells ciliated free nerve endings terminate; the corresponding perikarya occur in the subepidermal connective tissue. Also in the posterior belt region free nerve endings were observed between the epithelial cells; in addition, a particular type of subepithelial gland cell was found in this area. The epithelial cells of this part of the belt have the ultrastructural characteristics of ion and water transporting cells; they are probably involved in calcium deposition and resorption. The possible role of the free nerve endings and of the subepithelial gland cells is discussed.
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  • 43
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    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 93-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Ultrastructure ; Apatite ; Transmission ; Scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the ultrastructure of a number of urinary calculi, mainly composed of calcium phosphate. Three fundamental kinds of calcium phosphates were detected: nonstoichiometric carbonate apatite, nonhexagonal octacalcium phosphate, and calcium-magnesium whitlockite. The influence that the organic matter, substitutions in the phosphate lattice of CO3 and Mg, and apatitic stoichiometry have on the ultrastructure of the calcium phosphate calculi has been detailed. An originating apatitic unity named U2 is assumed to be the responsible for all the different structures of calcium apatites appearing in renal calculi. On the basis of our observations, a mechanism whereby apatites grow is postulated; magnesium functions as an inhibitor for the growing mechanism.
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  • 44
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 550-555 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel crystals ; Length ; Shape ; Apatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An original method for fractionating and preparing isolated crystals of homogeneous size was developed. It was demonstrated that enamel apatite crystals are at least 100 µm long. The flexibility of the very long crystallites was demonstrated. Crystal curvatures, accounting for the irregular course of the prisms through the enamel thickness, were visualized and measured. It was shown that in the deep forming enamel layer, lateral branches may grow out of the crystals and crystal fusing often occurs, inducing the crystallites to assume pyramidal shapes with their wide bases pointing toward the dentino-enamel junction and one or two tops toward Tomes' processes. During the maturation process, the two tops of the still immature crystals also fuse so that the mature crystals acquire a rodlike aspect, with parallel faces and steplike graduations along thec axis, allowing a close contact between the crystals. These results support the hypothesis that the crystallites would be continuous from the dentino-enamel junction to the surface.
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  • 45
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Chromium Sulphate ; Ultrastructure ; Dentine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode nouvelle de décalcification histologique utilisant des solutions aqueuses de sulfate de chrome basique (III) est appliquée à des coupes fines de dentine humaine adulte. L'observation en microscopie électronique montre une bonne conservation structurale dans les régions extra-cellulaires. L'aspect de la matrice péricanaliculaire est particulièrement étudié. On y reconnait plusieurs couches bien individualisées. Une bonne concordance est notée entre les résultats obtenus par microscopie optique et électronique, permettant d'établir une hypothèse nouvelle sur la formation de la dentine péricanaliculaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine kürzlich entwickelte Methode zur histologischen Entkalkung mittels wäßriger Lösungen von basischem Chrom III-Sulfat wird an dünnen Schliffen von menschlichem Dentin Erwachsener angewandt. Darauffolgende Untersuchungen am Elektronenmikroskop zeigten eine sehr gute Wiedergabe der morphologischen Einzelheiten in den Extrazellulär-Regionen. Besonders beachtet wurde das Aussehen der peritubulären Matrix, innerhalb welcher gut differenzierte Schichten erkannt werden konnten. Eine wesentliche Übereinstimmung bestand zwischen Elektronenmikroskopie und kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an derselben Matric unter dem Mikroskop. Diese Methode ermöglicht es, eine neue Hypothese über die Bildung des peritubulären Dentins aufzustellen.
    Notes: Abstract A recently-developed method for histological decalcification using aqueous solutions of basic chromium (III) sulphate has been applied to thin sections of adult human dentine. Subsequent studies in the electron microscope show a very good retention of morphological detail in the extracellular regions. Special attention was given to the appearance of the peritubular matrix within which well-differentiated layers were recognised. There was substantial agreement between electron microscopy and recent studies of the same matric under the light microscope, allowing a novel hypothesis for the formation of the peritubular dentine.
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periostracum ; Gastropod ; Shell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des glandes dorsales et ventrales, composées de larges cellules piriformes, situées à la périphérie de la paroi deLittorina, donnent respectivement naissance aux couches interne et externe du periostracum. Le matériel composant ce dernier provient de granules de sécrétion, élaborées au niveau de l'appareil de Golgi. Lorsque les granules golgiennes de la glande ventrale, contenant une substance, présentant une périodicité, déversent leur sécrétion en surface, en contact avec l'eau de mer, ce produit se disperse en particules, incluses dans un substrat. La formation du periostracum externe s'accompagne d'une réagrégation des particules sécrétoires golgiennes en une couche mince, présentant une structure périodique de 300 Å. En coupe transversale, le périostracum présente une structure régulièrement agencée, suggérant une nature cristalline. La couche externe atteint une épaisseur de 4–5 microns. La couche interne provient de granules de sécrétion de la glande dorsale. La formation de cette couche est identique à celle de la couche externe; cependant aucune périodicité n'y est visible. A l'état adulte, elle atteint une épaisseur de 0.4–0.5 micron. Outre son rôle de protection, le périostracum constitue une barrière entre l'eau de mer et l'espace pallial. Il est responsable, en outre, du dépôt et de l'orientation de cristaux inorganiques au niveau de la zone de développement de la carapace.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine dorsale und eine ventrale Drüse, die aus großen, kolbenförmigen Zellen bestehen und am Rande des Mantels vonLittorina gelagert sind, bewirken die Bildung der inneren und äußeren Schicht des Periostracums. Das entstandene Material, Periostracum inbegriffen, stammt von sekretorischen Granula, die vom Golgi-Apparat gebildet werden. Die Golgi-Granula bestehen aus einer Substanz, welche eine bestimmte Periodizität aufweist. Wenn nun die Golgi-Granula der ventralen Drüse an der Drüsenoberfläche erscheinen und mit Meerwasser in Kontakt kommen, sind sie weit verteilt und setzen sich aus Partikeln, die in ein Substrat eingebettet sind, zusammen. Die Bildung des äußeren Periostracums hat eine erneute Aggregation der sekretorischen Golgi-Partikeln zu einem dichten Blatt zur Folge, welches eine Periodizität von 300 Å zeigt. Betrachtet man das Periostracum in einem transversalen Schnitt, so findet man eine Gitterstruktur, die an eine kristalline Substanz denken läßt. Die äußere Schicht erreicht schließlich eine Dicke von 4–5 μ. Die innere Schicht entsteht durch die sekretorischen Granula der dorsalen Drüse. Die Bildung der inneren Schicht findet in ähnlicher Weise wie jene der äußeren statt, zeigt jedoch keine Periodizität. Im reifen Zustand erreicht sie eine Dicke von 0,4–0,5 μ. Zusätzlich zur Schutzfunktion bildet das Periostracum eine Schranke zwischen dem Meerwasser und dem Pallialraum; es reguliert zudem die Lage und die Anordnung der anorganischen Kristallbildung am Wachstumsrand der Muschel.
    Notes: Abstract A dorsal and ventral gland composed of large, flask-shaped cells located in the margin of the mantle ofLittorina give rise to the inner and outer layers of the periostracum respectively. The material comprising the periostracum is derived from secretory granules elaborated by the Golgi apparatus. When the Golgi granules of the ventral gland which consist of a substance exhibiting a definite periodicity, are discharged at the surface in contact with sea water, they are widely dispersed and consist of particles embedded in a substrate. Formation of the outer periostracum involves the re-aggregation of the Golgi secretory particles into a dense sheet which exhibits a periodicity of 300 Å. Viewed in transverse section the periostracum exhibits a lattice pattern suggestive of a crystalline substance. The outer layer eventually reaches a thickness of 4–5 μ. The inner layer is derived from the secretory granules of the dorsal gland. The formation of the inner layer occurs in a manner similar to that of the outer layer. It does not, however, exhibit a periodicity. In the mature state it attains a thickness of 0.4–0.5 μ. In addition to a protective function the periostracum provides a barrier between the sea water and the pallial space and also regulates the site and arrangement of mineral crystal formation at the growing margin of the shell.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Carbonate ; Gland ; Ultrastructure ; Spherolith
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules activement sécrétantes des glandes riches en calcium deLumbricus terrestris ont une forme en dôme. La partie basale de la cellule présente de nombreux prolongements ramifiés. Ces prolongements contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries, ainsi que des invaginations de la membrane formant des vésicules qui migrent dans diverses parties de la cellule. Le noyau irrégulier est en position centrale. La région supranucléaire contient surtout de l'ergastoplasme, plusieurs appareils de Golgi et de nombreuses granules provenant de l'appareil de Golgi. Ces granules augmentent de taille et sont rejetées dans le sinus de la glande, où elles se modifient et se calcifient pour donner des sphérolithes. Des radioautographics glandulaires, obtenues 1/2 heure après injection de Ca45, montrent une localisation isotopique, située presque exclusivement dans les cellules; 4–24 heures après, l'isotope se localise dans les sphérolithes de la cavité glandulaire. Ces cellules semblent assurer deux fonctions liées à la production de sphérolithes: 1. absorption et transport de calcium de la région basale vers la surface cellulaire et 2. formation d'une matrice protéique qui se calcifiera.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die aktivsezernierenden Zellen der calcifizierenden Drüsen vonLumbricus terrestris sind annähernd kuppelförmig gestaltet. Der untere Teil dieser Zellen besteht aus unzähligen ineinandergreifenden Zellfortsätzen. Diese Fortsätze enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien und membranöse Einstülpungen, welche Bläschen bilden, die zu den verschiedenen Regionen der Zelle wandern. Der Zellkern ist unregelmäßig und zentral angeordnet. Die supranukleäre Region ist zu einem großen Teil mit grobem endoplasmatischem Reticulum und mehreren Golgi-Komplexen sowie zahlreichen Granula, die von den Golgi-Komplexen stammen, ausgefüllt. Diese Granula vergrößern sich und werden in den Drüseninus ausgestoßen, wo sie schließlich reorganisiert und mineralisiert werden, um Sphärolithen zu bilden. 1/2 Std nach Injektion von Ca45 wurde die Drüse entfernt; eine Radioautographie zeigte, daß das Isotop beinahe ausschließlich in den Zellen lokalisiert war; 4–24 Std später befand sich das Isotopin den Sphärolithen der Drüsenhöhlung. Diese Zellen sind anscheinend an zwei für die Bildung von mineralisierten Sphärolithen notwendigen Funktionen beteiligt: 1. an der Calcium-Absorption und deren Transport von der Basalregion bis zur Zelloberfläche; 2. an der Bildung einer Proteinmatrix, in welcher die Mineralisation stattfindet.
    Notes: Abstract The actively-secreting cells of the calciferous glands ofLumbricus terrestris are roughly dome shaped. The basal part of the cell consists of numerous interdigitating cell processes. These processes contain numerous mitochondria and membranous infoldings, forming vesicles which migrate to various regions of the cell. The nucleus is irregular and centrally located. The supranuclear region is occupied to a great extent by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, several Golgi complexes and numerous granules derived from the Golgi complexes. These granules enlarge and are extruded into the gland sinus, where they eventually become reorganized and mineralized to give rise to spheroliths. Radioautographs of glands removed 30 min following injection of45Ca showed uptake of the isotope located almost exclusively in the cells; 4–24 h later the isotope was located in the spheroliths in the gland cavity. These cells apparently perform two functions necessary for the production of mineralized spheroliths, 1, absorption and transport of calcium from the basal region to the cell surface and 2, the elaboration of a protein matrix in which mineralization occurs.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periodontal ligament fibroblast ; Mineralized nodule ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purposes of this study were to determine whether periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are capable of producing mineralized nodules in vitro and to analyze ultrastructural features of the nodules. Rat PDL cells were obtained from coagulum in the socket at 2 days after tooth extraction and cultured at confluence in standard medium containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics. To test mineralized nodule formation, cells were further cultured for an additional 3 weeks in the standard medium containing (1) ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) and sodium β-glycerophosphate (10 mM), (2) ascorbic acid, sodium β-glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone (5 μM), or (3) ascorbic acid alone. Cells were then fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% OsO4, and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Threedimensional nodules containing mineralized matrices were formed only when the cells were cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid and dexamethasone. They were composed of multilayered fibroblasts (up to 13 layers), and highly organized collagen fibrils with 64 nm cross-banding patterns between the cell layers. The fibroblasts in the nodules exhibited an elongated shape with a high degree of cytoplasmic polarity throughout the nodule, and have the morphological features of PDL fibroblasts as seen in vivo. Mineral deposition with needle-like crystals was initiated on collagen fibrils located in intercellular spaces of the upper cell layers and became increasingly heavier towards the bottom half of the nodules. X-ray microanalysis and electron diffraction analysis confirmed that mineral deposition contained calcium and phosphate in the form of immature hydroxyapatite. These nodules contained neither osteoblasts nor osteocytes, and have their own morphological organization and characteristics which differ from those formed by bone cells in culture. Therefore, these data suggest that PDL cells are capable of forming mineralized tissue in vitro with the morphological characteristics different from bone mineralized nodules.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: In vitro ; Bioactive glass ceramic ; Mineralization ; Bone bonding mechanisms ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Rat bone cells were cultured in the presence of bioactive glass-ceramic containing crystalline apatite and wollaston te. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the surface of the seeded ceramic disks revealed that cells attached, spread, and proliferated on the material surface. Soaking in cell-free culture medium showed that no change occurred in the surface structure. However, when cultured with bone cells and observed under a transmission electron microscope, an electron-dense layer was noted initially at the surface of the material, before bone formation occurred. In addition, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis demonstrated the presence of calcium and phosphorus in this layer. Progressively, during the following days of culture, active osteoblasts synthetized and laid down an osteoid matrix composed of numerous collagen fibrils arranged either parallel or perpendicularly to the first-formed electron-dense layer. Mineralization initiated on the ceramic surface dispersed then along the collagenous fibrils, leading to a mineralized matrix which surrounded the ceramic particles. These results demonstrate the capacity of apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic to initiate biomineralization in osteoblast cultures and to achieve a direct bond between the surface apatite layer of the bioactive glass-ceramic and the mineralized bone matrix.
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  • 50
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notes: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une solution de sulfate de chrome est utilisée à la fois comme fixateur, colorant et agent de déminéralisation pour l'étude ultrastructurale de cartilage, en voie de minéralisation. Cette technique permet de mettre en évidence un “fantôme cristallin” organique, en rapport avec chaque cristal. L'intérêt du sulfate de chrome comme agent de déminéralisation est souligné.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen von mineralisierendem Knorpel wurde eine Chromsulfatlösung als Agens zur kombinierten Fixation, Färbung und Demineralisierung verwendet. Diese Technik zeigte das Vorhandensein eines organischen “Kristallschattens”, der jedem Kriställchen zugehört. Die Tauglichkeit von Chromsulfat als demineralisierendes Agens wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A solution of chromium sulphate was used as a combined fixative, stain and demineralizing agent for the ultrastructural study of mineralizing cartilage. This technique revealed the presence of an organic ‘crystal ghost’ associated with each crystallite. The effectiveness of chromium sulphate as a demineralizing agent is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 180-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; Crystal habit ; Ultrastructure ; Turkey leg tendon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Transmission electron micrographs of fully mineralized turkey leg tendon in cross-section show the ultrastructure to be more complex than has been previously described. The mineral is divided into two regions. Needlelike-appearing crystallites fill the extrafibrillar volume whereas only platelike crystallites are found within the fibrils. When the speciment is tilted through a large angle, some of the needlelike-appearing crystallites are replaced by platelets, suggesting that the needlelike crystallites are platelets viewed on edge. If so, these platelets have their broad face roughly parallel to the fibril surface and thereby the fibril axis, where the intrafibrillar platelets are steeply inclined to the fibril axis. The projection of the intrafibrillar platelets is perpendicular to the fibril axis. The extrafibrillar volume is at least 60% of the total, the fibrils occupying 40%. More of the mineral appears to be extrafibrillar than within the fibrils. Micrographs of the mineralized tendon in thickness show both needlelike-appearing and platelet crystallites. Stereoscopic views show that the needlelike-appearing crystallites do not have a preferred orientation. From the two-dimensional Fourier transform of a selected area of the cross-sectional image, the platelike crystallites have an average dimension of 58 nm. The needlelike-appearing crystallites have an average thickness of 7 nm. The maximum length is at least 90 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of unstained, unmineralized turkey leg tendon shows collagen fibrils very much like shadow replicas of collagen in electron micrographs. AFM images of the mineralized tendon show only an occasional fibril. Mineral crystallites are not visible. Because the collagen is within the fibrils, the extrafibrillar mineral must be embedded in noncollagenous organic matter. When the tissue is demineralized, the collagen fibrils are exposed. The structure as revealed by the two modalities is a composite material in which each component is itself a composite. Determination of the properties of the mineralized tendon from the properties of its elements is more difficult than considering the tendon to be just mineral-filled collagen.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentine ; Ultrastructure ; Tubule ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de la dentine humaine périphérique, de couronnes dentaires de sujets âgés de 11 à 75 ans, a montré trois aspects principaux du contenu des canalicules en coupe transversale. Il s'agit de canalicules apparemment vides, de canalicules contenant un matériel organique annulaire et, enfin, de canalicules totalement remplis d'un matériel organique d'aspect granulaire ou hyalin. Aucune terminaison nerveuse n'est visible à ce niveau.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung von peripherem menschlichem Zahnkronendentin bei Patienten im Alter von 11–75 Jahren hat drei Hauptaspekte des Inhaltes der Dentintubuli gezeigt. Sie bestehen bei transversalen Schnitten aus toten Gängen sowie beim Lumen der Tubuli entweder aus ringförmigen oder ganzausfüllenden Ablagerungen. Im äußeren Dentin wurden keine Nervenendigungen beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of peripheral human coronal dentin in patients aged 11 to 75 years, has shown main aspects of the dentinal tubular content. In transverse sections, they consist of dead tracts and annular or solid content to the tubular lumen. No nerve endings were observed in the outer dentin.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scenedesmus Bristles ; Openings ; Props ; Ridges ; Tubules ; Brisble Origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Bristles radiating from openings were detected on colonies and unicells ofScenedesmus culture N 46, when examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Although narrower, they correspond in gross appearance and ultrastructure to previously describedScenedesmus bristles. Openings, bordered by a series of props, are unlike those ofScenedesmus culture 614. Additional props are observed scattered independently on the cell wall; ridges are composed of a linear row of props. Sections of cells, or cell walls, reveal an additional prop, situated inside the openings; these props are composed of several tubules. Possible extrusion of bristles through these tubules, as well as the origin of the bristle from the cavity and vesicles immediately under the opening are discussed.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Septa ; Schizophyllum ; Dissolution
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    Notes: Abstract A strain ofSchizophyllum commune carrying a mutation in theB-mating factor (B-mut) shows septal dissolution when grown at 30° C for 2 to 3 days. The septa are intact if the organism is grown at 25° C for the same time, but begin to break down within 1 h after transfer to 30° C. At the ultrastructural level the dolipore swelling is the first part of the septal apparatus to be degraded, closely followed by the disorganization of the parenthesomes. A progressive thinning of the septal cross-wall produces an enlargement of the septal aperture sufficient to allow the passage of nuclei. It appears that degradative enzymes are probably carried to the site of septal dissolution in vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum in the area of the septal apparatus.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Nitrogen Starvation ; Pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Heterocyst Differentiation ; Nitrogenase Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen starvation, effected by incubating a culture ofAnabaena cylindrica in a medium free from combined nitrogen and under an atmosphere of 1% CO2 in argon, leads to rapid and characteristic changes in the appearance, structure and function of the alga. Change of colour, due apparently to a decrease in the amounts of nitrogenous pigments, is accompanied by a structural transformation of vegetative cells: cyanophycin granules and polyhedral bodies disintegrate, lipid and glycogen accumulate, and large membrane-bound spaces form by means of thylakoid swelling and vesiculation. The rate of heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity is increased. These changes are fully reversed on addition of ammonia to the culture. It appears that thylakoids reform by coalescence of small vesicles assembled in the intrathylakoidal space. Rapid ammonia assimilation is indicated by ample formation of cyanophycin granules in vegetative cells and of “plugs” in the heterocysts.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Marine Fungi ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellate Sporangial Wall ; Sagenogenetosome ; Zoospore Cleavage
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    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of aJaponochytrium sp. has been studied by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The wall has been shown to be multilamellate and persistent. Stages in zoospore cleavage are described and sagenogenetosomes reported in mature sporangia.
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell Wall ; Wall Formation ; Lomasome ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on encysting haploid zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula are presented with special reference to cell wall deposition. Multivesicular bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of zoospores 15 min after inoculation, lomasomes after 30 min and fine membrane profiles between the plasmalemma and the cyst wall are observed after 4 h indicating a possible system for secretion of cell wall components.
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas ; Senescent ; Microtubules ; Complexes
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    Notes: Abstract Complexes of twisted ribbons composed of ordered arrays of microtubules are identified in close association with the plasmalemma and the surfaces of some organelles in senescent cells of photoheterotrophically cultured Chlamydomonas dysosmos. The ribbon complexes occur throughout the cytoplasm, and do not appear related to the flagellar insertions. The component microtubules are approximately 26 nm in width, exhibiting a center-to-center spacing of about 44 nm. Additional cytoplasmic microtubules are often closely related to the tubular complexes. A detailed description of their fine structure is presented here which tends to support the ascribed function of microtubules in maintaining the structural integrity of the protoplasm.
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Molybdenum ; Vanadium ; Nitrogenase ; Ultrastructure ; Storage Products ; Heterocyst Frequency
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    Notes: Abstract The structural and functional symptoms of molybdenum deficiency inAnabaena cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen and thus dependent on fixation of elemental nitrogen, resemble those brought about by nitrogen starvation. However, the substantially increased rate of heterocyst differentiation in this culture is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in nitrogenase activity; on the contrary, enzyme activity is severely impaired in the absence of molybdenum. When the supply of molybdenum, or of ammonia, is restored, the alga recovers rapidly. Vanadium exerts an inhibitory effect upon nitrogen-fixing ability of the alga, and its presence in the molybdenum-deficient culture results in the amplification of the symptoms of mlybdenum deficiency.
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microbodies ; Vacuolaria ; Gonyostomum ; Chloromonadophyceae ; Chromophyta
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    Notes: Abstract Microbody-like organelles occur in the cytoplasm of two chloromonadophycean algae,Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky andGonyostomum semen Diesing. Microbodies ofVacuolaria andGonyostomum have a granular matrix which lacks a crystalloid core; they are often present in close association with elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. The occurrence of microbodies in other algae is briefly reviewed.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
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    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 84-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Inorganic salts ; Atherosclerosis ; Diffraction ; Aorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La diffraction à rayons X, la diffraction électrique et le microscope électronique suggérent qu'en dehors des composants usuels de calcium phosphate (apatite), un nombre d'autres éléments et radicaux sont également présents dans l'arteriosclérose aortique, lesquels sont capables de jouer un rôle dans le développement de la plaque «calcifiée» et dans celui de la lésion anorganique, caractéristique pour l'artériosclerose juvenile. Selon les cas étudies, l'artériosclerose aortique peut se présenter déjà au cours de la troisième decade de la vie et sa composition anorganique est presq'identique à celle de la plaque développée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sowohl die Befunde der Röntgendiffraktion als auch jene der Elektronendiffraktion und der Elektronenmikroskopie lassen vermuten, daß bei der Aortenatherosklerose zusätzlich zu den üblichen Komponenten von Calciumphosphat (Apatit) eine Reihe anderer Elemente und Radikale vorhanden sind; diese können eine Rolle spielen bei der Entwicklung der “verkalkten” Plaque und bei anorganischen Läsionen juveniler Atherosklerosen. Bei den untersuchten Fällen kann die Aortenatherosklerose bereits im 30. Lebensjahr auftreten; die anorganische Zusammensetzung der Plaque ist nahezu identisch mit jener der bereits entwickelten.
    Notes: Abstract X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and electron microscopy suggest that in aortic atherosclerosis, in addition to the usual components of calcium phosphate (apatite), a number of other elements and radicals are present which may play a role in the development of the “calcified” plaque and in juvenile atherosclerotic inorganic lesion. In the cases studied, aortic atherosclerosis may appear as early as in the third decade and its inorganic composition is almost identical with the developed plaque.
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    Calcified tissue international 59 (1996), S. 474-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Collagen ; Demineralization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique to correlate the ultrastructural distribution of mineral with its organic material in identical sections of mineralized turkey leg tendon (MTLT) and human bone was developed. Osmium or ethanol fixed tissues were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mineralized tissues were photographed at high, intermediate, and low magnifications, making note of section features such as fibril geometry, colloidal gold distribution, or section artifacts for subsequent specimen realignment after demineralization. The specimen holder was removed from the microscope, the tissue section demineralized in situ with a drop of 1 N HCl, then stained with 2% aqueous vanadyl sulfate. The specimen holder was reinserted into the microscope, realigned with the aid of the section features previously noted, and rephotographed at identical magnification used for the mineralized sections. A one to one correspondence was apparent between the mineral and its demineralized crystal “ghost” in both MTLT and bone. The fine structural periodic banding seen in unmineralized collagen was not observed in areas that were fully mineralized before demineralization, indicating that the axial arrangement of the collagen molecules is altered significantly during mineralization. Regions that had contained extrafibrillar crystallites stained more intensely than the intrafibrillar regions, indicating that the noncollagenous material surrounded the collagen fibrils. The methodology described here may have utility in determining the spatial distribution of the noncollagenous proteins in bone.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 296-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Enzyme ; Parathyroid ; Microdissection ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une nouvelle méthode d'isolement d'ostéoclastes est mise au point pour des analyses biochimiques et de microscopie électronique. Pour isoler les cellules par microdissection, des empreintes d'os métaphysaire sont utilisées. Cette méthode, supérieure aux coupes d'os, permet une meilleure préservation cytologique et enzymatique et permet d'obtenir des cellules totales plus faciles à manipuler, avec des résultats plus reproductibles. Par analyse planimètrique de cellules isolées, colorées histochimiquement, il apparait que les ostéoclastes constituent plus de 90% de la masse de l'échantillon. Les concentrations de la phosphatase acide et de certaines enzymes, liées au nucléotide pyridinique, entrant dans le métabolisme de l'acide citrique, sont déterminées dans des échantillons d'ostéoclastes, pesant de 0,2 à 2,0 μg, isolés à partir de rats normaux et parathyroidectomisés. L'activité en aconitase, mesurée en direction de la transformation de citrate en isocitrate, est de 0,5–0,8 M/Kd/H, la plus faible des activités étudiées. Les activités en GDH et NADP-ICDH sont 5 à 10 fois supérieures que celle de l'aconitase, mais seulement un dixième à un tiers de celle de la phosphatase acide, de la déshydrogénase lactique ou malique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Technik beschrieben, welche die Isolierung von Osteoklasten für biochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ermöglicht. Als Ausgangsmaterial zur Zellisolierung wurden Abstriche von Metaphysenknochen benützt. Die Verwendung von Abstrichen bietet gegenüber Knochenschnitten wichtige Vorteile, wie z.B. eine bessere Erhaltung der cytologischen und enzymatischen Eigenschaften sowie die Gewinnung von unverletzten Zellen, welche leichter verarbeitet werden können und besser reproduzierbare Daten ergeben. Durch planimetrische Analyse der histochemisch gefärbten Ausstriche von isolierten Zellen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die Osteoklasten über 90% des gesamten Probenmaterials ausmachen. Die Mengen verschiedener Enzyme, welche an Pyridinnukleotid gebunden und am Citronensäuremetabolismus beteiligt sind, sowie der sauren Phosphatase wurden in Osteoklastenproben bestimmt, welche ein Gewicht von 0,2–2,0 μg hatten und aus Knochen von normalen und mit Parathyroidextrakten behandelten Ratten isoliert worden waren. Die Aktivität der Aconitase, welche in der Richtung von Citrat zu Isocitrat gemessen wurde, war mit 0,5–0,8 M/Kd/H die niedrigste aller untersuchten Aktivitäten. Die Aktivitäten der GDH und der NADP-ICDH waren 5–10mal höher als jene der Aconitase, entsprachen jedoch nur einem Zehntel bis einem Drittel derjenigen der sauren Phosphatase, der Laktat- oder der Malatdehydrogenase.
    Notes: Abstract A new method is described by which osteoclasts can be isolated for biochemical and electron microscopic analyses. As a source of cells for isolation by microdissection, imprints of metaphyseal bone were used. The use of imprints provides important advantages over bone sections, including a higher degree of cytologic and enzymatic preservation, and the delivery of whole cells which are more readily manipulated and which yield data that are more readily reproduced. By planimetric analysis of the histochemically-stained isolated cell samples, it was shown that osteoclasts represent over 90% of the sample mass. The levels of several of the pyridine nucleotide-linked enzymes involved in citric acid metabolism, as well as acid phosphatase, were determined in osteoclast samples weighing 0.2 to 2.0 μg isolated from normal and parathyroid-treated rats. Aconitase activity measured in the direction of citrate to isocitrate was 0.5–0.8 M/Kd/H, the lowest of the activities studied. The activities of GDH and NADP-ICDH were 5 to 10 times higher than that of aconitase but only a tenth to a third that of acid phosphatase, lactic or malic dehydrogenase.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Testosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que la clinique et l'expérimentation semblent démontrer que des doses élevées de testostérone provoquent un arrêt prématuré de la croissance, le mécanisme exact et le lieu précis de son action sur l'appareil de croissance des os longs restent indéterminés. Au cours de cette étude, des rats máles de 200 g sont injectés à l'aide de doses supra-physiologiques de testostérone pour observer les effects sub-microscopiques sur les diverses zones du cartilage épiphysaire. Au niveau de la zone de division cellulaire, on note une augmentation des cellules en division. Les cellules, en voie de maturation, présentent plus de produits de sécrétion, à un stade plus précoce de leur cycle d'évolution, et semblent subir une hypertrophie plus rapide. Dans la zone pré-hypertrophique, la matrice intercellulaire présente des foyers de calcification précoce, ainsi que des fibres collagènes plus longues et plus épaisses que chez les témoins. Il apparait que, chez l'animal entier, des doses même élevées de testostérone provoquent initialement une stimulation de la prolifération chondrocytaire, avant de favoriser les processus de maturation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Obwohl experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung darauf hinweisen, daß hohe Dosen von Testosteron zu einem frühzeitigen Wachstumsabschluß führen, sind der genaue Mechanismus und der eigentliche Wirkungsort dieses Hormons im Wachstumsapparat der Röhrenknochen unbekannt geblieben. In diesem Experiment wurden 200 g schweren männlichen Ratten supraphysiologische Testosterondosen injiziert, um die submikroskopischen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Zonen des Epiphysenknorpels zu beobachten. In der Zone der Zellmitosen fand sich eine erhöhte Anzahl von sich teilenden Zellen. Die reifenden Zellen häuften im Frühstadium ihres Lebenscyclus größere Mengen von Sekretionsprodukten an und schienen eine abruptere Hypertrophie durchzumachen. In der prähypertrophen Zone enthielt die interterritoriale Matrix Herde von früher und verfrühter Verkalkung, sowie dickere und längere Kollagenfasern als vergleichsweise in Kontrolltieren. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß bei unbehandelten Tieren sogar große Testosterondosen anfänglich eine Stimulation der Chondrocytenproliferation verursachen, bevor sie die Reifungsprozesse veranlassen.
    Notes: Abstract Although experimental and clinical experience indicates that large doses of testosterone lead to premature cessation of growth, the exact mechanism and precise site of action of this hormone on the growth apparatus of long bones remain unknown. In this study, plateaued male rats were injected with supraphysiologic doses of testosterone to observe the submicroscopic effects on the various zones of the epiphyseal cartilage. In the zone of cell division there were increased numbers of dividing cells. The maturing cells accumulated larger amounts of secretory products at earlier stages of their life cycle, and appeared to undergo a more abrupt hypertrophy. In the zone of prehypertrophy, the interterritorial matrix contained foci of early and premature calcification and thicker and longer collagen fibers than at comparable levels in controls. It is concluded that in intact animals, even large doses of testosterone initially cause a stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, prior to promoting maturation processes.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Prism ; Crystals ; Growth ; Shell ; Formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le début des prismes est visible au niveau de la région proximale de la surface externe du repli périphérique externe dans l'espace palléal, limité extérieurement par la périostracum. Le premier stade de formation d'un prisme est identique à celui observé dans la formation du nacre, à savoir l'élaboration d'une lamelle dense aux électrons qui sert de limite interne au futur prisme. Les fragments de lamelles se détachent et migrent vers un espace bordé extérieurement par le periostracum. Ces fragments lamellaires forment des enveloppes, au niveau desquelles on observe le dépôt initial et la croissance des cristaux. En même temps, on voit apparaitre des parois interprismatiques nettes, qui dérivent aussi des lamelles. La croissance de nouveaux cristaux et d'éléments organiques donne finalement un prisme adulte allongé. La croissance de la coquille se fait en périphérie, surtout par formation de nouveaux prismes. En outre, un environnement modifié, qui consiste en un dédoublement du periostracum au niveau de la surface distale, donne naissance à des ilôts étroits, contenant des prismes, qui se forment sur les bords de l'espace produit par la courbe du periostracum.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Prismenbildung beginnt in der proximalen Region der äußeren Oberfläche der äußeren Mantelfalte in Pallialraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum begrenzt wird. Der erste Schritt bei einer Prismenbildung verläuft gleich, wie dies bei der Perlmutterbildung beobachtet werden kann, nämlich in Form der Ausarbeitung einer elektronenoptisch dichten Lamelle, welche als innere Begrenzung des zukünftigen Prismas dient. Fragmente der Lamelle werden abgetrennt und wandern zu einem Zwischenraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum abgeschlossen wird. Diese Lamellenfragmente bilden Hüllen, innerhalb welcher der Kristall entsteht und sein Wachstum stattfindet. Gleichzeitig bilden sich dicke, zwischen den Prismen liegende Wände, die ebenfalls von den Lamellen abstammen. Das aus der Bildung zusätzlicher Kristalle bestehende Wachstum, zusammen mit den organischen Komponenten, läßt schließlich das reife längliche Prisma entstehen. Das Wachstum der Muschel spielt sich am Rande hauptsächlich durch Bildung neuer Prismen ab. Durch eine Veränderung der Umgebung, bestehend aus einer Verdoppelung des Periostracums an der distalen Oberfläche, entstehen zusätzlich dünne, prismenhaltige Sporne, welche innerhalb des begrenzten Raumes vorkommen, der sich durch das Überschlagen des Periostracums bildet.
    Notes: Abstract The initiation of prisms occurs in the proximal region of the outer surface of the outer mantle fold in the pallial space bounded externally by the periostracum. The first step in the formation of a prism is similar to that observed in the formation of nacre, namely, the elaboration of an electron-dense lamella that serves as the internal boundary of the future prism. Fragments of the lamella become detached and migrate to a chamber bounded externally by the periostracum. These lamellar fragments form envelopes within which crystal initiation and growth oocur. At the same time stout interprismatic walls appear. They are also derived from the lamellae. Growth consisting of the formation of additional crystals and the organic components finally give rise to the mature elongated prism. Growth of the shell occurs at the margin chiefly by formation of new prisms in this area. In addition a modified environment consisting of duplicature of the periostracum on the distal surface results in the formation of thin spurs containing prisms that occur within the confines of the space created by the periostracal loop.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Inorganic ; Organic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La phase organique (ou fantôme des cristaux) associéc à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque amas cristallin, sont mises en évidence au niveau du cartilage calcifié en utilisant le sulfate de chrome basique comme agent de fixation, de coloration et de déminéralisation. Le traitement ultérieur du tissu, à l'aide de papaïne ou d'hyaluronidase, indique que les fantômes cristallins constitutent un complexe protéino-polysaccharidique et que la substance de base est formée par une protéine associée à un polysaccharide acide. Les rapports entre phases inorganique et organique sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die organische Phase (oder Kristallit-Schatten), die zu jedem Kristallit gehört, sowie das Hintergrundmaterial, das zu jeder Kristallitgruppe gehört, wurden in calcifiziertem Knorpel sichtbar gemacht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde basisches Chromsulfat als ein kombiniertes Fixierungs-, Färbe- und Demineralisierungsmittel verwendet. Nachfolgende Behandlung des Gewebes mit Papain oder Hyaluronidase läßt vermuten, daß die Kristallitschatten einen Proteinpolysaccharidkomplex darstellen und daß das Hintergrundmaterial hauptsächlich aus Protein mit einigen sauren Polysacchariden besteht. Die Beziehung zwischen anorganischen und organischen Phasen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The organic phase (or crystallite ghost) associated with each crystallite, together with the background material associated with each crystallite cluster, was demonstrated in calcified cartilage using basic chromium sulphate as a combined fixative, stain, and demineralizing agent. Subsequent treatment of the tissue with papain, or with hyaluronidase, suggests that the crystallite ghosts represented a protein-polysaccharide complex and that the background material was principally protein together with some acid polysaccharide. The relationship between inorganic and organic phases is discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1429-1430 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fish ; serotonin ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The contents of serotonin (5 HT) and its metabolite 5 hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) have been measured (HPLC technique) in the brains of eels exposed to different conditions of hydrostatic pressure and temperature (HP=1 or 101 ATA in winter, Tw=14°C, and in summer, Tw=19°C). It appears that an increase of Tw induces a significant increase of the 5 HT/5 HIAA ratio. In contrast, eels exposed at 101 ATA of HP for 1 h do not exhibit any modification in the 5 HT/5 HIAA brain ratio at a given temperature. The involvement of 5 HT under the conditions studied is discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1532-1533 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Marlin ; muscle ; mechanics ; ATPase activity ; temperature ; skinned fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ATPase activity and force generation have been measured simultaneously in isolated, demembranated muscle fibers of the Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) between 0 and 30°C. Tension generation is relatively independent of temperature above 15°C and falls with a Q10 of 〈1.5 on decreasing the temperature to 0°C. In contrast, the Q10 for ATPase activity is 2.2 over the range 0–30°C. The results are interpreted in terms of the cross bridge theory of contraction.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1192-1197 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Psychrophily ; psychrotrophy ; microorganisms ; temperature ; physiology ; activities
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    Notes: Summary Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms have the ability to grow at 0°C. Psychrotrophic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth above 20°C and are widespread in natural environments and in foods. Psychrophilic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth at 20°C or below and are restricted to permanently cold habitats. This ability to grow at low temperature may be correlated with a lower temperature characteristic than that of the mesophiles, an increasing proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid phase of the cell membrane, which makes it more fluid, and a protein conformation functional at low temperature. The relatively low maximum temperature of growth for these microorganisms is often considered to be due to the thermolability of one or more essential cellular components, particularly enzymes, while some degradative activities are enhanced, resulting in an exhaustion of cell energy, a leakage of intracellular substances or complete lysis. Psychrotrophic microorganisms are well-known for their degradative activities in foods. Some are pathogenic or toxinogenic for man, animals or plants. However in natural microbial ecosystems psychrotrophic and psychrophilic microorganisms can play a large role in the biodegradation of organic matter during cold seasons.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 758-759 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Crickets ; corpus allatum activity ; juvenile hormone III ; temperature ; reproduction
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Mediterranean field cricket,Gryllus bimaculatus, reproduction is controlled by temperature and the corpus allatum (CA) hormone JH III. In CA of females reared at 24°∶12°C(16∶8 h) (high reproduction rate) a first peak in JH III synthesis is reached about 4 days earlier than in those of 20°C females (low reproduction rate). Furthermore, in 20°C animals CA activity is low during the entire oviposition period, whereas at 24°∶12°C high CA activity is found during this period of adult life. The results indicate a stimulation of CA activity and reproduction by thermoperiods around a constant low temperature.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Estrogen receptor ; homogenization ; temperature ; nucleus ; uterus
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Homogenization of rat uterus at elevated temperatures results in an increased nuclear localization of unoccupied estrogen receptor. This is a nonlinear effect which is accounted for by an increased population of KCl-resistant nuclear binding sites at the elevated homogenization temperatures.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 904-906 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Barnyard grass ; Echinochloa crus-galli ; oxygen deficiency ; seed dormancy ; soil seed bank ; stratification ; temperature
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    Notes: Abstract At 25°C, secondary dormancy was induced in seeds ofE. crus-galli exposed for 100 days to oxygen deficiency. By contrast, hypoxia did not induce dormancy at 15°C or prevent dormancy termination at 7°C. Secondary dormancy was terminated after 2 months stratification at 7°C. Oxygen deficiency may increase the proportion of dormant seeds in the soil, and affect the dynamics of the barnyard-grass soil seed bank.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 260-266 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Salmon ; satellite cells ; cell culture ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Temperature is known to affect fish growth, and in Atlantic salmon there is an influence on muscle cellularity. Primary muscle cell culture makes it possible to investigate direct effects of temperature on myogenic cells. Salmon myosatellite cells were cultured for the first time in this study. The cells were cultured at either 5°C or 11°C. Increased temperature led to an increase in differentiation rate and especially hypertrophic growth (Q10=4.0). No nuclear proliferation was evident in the satellite cell population isolated at either temperature. This may be due to the presence of different subpopulations of myogenic cells at different developmental ages or the presence of indirect factors in vivo.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1369-1372 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Collembola ; snow ; activity ; temperature ; barometric pressure changes
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    Notes: Summary Temperature is limiting for the snow surface activity ofIsotoma hiemalis: values below a threshold of −2.5° to −3°C are avoided. Changing barometric pressure leads to increased surface activity, thus being responsible for mass appearances. These experiments provide the first evidence for sensitivity to and reaction to barometric pressure changes in insects.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1179-1182 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Extreme environments ; environmental stress ; temperature ; pH ; radiation ; toxic elements
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 414-415 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; quantal content ; antarctic fish ; temperature
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    Notes: Summary The quantal contents of endplate potentials from extraocular muscles of an antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki were measured over a range of temperatures. Quantal release was maximal at about 5°C but showed little dependence on temperature between −2°C and 10°C. Above 10°C quantal content declined until release ceased about 18°C. In view of the fact that the ambient temperature at which these fish live is constant at −1.9°C, the results suggest thatPagothenia borchgrevinki is only partially adapted to its environment despite 25 million years acclimatization.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 144-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; catalase ; D-amino acid oxidase ; fetal mouse liver ; hepatocytes ; peroxisomes ; muscular dysgenesis
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    Notes: Summary In the hepatocytes of ‘normal’ fetal mice from mothers which were carriers of muscular dysgenesis, catalase and D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) positive as well as negative peroxisomes were observed. DAAO reaction product was occasionally localized in patches around cell membranes and DAAO-positive peroxisomes were frequently observed near mitochondria.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 349-351 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; temperature ; brain ; hibernation ; Helix aspersa
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    Notes: Summary Ablation of the brain from hibernatingHelix aspersa maintained at 25°C causes a significant increase in the proliferation of male cells in the gonad, whereas the ablation of the optic tentacles has no effect. The brain, therefore, produces a factor which specifically inhibits the multiplication of spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1441-1443 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Conidia ; Neurospora crassa ; temperature ; respiration ; germination
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    Notes: Summary Incubation of conidia of wild typeNeurospora crassa at temperatures ranging from 25 to 46°C modulates their respiratory type. Between 37 and 41°C, the transient activity of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway parallels, with a maximal extrusion of protons into the medium, the optimal rate of germ tube outgrowth.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 102-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Djungarian hamster ; photoperiod ; temperature ; T3 ; T4 ; testosterone
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    Notes: Summary The effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone treatment on plasma T3 and T4 levels were investigated in the Djungarian hamster. Plasma T3 level was affected by temperature (25°C〈7°C) but not by photoperiod. Plasma T4 level was affected by photoperiod (short day 〈 long day) at 25°C. Administration of testosterone increased plasma T4 level under short photoperiod at 25°C. Thus, higher plasma T4 level under long photoperiod at 25°C might be induced by testosterone.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 333-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Limb bud ; Ultrastructure ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes in the wing bud afterapical ectodermal ridge (A.E.R.) removal was studied to re-examine the issue of distal mesenchymal cell death. The A.E.R. of the right wing bud was removed microsurgically from chick embryos of stages 18 to 22 (HH 1951). The wing buds were examined at three hour intervals up to twelve hours after the operation with light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were: (1) Immediate and temporary shrinkage of the mesenchymal extracellular space 100 to 150 μm and chromatin condensation in the cells 50 to 75 μm from the wound. (2) Death of ectodermal and mesenchymal cells in the immediate vicinity of the wound. (3) Formation of a single squamous-like layer of mesenchymal cells to cover the wound. (4) Occasional evidence of cell death in the distal mesenchyme at later times after the operation. The pattern of cell death observed suggests only a traumatic etiology, and gives little evidence for the postulated developmental significance of cell death following A.E.R. removal.
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    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 92-102 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellogenesis ; Xenopus oocyte ; Yolk-platelet membrane ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yolk platelets ofXenopus laevis have been studied by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to characterize the boundary membrane during yolk formation. Throughout vitellogenesis, large yolk platelets are in close contact with smaller nascent yolk organelles. Two types of primordial yolk platelets (I and II) have been discriminated. After membrane fusion these precursors can be completely incorporated into the main body of existing platelets, numerous yolk crystals then merge and form one uniformly stratified core. Lipid droplets are tightly attached to the membrane at all developmental stages of yolk platelets. A direct connection of endoplasmic reticulum to the membranes of yolk platelets was not observed. On freezeetching replicas, yolk-platelet membranes present fracture faces with intramembranous particles (IMP) of various sizes and a heterogeneous distribution of approximately 200–600 IMP/μm2 at the E face, and 1200–2100 IMP/μm2 at the P face. Again, this presentation of the membrane exhibits neither anastomoses to the endoplasmic reticulum, nor caveolae that exclude the uptake of yolk-containing vesicles into these yolk organelles. Proteinaceous yolk platelets tend to fracture along their periphery through the superficial layers.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Imaginal disc ; Axonal trajectories ; Ultrastructure ; Chaoborus (Insecta ; Diptera)
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    Notes: Abstract  In one of his classical studies on insect metamorphosis, Weismann compared the imaginal anlagen of the ancestral phantom midge, Chaoborus, with those of advanced brachycerans. We have expanded his findings on the relationships between larval and imaginal organs using electron microscopy and cobalt backfilling of the antenna and leg anlagen and the axonal trajectories of corresponding larval sensilla. We show that both primordia are confluent with the larval antennae and ”leg” sensilla (an ancestral Keilin organ), respectively. These fully developed larval organs represent the distal tips of the imaginal anlagen rather than separate cell clusters. The axons of the larval antenna and leg sensilla project across the corresponding anlagen to their target neuromeres within the central nervous system (CNS). Within the discs, nerves composed of these larval axons, developing afferent fibres and efferences ascending from the CNS are found. Both the structure of the primordia and the axonal trajectories thus relate the situation found in advanced brachycerans with that seen in more ancestral insects. In addition, the larval antennae, legs, wings and even the eyes possess very similar afferent pioneer trajectories supporting the idea that the described pattern is generally used in the ontogeny of sensory systems.
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    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 333-355 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Barnacle eggs ; Constriction rings ; Microfilaments ; Ultrastructure ; Peristalsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The egg ofPollicipes polymerus, the common intertidal gooseneck barnacle, has been studied by electron microscopy. Constriction rings, similar to the contractile rings of cleaving cells and polar lobes, move unidirectionally from the animal to the vegetal pole of newly fertilized eggs. This is referred to as peristaltic constriction. The present paper describes the fine structure of the egg during first polar body formation and peristalsis. 2. During formation of the polar body, dense bodies are produced by the Golgi and extracellular plaques are observed. Thin microfilaments (40–60 Å) are in the egg adjacent to the polar body. 3. In eggs undergoing peristalsis, the appearance of extracellular spheres, flocculent material and filaments is observed. Intracellularly large numbers of multivesiculate bodies, glycogen granules, mitochondria and protein-carbohydrate and lipid yolk bodies are seen at the level of constriction. 4. Thin microfilaments are found in the cortical area of newly-fertilized eggs exclusively in peristaltic constriction rings. Filaments are oriented primarily in a meshwork, although circumferentially-oriented filaments are also found in rings near the vegetal pole. Microvilli extend into the space created between a constriction and the elevated egg membrane. 5. A model is proposed to explain the peristalsis in this species. It is suggested that information from a pacemaker region activates peristalsis by affecting filament polymerization and orientation. One function of peristalsis may be elongation of the egg from a sphere to an ovoid, although other possibilities such as elevation of the egg membrane, segregation of the lipid yolk to the vegetal pole and predetermination of the first cleavage plane are also discussed.
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Gastrulation ; Adenylate cyclase ; cAMP phosphodiesterase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of adenylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.1.) and cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) (E.C. 3.1.4.17.) in the ectoderm of the developmental stage 4 chick embryo was studied. Adenylate cyclase was localized in the lateral surfaces of the ectodermal cells. In the primitive streak cells the enzymatic activity was observed on all the lateral surfaces, whereas in the periphery of the blastoderm the reaction product was localized in the apical parts of the lateral plasma membranes only. cAMP PDE localized in the apical cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells, with highest activity in the globular projections.
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nuclear migration ; Cleavage ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure ; Gall midge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofWachtliella persicariae the cleavage nuclei move relative to the surrounding ooplasm. This ‘active’ migration is caused by an organelle whose ultrastructure was studied throughout the mitotic cycle. It consists of a greatly enlarged polar cytaster derived from the mitotic apparatus, linked to the nucleus by 100 Å filaments. The microtubules of the cytaster were found only during periods of active nuclear migration, i.e., from the onset of anaphase to the early prophase of the next mitotic cycle. They are always solitary and follow the course of the astral rays, which are known to temporarily adhere to peripheral structures of the egg cell and to exert tractive forces. In contrast to the cytaster microtubules, the microtubules in the spindle are bundled and persist from early metaphase through late telophase. During ontogenesis the first migration cytaster is built up between 3 and 12 min after oviposition near the anterior egg pole, in the vicinity of the sperm nucleus. In non-inseminated eggs time lapse films show a migration cytaster to develop autonomously in a region free from nuclei, but it does not follow the normal path of the male pronucleus. In several cases the female pronucleus, which remains without a cytaster of its own, was observed to move to the cytaster generated in the absence of the male pronucleus. Whether or not it is adhering to a nucleus, the cytaster divides into two at the correct time, i.e, corresponding to the first cleavage division in fertilized eggs. In some non-inseminated eggs this type of ‘pseudocleavage’ has been observed to occur repeatedly, giving rise to an increasing number of anucleate cytasters.
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  • 93
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    Pure and applied geophysics 133 (1990), S. 251-267 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Heat flow ; sediments ; temperature ; gradients ; conductivity ; industrial data ; scientific data ; hydrodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Temperature, temperature gradient and heat flow, derived from four wells in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin have been compared with similar quantities derived from maps constructed from industrial data. Individual industrial temperature data may differ from the high-resolution temperature log by up to 30 K, but linear regression of the collected data agrees within 10 K at all points observed. Some evidence suggests that measured conductivities, using drill-cuttings, are biased toward average values. Derived heat flows show agreement of heat flow within 10% within the Mesozoic section. In the Paleozoic section differences are greater, and more varied, with insufficient data for general conclusions. Both styles of measurement provide opportunities for interpretation, each contributing to thermal analysis of sedimentary basins.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Middle atmosphere ; temperature ; neutral and ion composition ; turbulent transfer ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range ∼75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients.
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  • 95
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    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 487-495 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Pressure ; temperature ; hydrothermal ; H2O ; equation of state ; diamond anvil cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The new hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) has been designed for optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction at pressures up to 10 GPa and temperatures between −190°C and 1200°C. Laser light reffected from the top and bottom anvil faces and the top and bottom solid sample faces produce interference fringes that provide a very sensitive means of monitoring the volume of sample chamber and for observing volume and refractive index changes in solid samples due to transitions and reactions. Synchrotron radiation has been used to make X-ray diffraction patterns of samples under hydrothermal conditions. Individual heaters and individual thermocouples provide temperature control with an accuracy of ±0.5°C. Liquid nitrogen directly introduced into the HDAC has been used to reduce the sample temperature to −190°C. The α-β phase boundary of quartz has been used to calculate the transition pressures from measured transition temperatures. With this method we have redetermined 5 isochores of H2O up to 850°C and 1.2 GPa at which the solution rate of the quartz became so rapid that the quartz dissolved completely before the α-β transition could be observed. When silica solutions were cooled, opal spherules and rods formed.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Pressure ; temperature ; stress ; measurement ; acoustic emissions ; deformation ; techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract New and improved techniques and apparatus for testing the mechanical properties of materials at high presures and temperatures are described. These include an improved Griggs-type deformation apparatus designed to operate to 5 GPa and associated servo-controlled hydraulic drive and electronics, the design of hydrostatic (molten alkali halide mixtures) pressure assemblies to measure flow stresses as low as a few MPa, the characterization of temperature gradients and friction in such assemblies, measurement of the melting curve of an alkali halide mixture used as a confining pressure medium, and the measurement of acoustic emissions.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formica exsectoides ; nests ; colony cycle ; temperature ; brood ; reproductives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nest structure and colony cycle of a population of Allegheny mound ants,Formica exsectoides, were examined in central Michigan. The dispersion pattern of mounds was random. Nest structure and presence of brood were primarily determined by excavation of twenty-three nests over three intervals from June through September. Additional excavations of five nests in 1990 and ten nests in 1991 provided further details on nest structure and colony cycle. Most galleries occurred within the mound and upper 30 cm of soil, but some activity reached depths of 100 to 270 cm. Depth of nests showed little correlation with external measurements of height and diameter. Immature stages were recovered from two strata: the upper 20 cm of nest and mound and the lowest nest depths. Alate sexual forms were found in or near the mound in July, and numerous dealate queens were collected in September from peripheral galleries near the soil surface.
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  • 98
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    Insectes sociaux 41 (1994), S. 401-410 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Nest structure ; temperature ; brood movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and thermal environment produced by the nest cones of the western harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, are investigated. The nest cone is oriented so that the longest slope faces towards the southeast ad the nest entrance faces the southeast. The temperature of the soil was monitored at thirty-six locations within the nest in order to measure the daily temperature change as a function of depth, aspect and radial distance from the center of peak of the cone. The occupancy of the nest cone by workers and by brood was assessed by core samples taken at different times of day in different portions of the cone. The brood are only present during the midmorning sample and are present in greatest numbers on the eastern side of the cone. The adult workers are present in the cone in highest numbers during the midmorning, virtually absent from the cone during mid-afternoon and returning in smaller numbers at dusk, apparently spending the night near the surface on the eastern side of the mound. The eastern and southern portions of the cone are occupied most frequently while the western side of the cone is nearly vacant. The nest cone is an adaptation which magnifies the amplitude of daily temperature fluctation. By moving to appropriate areas of the nest cone, the ants can take advantage of the increased range of temperature.
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  • 99
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    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 169-180 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Halictidae ; sociality ; demography ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several years' observations of population of a primitively social halictine bee,Halictus rubicundus, revealed the following: (1) there is a correlation between ambient temperatures during the spring provisioning phase and the sex ratio of the resulting brood, such that warmer temperatures are associated with an increase in male bias; (2) over the course of the season, the degree of male bias of eggs laid appears to correspond with photoperiod; and (3) increasing male bias in the first brood is associated with decreasing proportions of social colonies formed in the population, and this effect may be accentuated by small population size. These phenomena suggest that abiotic environmental conditions at the time of brood production may profoundly influence the demography of this population, and that the demography in turn determines the degree to which sociality is expressed. These findings are related to hypotheses dealing with caste determination in temperate halictine bees, viewed in the context of the evolution and maintenance of sociality, and it is proposed that these phenomena reveal a mechanism by which social behavior (the occurrence of a “worker” caste, in particular) is facultatively “fine-tuned” to suit the characteristics of the environment.
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  • 100
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    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 445-469 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Shear strength ; temperature ; deformation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Layers of artificial granite gouge have been deformed on saw-cut granite surfaces inclined 30° to the sample axes. Samples were deformed at a constant confining pressure of 250 MPa and temperatures of 22 to 845°C. The velocity dependence of the steady-state coefficient of friction (μss) was determined by comparing sliding strengths at different sliding rates. The results of these measurements are consistent with those reported bySolberg andByerlee (1984) at room temperature andStesky (1975) between 300 and 400°C. Stesky found that the slip-rate dependence of (μss) increased above 400°C. In the present study, however, the velocity dependence of (μss) was nearly independent of temperature.
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