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  • American Chemical Society  (2,084,048)
  • Ambleside, UK
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
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Publisher
Years
  • 1
    Journal cover
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) | Wiley
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Formerly as: Acta Crystallographica  (1948–1967)
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) , Wiley
    Corporation: International Union of Crystallography, IUCr
    Print ISSN: 0108-7673 , 0567-7394
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5724 , 1600-8596 , 2053-2733
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 2
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) | Wiley
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Formerly as: Acta Crystallographica  (1948–1967)
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) , Wiley
    Corporation: International Union of Crystallography, IUCr
    Print ISSN: 0108-7681 , 0567-7408 , 2052-5192
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5740 , 1600-8650 , 2052-5206
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) | Wiley
    Online: 61.2005 –
    Online: 61.2005 –
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) , Wiley
    Print ISSN: 1744-3091
    Electronic ISSN: 2053-230X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 64.2008 –
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Corporation: International Union of Crystallography, IUCr
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5368 , 2056-9890
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
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  • 5
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) | Wiley
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Formerly as: Crystal Structure Communications  (1972–1982)
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) , Wiley
    Corporation: International Union of Crystallography, IUCr
    Print ISSN: 0108-2701 , 2053-2296
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5759 , 2053-2296
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 1.1948 – 23.1967
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Print ISSN: 0365-110X
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-8642
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) | Wiley
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Online: 53.1997 –
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) , Wiley
    Corporation: International Union of Crystallography, IUCr
    Print ISSN: 0907-4449
    Electronic ISSN: 1399-0047 , 2059-7983
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 57.2001 – 63.2007
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Corporation: International Union of Crystallography, IUCr
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5368
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 61.2005 –
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Print ISSN: 2053-230X
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-3091
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 10
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 1(1).1994 –
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Print ISSN: 0909-0495
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5775
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 11
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    American Chemical Society | ACS Publications
    Online: 1.1879 –
    Publisher: American Chemical Society , ACS Publications
    Print ISSN: 0002-7863
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5126
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 12
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 6(1).1998 –
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Print ISSN: 1067-0696
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-0834
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 13
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    International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 1(1).2014 –
    Publisher: International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Electronic ISSN: 2052-2525
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Chemical Society | ACS Publications
    Online: 1(1).2021 –
    Publisher: American Chemical Society , ACS Publications
    Electronic ISSN: 2691-3704
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
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    Wiley-Blackwell - STM | International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Online: 1(1).1968 –
    Print: 26.1993 – 30.1997 (Location: A17, Archiv, Magazin, 30/5)
    Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell - STM , International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Print ISSN: 0021-8898
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-5767
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, 48, pp. 13451-13458, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Publication Date: 2014-11-21
    Description: Plastic pollution is an emerging global threat for marine wildlife. Many species of birds, reptiles and fishes are directly impaired by plastics as they can get entangled in ropes and drown or they can ingest plastic fragments which, in turn, may clog their stomachs and guts. Microplastics of less than 1 mm can be ingested by small invertebrates but their fate in the digestive organs and their effects on the animals are yet not well understood. We embedded fluorescent microplastics in artificial agarose-based food and offered the food to marine isopods, Idotea emarginata. The isopods did not distinguish between food with and food without microplastics. Upon ingestion, the microplastics were present in the stomach and in the gut but not in the tubules of the midgut gland which is the principal organ of enzyme-secretion and nutrient resorption. The feces contained the same concentration of micro-plastics as the food which indicates that no accumulation of microplastics happens during the gut passage. Long-term bioassays of six weeks showed no distinct effects of continu¬ous micro-plastic consumption on mortality, growth, and intermolt duration. I. emarginata are able to prevent intrusion of particles even smaller than 1 µm into the midgut gland which is facilitated by the complex structure of the stomach including a fine filter system. It separates the midgut gland tubules from the stomach and allows only the passage of fluids and chyme. Our results indicate that micro¬plastics, as administered in the experi¬ments, do not clog the digestive organs of isopods and do not have adverse effects on their life history parameters.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 17
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    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society, 52(22), pp. 13279-13288
    Publication Date: 2019-03-13
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 18
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    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society, 54(24), pp. 15893-15903, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Publication Date: 2021-04-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society, 53, pp. 8747-8756, ISSN: 1520-5851
    Publication Date: 2020-06-04
    Description: Recent studies pointed to a high ice nucleating activity (INA) in the Arctic sea surface microlayer (SML). However, related chemical information is still sparse. In the present study, INA and free glucose concentrations were quantified in Arctic SML and bulk water samples from the marginal ice zone, the ice-free ocean, melt ponds, and open waters within the ice pack. T50 (defining INA) ranged from −17.4 to −26.8 °C. Glucose concentrations varied from 0.6 to 51 μg/L with highest values in the SML from the marginal ice zone and melt ponds (median 16.3 and 13.5 μg/L) and lower values in the SML from the ice pack and the ice-free ocean (median 3.9 and 4.0 μg/L). Enrichment factors between the SML and the bulk ranged from 0.4 to 17. A positive correlation was observed between free glucose concentration and INA in Arctic water samples (T50(°C) = (−25.6 ± 0.6) + (0.15 ± 0.04)·Glucose(μg/L), RP = 0.66, n = 74). Clustering water samples based on phytoplankton pigment composition resulted in robust but different correlations within the four clusters (RP between 0.67 and 0.96), indicating a strong link to phytoplankton-related processes. Since glucose did not show significant INA itself, free glucose may serve as a potential tracer for INA in Arctic water samples.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, 50(13), pp. 7066-7073, ISSN: 0013936X
    Publication Date: 2016-10-12
    Description: Atmospheric nuclear weapons testing (NWT) resulted in the injection of plutonium (Pu) into the atmosphere and subsequent global deposition. We present a new method for continuous semiquantitative measurement of 239Pu in ice cores, which was used to develop annual records of fallout from NWT in ten ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The 239Pu was measured directly using an inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometer, thereby reducing analysis time and increasing depth-resolution with respect to previous methods. To validate this method, we compared our one year averaged results to published 239Pu records and other records of NWT. The 239Pu profiles from the Arctic ice cores reflected global trends in NWT and were in agreement with discrete Pu profiles from lower latitude ice cores. The 239Pu measurements in the Antarctic ice cores tracked low latitude NWT, consistent with previously published discrete records from Antarctica. Advantages of the continuous 239Pu measurement method are (1) reduced sample preparation and analysis time; (2) no requirement for additional ice samples for NWT fallout determinations; (3) measurements are exactly coregistered with all other chemical, elemental, isotopic, and gas measurements from the continuous analytical system; and (4) the long half-life means the 239Pu record is stable through time.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Crystal Growth & Design, American Chemical Society, 18, pp. 2563-2571
    Publication Date: 2018-04-23
    Description: The morphology and growth kinetics of ice single crystals in aqueous solutions of type III antifreeze protein (AFP-III) have been studied in detail over a range of AFP-III concentrations and supercoolings. In pure water, the shape of ice crystals changes from the circular disklike to planar dendritic with increasing supercooling. In AFP-III solutions, ice crystals in the form of faceted plates, irregular dendrites with polygonized tips, and needles appear with increasing supercooling and AFP-III concentration. The growth rate of ice crystals in the crystallographic a direction is 2 orders of magnitude higher than that in the c direction. AFP-III molecules cause the stoppage of the growth of the prismatic and basal faces at low supercoolings. When supercooling exceeds the critical value, AFP-III favors the acceleration of the growth in both a and c directions. The observed behavior of AFP-III is explained in terms of the Cabrera-Vermilyea pinning model and the specificity of the dissipation of latent heat from the growing crystals with different shapes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Red Pompeian paintings, very famous for their deep intensity, are currently suffering from darkening. The origins of this darkening degradation are not clearly identified yet and remain a major issue for curators. In the specific case of cinnabar (HgS)-based red pigment, a photoinduced conversion into black metacinnabar is usually suspected. This work is focused on the blackening of red cinnabar paintings coated on a sparry calcite mortar. Different samples exhibiting different levels of degradation were selected upon visual observations and analyzed by synchrotron-based microanalytical techniques. Atomic and molecular compositions of the different debased regions revealed two possible degradation mechanisms. On one hand, micro X-ray fluorescence elemental maps show peculiar distributions of chlorine and sulfur. On the other hand, X-ray absorption spectroscopy performed at both Cl and S K-edges confirms the presence of characteristic degradation products: (i) Hg- Cl compounds (e.g., corderoite, calomel, and terlinguaite), which may result from the reaction with exogenous NaCl, in gray areas; (ii) gypsum, produced by the calcite sulfation, in black coatings. Metacinnabar is never detected. Finally, a cross section was analyzed to map the in-depth alteration gradient. Reduced and oxidized sulfur distributions reveal that the sulfated black coating consists of a 5-ím-thick layer covering intact cinnabar.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7484-7492
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Microspectroscopy Analysis ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 23
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    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Environ. Sci. Technol., American Chemical Society, 46, pp. 11327-11335
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: In this study, we investigated if industrial high-density polyethylene (HDPE) particles, a model microplastic free of additives, ranging 〉 0− 80 μm are ingested and taken up into the cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. The effects of exposure (up to 96 h) and plastic ingestion were observed at the cellular and subcellular level. Microplastic uptake into the gills and digestive gland was analyzed by a new method using polarized light microscopy. Mussel health status was investigated incorporating histological assessment and cytochemical biomarkers of toxic effects and early warning. In addition to being drawn into the gills, HDPE particles were taken up into the stomach and transported into the digestive gland where they accumulated in the lysosomal system after 3 h of exposure. Our results show notable histological changes upon uptake and a strong inflammatory response demonstrated by the formation of granulocytomas after 6 h and lysosomal membrane destabilization, which significantly increased with longer exposure times. We provide proof of principle that microplastics are taken up into cells and cause significant effects on the tissue and cellular level, which can be assessed with standard cytochemical biomarkers and polarized light microscopy for microplastic tracking in tissue.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 24
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    Institute of Freshwater Ecology | Ambleside, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10997 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:47:47 | 10997 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is the report on the Cheshire Meres: a Water Quality Enigma by the Institute of Freshwater Ecology from June 1993. The aim of the proposal is to use a well-tested condition-check on key Cheshire Meres, looking at the present nutrient-state and the seasonal structure and relative species-abundances of the phytoplankton. This information will enable the NRA to make some overall appraisal of the advance or otherwise, in trophic condition and its impact upon the perception, use and management of these nationally important sites. The report contains section on the objectives, strategy, timescale, staff and financial of the proposal, plus an appendix with information about the Windermere Profiler and the CV of the Project Leader.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Description: +2 appendices
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire Meres ; Survey ; Sampling methodology ; Nutrient state ; Seasonal Structure ; Phytoplankton
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 11
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  • 25
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    Institute of Freshwater Ecology | Ambleside, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10996 | 1256 | 2013-10-27 12:00:31 | 10996 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: This is a report on the Analysis of Data and a Prioritisation of Sites at the Cheshire Meres by the Institute of Freshwater Ecology.The report addresses data collected by the Agency for 24 basin sites in Cheshire. At least two samples were collected from each site, though not simultaneously. Sites were visited in May/June and in November. The determinands are standard and they included: water, temperature, conductivity, pH, DO, fractional white light penetration, TSS, chlorophyll, TP, ortho-phosphate, nitrate-, nitrite-, ammonium and silicate. Though concentrations were often higher than for other lakes in the region, rather exceeding criteria for classification as eutrophic lakes, the results confirmed that the series of lakes is, naturally, highly eutrophic and nothing in the present data differs so far from expectation that is persuasive that the ecosystems are reacting adversely to environmental stress. The data set is review and summarised, site-by-site, in an appendix. The grounds for prioritisation are discussed. Whether or not this preferred prioritised option is adopted, the Agency is recommended to review the way it carries out monitoring. The determinands and the sampling frequency need to be geared to the information that is required.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Cheshire Meres ; Ecological monitoring ; Eutrophic lake ; Prioritisation ; Strategies ; Water quality ; Environmental stress
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 27
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  • 26
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    Institute of Freshwater Ecology | Ambleside, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/10970 | 1256 | 2013-03-26 13:54:01 | 10970 | Environment Agency, UK (Freshwater Biological Association)
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: This is the report on the Effects of Water Quality in the Bassenthwaite Lake on Anglers Catches of Salmon and Sea-trout in the River Derwent April 1993 by the Institute of Freshwater Ecology. An analysis of the catch statistics for salmon and sea-trout in the Rivers Derwent and Cocker was undertaken in relation to available information on the algal water quality in Bassenthwaite Lake to test the hypothesis that poor catch returns were associated with a deterioration of water quality within the lake. Analysis of the catch statistics failed to reveal any correlation between water quality and catch returns for either species of fish and it is concluded that any water deterioration in Bassenthwaite Lake has not caused any major damage to the salmon and sea trout fisheries of the Derwent/Cocker system. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of the Windermere/Leven and Crake system, where no correlation could be found between lake water quality and downstream catches of migratory salmonid fish. However, the possibility still exists and such an effect might be detected by further field work on the macroinvertebrates and on the composition of potential salmonid spawning in the area.
    Description: Environment Agency Archives North West
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Management ; England ; Bassenthwaite Lake ; River Derwent ; River Cocker ; Water quality ; Fish catch statistics ; Pollution effects ; Environmental monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 46
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  • 27
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5096 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:24:47 | 5096 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: At high stream discharges salmonid eggs can he displaced from the gravel and may drift downstream. It has been suggested that developing salmonid eggs may be killed by ”physical shock”, especially during the period before ”eyeing”. Similarly, a progress report by the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission (1966) states that salmonid eggs are most sensitive during the period between fertilisation and blastopore closure. However, it would seem unlikely that this sensitivity actually begins at the time of fertilisation because, in nature, a period, perhaps measured in hours, must occur during which the newly-fertilised eggs are exposed to physical shock during the deposition of gravel over them as a result of the cutting activity of the female fish. The present report describes simple channel experiments designed to answer the two questions: 1. After release of eggs from the gravel, does the process of drifting downstream, which implies some physical shock through movement and impact, decrease the survival of salmonid eggs? 2. Is the survival rate-influenced by the stage of development of the eggs?
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Freshwater ecology ; Rivers ; Freshwater fish ; Life cycle ; Channels ; Experimental research ; Fish eggs ; England ; Grassholme
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 28
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5092 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:25:26 | 5092 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Aspects of reported nutrient levels and their ecological implications for Malham Tarn are discussed. Discussion centres upon the data given here as appendices, involving possible evidence of a long-term increase in the concentrations of some nutrients (especially nitrate) of significance for the Tarn's ecology and conservation. Further comparative tests of some methods of chemical analysis employed in obtaining those data are reported.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater ecology ; Freshwater lakes ; Nutrients (mineral) ; Nitrates ; Phosphorus ; Alkalinity ; Methodology ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Hydrology ; England ; Malham Tarn
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    Format: application/pdf
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  • 29
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5097 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:24:43 | 5097 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: It is of value to know the approximate distance of travel at different stream discharges and/or water velocities, of salmonid eggs which have been displaced from redds by spates. This report describes studies in 20 m of stream channel upstream of the fish trap in Dubby Sike. Observations were made on the relation- ships between discharge and water depth and velocity and also on the relationships between water velocity and the settlement of artificial trout eggs. The main aim was to test the hypothesis that, at any given water velocity, eggs would drift smaller distances in a natural stream than in the experimental channels.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Freshwater ecology ; Rivers ; Freshwater fish ; Channels ; Experimental research ; Fish eggs ; England ; Grassholme
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 30
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5110 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:55 | 5110 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article detailing some of the conclusions of the salmon investigation undertaken by the author, on the River Eden and its tributaries, for the previous few years. It is proposed that seasonal changes in young salmon growth are related to water temperature variation. A figure is included showing length of fish compared to the average temperature of water in the River Eden over a two year duration. The article describes comparative work undertaken to date between three streams within the Thurso watershed and the River Eden. A table is included showing the average size of fish in each of the watercourses compared. Laboratory experiments on the effects of temperature on young salmon are outlined, as well as investigative work undertaken into the realtionship between fish scales and fish length.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Water temperature ; Freshwater fish ; Length ; Scales ; Seasonal variations ; Feeding ; Temperature effects ; Annual reports ; Salmo salar ; England ; Scotland
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: book_section , FALSE
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5109 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:53 | 5109 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater molluscs ; Aquatic insects ; Invertebrate larvae ; Aquatic organisms ; Annual reports ; Corixidae ; Coleoptera ; England ; Lake District
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: book_section , FALSE
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  • 32
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5124 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:13 | 5124 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A review article looking at the type of information requirements commonly shared by scientists and their use of traditional information services. Areas covered include primary requirements of IFE (Institute of Freshwater Ecology) staff, pure versus applied research, informal and personal sources of information, and traditional library and information services. It goes on to describe how research into information systems and technology may improve the wider accessibility and use of information to the scientific community. Technologies covered include online databases, telecommunications, gateways, expert systems, optical technology and applications of CDROM.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Information Management ; Freshwater ecology ; Research institutions ; Research ; Information scientists ; Information services ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: book_section , FALSE
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 33
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5237 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:13:37 | 5237 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This report covers the period April to September, 1989. During this period sampling of invertebrates has concentrated on planktonic animals and those associated with one of the dominant macrophytes in the system, Nuphar lutea, the yellow water lily, since these are particularly important in the diets of larval and juvenile cyprinid fish. A proportion of samples has been partly analysed and some preliminary data are presented here.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Limnology ; Aquatic plants ; Plankton ; Biological sampling ; Invertebrate larvae ; Pesticides ; England ; Godmanchester
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 34
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5238 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:13:42 | 5238 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This report presents five batches of data which have been despatched to the Joint Research Centre, Ispra. The data as been allocated to various ECDIN (Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network) files. The data comprises environmental chemicals in the freshwater environment, taking in paricular consideration: aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination biodegradation.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Data ; Data processing ; Data collections ; Chemical compounds ; Toxicity ; Bioaccumulation ; Biodegradation ; Metabolism
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5236 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:13:22 | 5236 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The plant Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cochayne, was likely to become widely distributed and to dominate many damp and wet areas of nature reserves, recreational waters and agricultural drainage of Britain. The aim of this report was to study Australian Swamp Stonecrop in its natural habitat where it is in balance with its environment. This contrasts with its rapid and widespread distribution in the U.K. where its growth interferes with the use of fisheries and amenity lakes but also reduces the value of nature reserves and sites of special scientific interest by suppressing native flora. It was proposed to observe its growth at a variety of sites over its natural distribution and to include some environmental factors, e.g. water-level, water-chemistry (nutrients, acidity and alkalinity), frost-tolerance, salinity, with the help of portable sensors, locally-available services or data. 8 weeks of travel in Australia allowed time to study the plant in its natural habitat including the coastal areas of the southern half of the continent i.e . Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and southern Queensland. The overall objective was to determine the environmental range by visits to selected sites of Crassula helmsii over its geographic range.
    Keywords: Conservation ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Plant control ; Plant populations ; Aquatic plants ; Introduced species ; Australia ; Crassula helmsii
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    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5259 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:09:27 | 5259 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In recent collaborative biological sampling exercises organised by the Nottingham Regional Laboratory of the Severn-Trent Water Authority, the effect of handnet sampling variation on the quality and usefulness of the data obtained has been questioned, especially when this data is transcribed into one or more of the commonly used biological methods of water quality assessment. This study investigates if this effect is constant at sites with similar typography but differing water quality states when the sampling method is standardized and carried out by a single operator. An argument is made for the use of a lowest common denominator approach to give a more consistent result and obviate the effect of sampling variation on these biological assessment methods.
    Description: Bilateral study of methods 2 - Pollution Report No.8
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Sampling ; Samplers ; Methodology ; Standardization ; Rivers ; Invertebrate larvae ; England ; Trent River
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    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5281 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:31 | 5281 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Experiments and observations on the phytoplankton of certain lakes in the English Lake District were made from early 1973 to the end of March, 1974. They included laboratory and lake bioassays and observations on the quantity and quality of the phytoplankton in six lakes. The introductory sections of the report are about algae, the ecology of phytoplankton and the scope of the contracted work. Laboratory bioassays on water from one lake, Blelham Tarn, showed that phosphorus, silicon (for diatoms) and organic substances forming complexes with iron were the major substances limiting the growth of the algae tested. The growth of the test algae was limited to different degrees by those substances and, to some extent, to a greater or lesser degree at different times of year. It is suggested that a relatively simple form of bioassay could give valuable information to water undertakings. Lake bioassays and other experiments were carried out by using large in situ tubular plastic enclosures. Two such investigations are described. The effects of a change in sewerage in two drainage basins on the phytoplankton of three lakes is described and some data given about changes since 1945 in three other lakes in the same overall drainage basin. These latter lakes have been affected too by changes in sewerage and by increasing inputs of domestic and agricultural wastes. Throughout, the relevance of the work done to practical problems of water usage is kept in mind and discussed. In the last section special reference is made to the largely unpredictable results of water transfers. The report ends with a note on river phytoplankton.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Management ; Phytoplankton ; Water use ; Water supply ; Freshwater lakes ; Bioassays ; Tests ; Controlled conditions ; Thermal stratification ; Tubing ; Nutrients (mineral) ; Diatoms ; England ; English Lake District
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5275 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:10:37 | 5275 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This annotated bibliography covers literature to the end of November 1977, and includes references to samplers that could be used for the rapid removal of benthic invertebrates from natural substrata of rivers and streams. Marine samplers which have been, or could be, used in freshwater. Coverage of Russian literature is incomplete, although a selection of recent and important references are included. The references are arranged under the following headings, Reviews; Nets and quadrat samplers; Scoops, shovels and dredges; Grabs; Corers; Suction and air-lift samplers; Electroshocking samplers; Efficiencies and comparisons; and Samplers from catalogues. There is an index to samplers (by the common name) and an author index.
    Description: Supplement to this Bibliography held as http://aquaticcommons.org/5410/
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Samplers ; Invertebrates ; Bibliographies
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: application/pdf
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  • 39
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5282 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:34 | 5282 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Distribution maps were included in the second edition of the F.B.A. Scientific Publication on British freshwater leeches (Mann 1964). When that publication was extensively revised and enlarged to include a review of the literature on the ecology of leeches (Elliott & Mann 1979), it was decided that new maps should be published separately. The original maps were based on 1097 records whereas 4198 records were used for the new maps. The total British Isles list comprises sixteen species, thirteen genera and four families of leeches.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Distribution records ; Ecological distribution ; Maps ; Freshwater organisms ; Hirudinea
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    Format: application/pdf
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5270 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:10:29 | 5270 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: At the present time hydrobiological indicators are widely used for the control of surface water quality. Results of the applying of methods suggested at the 1st Soviet-American seminar (1975), development of improved methods and estimation of their usefulness for various conditions are presented in this report. Among the criteria permitting an estimation of the degree and character of changes in water quality and their connection with the functioning of river ecosystems in general, the biological tests of natural waters appears to be the most universal one and is being carried out in two main directions — ecological and physiological. This study summarises approaches in both directions.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; River water ; Rivers ; Water quality ; Water quality control ; Indicators
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    Type: monograph
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    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 6
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5284 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:41 | 5284 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A new listing of published scientific contributions from the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) and its later Research Council associates – the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (1989–2000) and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (2000+) is provided. The period 1929–2006 is covered. The compilation extends an earlier list assembled by in 1979.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Bibliographies ; Freshwater sciences ; Hydrobiology ; Hydrology ; Limnology
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    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 161
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  • 42
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5287 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:12:00 | 5287 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Restoration of water-bodies from eutrophication has proved to be extremely difficult. Mathematical models have been used extensively to provide guidance for management decisions. The aim of this paper is to elucidate important problems of using models for predicting environmental changes. First, the necessity for a proper uncertainty assessment of the model, upon calibration, has not been widely recognized. Predictions must not be a single time trajectory; they should be a band, expressing system uncertainty and natural variability. Availability of this information may alter the decision to be taken. Second, even with well-calibrated models, there is no guarantee they will give correct projections in situations where the model is used to predict the effects of measures designed to bring the system into an entirely different ”operating point”, as is typically the case in eutrophication abatement. The concept of educated speculation is introduced to partially overcome this difficulty. Lake Veluwe is used as a case to illustrate the point. Third, as questions become more detailed, such as ”what about expected algal composition”, there is a greater probability of running into fundamental problems that are associated with predicting the behaviour of complex non-linear systems. Some of these systems show extreme initial condition sensitivity and even, perhaps, chaotic behaviour, and are therefore fundamentally unpredictable.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Phytoplankton ; Freshwater lakes ; Models ; Growth ; Modelling ; Equations ; Bacteria ; Prediction ; Netherlands ; Veluwemeer Lake
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5285 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:44 | 5285 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The ”Vollenweider model” is a sophisticated mathematical statement about the long-range behaviour of (mainly temperate) lakes and their ability to support phytoplankton chlorophyll. Misapplication of the model, against which Vollenweider himself warned, has led to many misconceptions about the dynamics of plankton in lakes and reservoirs and about how best to manage systems subject to eutrophication. This contribution intends to frame the most important issues in context of the phosphorus- loading and phosphorus-limitation concepts. Emphasis is placed on the need to distinguish rate-limitation from capacity-limitation, to understand which is more manageable and why, to discern the mechanisms of internal recycling and their importance, and to appreciate the respective roles of physical and biotic components in local control of algal dynamics. Some general approaches to the management of water quality in lakes and reservoirs to eutrophication are outlined.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Phytoplankton ; Models ; Phosphorus ; Ecosystem management ; Nutrients (mineral) ; Plant growth ; Growth regulators ; Freshwater lakes
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5289 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:12 | 5289 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Results from long-term investigations on biomanipulation show that indirect effects are at least as important as direct effects are for the stability of biomanipulation. Three types of indirect effects can be distinguished: (1) a change in quantity or quality of the resource base, (2) behavioural change of the prey, and (3) development of anti-predator traits. Although indirect effects of type (2), (e.g. a change in the pattern of vertical migration of zooplankton), and type (3), (e.g. development of helmets and neck teeth in Daphnia), are important mechanisms, the most essential indirect effects regarding biomanipulation belong to type (1). An example of the latter will be demonstrated: the complex of indirect effects of enhanced grazing by large herbivores on the phosphorus metabolism of the lake. It is concluded that control of the indirect effects is absolutely necessary to stabilize biomanipulation measures, but this is much more difficult than the control of direct effects and needs deeper insights into the structuring mechanisms of food webs. Proper management of fish stocks, in combination with the control of phosphorus load and/or the physical conditions, seems to be the most promising way of controlling the indirect effects of biomanipulation.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Biomanipulation ; Water quality control ; Food webs ; Phosphorus
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5290 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:14 | 5290 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In the mesotrophic-eutrophic Saidenbach Reservoir in Saxony, the nanoplankton and cyanobacteria have increased at the expense of diatom dominance, due to a doubling of the external phosphorus load in the last 15 years. However, the phosphorus sedimentation flux is still very high (up to 80% of the input), corresponding to more than 2 g m2 d-1 in terms of dry weight. There is a strong correlation between the abundance of diatoms in the euphotic zone and their sedimentation flux (with a delay of about 2 weeks). Only about 25% of the deposited material could be clearly attributed to plankton biomass; the remainder resulted from flocculation and precipitation processes or directly from the inflow of clay minerals. The ash content of the deposited material was high (73%). Thus the sedimentation flux can be considered to operate as an internal water-treatment/oligotrophication process within the lake. The neighbouring Neunzehnhain Reservoir still has a very clear water with a transparency up to 18 m depth. Though the sediment was not much lower than Saidenbach sediment in total phosphorus and total numbers of bacteria, sulphide was always absent and the ratio of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ was very low in the upper (0- 5 cm) layer. Thus the external and internal phosphorus loads do not attain the critical level necessary to induce a ”phosphorus - phytoplankton” feedback loop.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Water quality control ; Phosphorus ; Water reservoirs ; Phytoplankton ; Growth ; Sedimentation ; Sediment composition ; Germany
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5295 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:49 | 5295 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In a small lake, intermittent destratification was installed after several other physico-chemical and physical in-lake therapy measures (phosphorus immobilization, permanent destratification) had been tested without great success. If an aerobic sediment-water interface can be maintained, intermittent destratification removes cyanobacteria and prevents optimal development of other members of the photoautotrophic plankton. During growing seasons, increasing abundances of small-bodied herbivores (Bosmina) and Daphnia may have accounted for relatively low phytoplankton biomass as well. Intermittent destratification is a very fast-working in-lake measure and seems to be applicable even in relatively shallow lakes (〈 15 m), in which permanent destratification seems to be risky.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Destratification ; Ecosystem management ; Water quality control ; Phosphorus ; Eutrophic lakes ; Inhibitors ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Biomass ; Germany ; Fischkaltersee
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5298 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:47 | 5298 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This chapter summarises the meeting, entitled ”Eutrophication: Research and Application to Water Supply”. The general feeling was that academic research on the process of eutrophication had progressed significantly over the past decade, but there had been little contact with the water managers, i.e. those whose work was at the sharp end of dealing with the associated problems. This chapter summarises the sessions held by experts in the field.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Inland waters ; Water management ; Phytoplankton ; Conferences
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 214-217
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5292 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:07 | 5292 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Since 1989, intensive studies have been made on a relatively new (1983-84) oligotrophic reservoir and its pre-reservoir in the Black Forest. This paper briefly reports on the hydrochemistry, especially annual variations in phosphorus loadings, and the seasonal development of phytoplankton in 1989 and 1990.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Water reservoirs ; Limnological surveys ; Phosphorus ; Biomass ; Phytoplankton ; Oligotrophic lakes ; Germany ; Kleine Kinzig Reservoir
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5291 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:52 | 5291 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Natural calcite precipitation in lakes is a well-known control mechanism of eutrophication. In hard-water lakes, calcite deposits on the flat bottoms of shallow lakes and near the shores of deeper lakes resulted from biogenic decalcification during the millenia after the last glacial period. The objective of a new restoration technology is to intensify the natural process of precipitation by utilizing the different qualities of calcareous mud layers. In a pilot experiment in Lake Rudower See, East Germany, phosphorus-poor deeper layers of the sediments were flushed out and spread over the phosphorus-rich uppermost sediments, to promote the co- precipitation of calcite with phosphorus from the water-column.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Phosphorus ; Calcitization ; Algal blooms ; Calcite ; Sedimentation ; Germany
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5301 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:11 | 5301 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The cyanobacteria that cause problems in water supply are principally the colonial forms that are buoyed up by gas vesicles. The success of these organisms is due, in part, to their gas vesicles, which enable them to perform vertical migrations or to maintain themselves in the euphotic zone. The gas vesicles are also the root cause of the problems. In calm periods they cause the cyanobacteria to float to the water surface forming noxious scums, and they may prevent the colonies from sedimenting in water treatment plants. Gas vesicles are hollow, gas-filled structures; they are rigid but can be collapsed by the application of pressure. Their critical collapse pressure is influenced by their dimensions, which vary in different organisms. Gas vesicles are formed by the assembly of two types of protein, which determine their mechanical and physical properties. Methods for collapsing gas vesicles in natural populations of cyanobacteria will be considered. They may have application to the control of cyanobacteria in water supply.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Gases ; Buoyancy ; Algae ; Bacteria ; Photosynthesis ; Growth ; Competition
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5293 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:09 | 5293 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Esthwaite Water is the most productive or eutrophic lake in the English Lake District. Since 1945 its water quality has been determined from weekly or biweekly measurements of temperature, oxygen, plant nutrients and phytoplankton abundance. The lake receives phosphorus from its largely lowland-pasture catchment, sewage effluent from the villages of Hawkshead and Near Sawrey, and from a cage-culture fish farm. From 1986 phosphorus has been removed from the sewage effluent of Hawkshead which was considered to contribute between 47% and 67% of the total phosphorus loading to the lake. At the commencement of phosphorus removal regular measurements of phosphorus in the superficial 0-4 cm layer of lake sediment were made from cores collected at random sites. Since 1986 the mean annual concentration of alkali-extractable sediment phosphorus has decreased by 23%. This change is not significant at the 5% level but nearly so. There has been no marked change in water quality over this period. Summer dominance of blue-green algae which arose in the early 1980s after decline of the previous summer forms, Ceratium spp., has been maintained. Improvement in water quality is unlikely to be achieved at the present phosphorus loading.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Limnological surveys ; Phosphorus ; Phytoplankton ; Primary production ; Sediment analysis ; Water quality ; England ; Esthwaite Water
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5288 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:15 | 5288 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Biomanipulation is a form of biological engineering in which organisms are selectively removed or encouraged to alleviate the symptoms of eutrophication. Most examples involve fish and grazer zooplankton though mussels have also been used. The technique involves continuous management in many deeper lakes and is not a substitute for nutrient control. In some lakes, alterations to the lake environment have given longer-term positive effects. And in some shallow lakes, biomanipulation may be essential, alongside nutrient control, in re- establishing former aquatic-plant-dominated ecosystems which have been lost through severe eutrophication. The emergence of biomanipulation techniques emphasises that lake systems are not simply chemical reactors which respond simply to engineered chemical changes, but very complex and still very imperfectly understood ecosystems which require a yet profounder understanding before they can be restored with certainty.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Freshwater lakes ; Biomanipulation ; Water quality control
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5299 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:19 | 5299 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This article discusses problems of modelling the seasonal succession of algal species in lakes and reservoirs, and the adaptive selection of certain groups of algae in response to changes in the inputs and relative concentrations of nutrients and other environmental variables. A new generation of quantitative models is being developed which attempts to translate some important biological properties of species (survival, variation, inheritance, reproductive rates and population growth) into predictions about the survival of the fittest, where ”fitness” is measured or estimated in thermodynamic terms. The concept of ”exergy” and its calculation is explored to examine maximal exergy as a measure of fitness in ecosystems, and its use for calculating changes in species composition by means of structural dynamic models. These models accomodate short-term changes in parameters that affect the adaptive responses (species selection) of algae.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Phytoplankton ; Freshwater lakes ; Models ; Growth ; Modelling ; Energy ; Inland water environment ; Thermodynamics
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5300 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:07:17 | 5300 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Like other rivers in the Paris area, the Oise is subject to important seasonal algal blooms. This eutrophication generates notable problems for the production of drinking-water from a treatment plant on the river at Méry. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate variation in water quality in a pre-treatment storage basin, and another model is currently being adapted to model the River Oise. Integration of the two models should provide a comprehensive tool for predicting variations of phytoplankton and water-quality parameters associated with algal blooms. This will be a decision-aid for optimizing control of the treatment process for providing potable water.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Algal blooms ; Water treatment ; Water supply ; Modelling ; Models ; Phytoplankton ; Water management ; France ; Oise River
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5307 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:39 | 5307 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Sub-lethal toxicity tests, such as the scope-for-growth test, reveal simple relationships between measures of contaminant concentration and effect on respiratory and feeding physiology. Simple models are presented to investigate the potential impact of different mechanisms of chronic sub-lethal toxicity on these physiological processes. Since environmental quality is variable, even in unimpacted environments, toxicants may have differentially greater impacts in poor compared to higher quality environments. The models illustrate the implications of different degrees and mechanisms of toxicity in response to variability in the quality of the feeding environment, and variability in standard metabolic rate. The models suggest that the relationships between measured degrees of toxic stress, and the maintenance ration required to maintain zero scope-for-growth, may be highly nonlinear. In addition it may be possible to define critical levels of sub-lethal toxic effect above which no environment is of sufficient quality to permit prolonged survival.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Toxicity ; Sublethal effects ; Toxicity tests ; Models ; Metabolism ; Narcosis ; Animal physiology ; Risk management ; Respiration
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5306 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:38 | 5306 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Ecosystem level models are motivated by some combination of scientific and practical concerns. Those models motivated by practical concerns are likely to bear little historical relation to previous models. Mechanisms of interaction between particular species and their ecosystems vary enormously. Some species literally construct their own ecosystems. Others have more or less complex and important interactions with other species so that their presence or absence may alter the ecosystem. Prior information about the natural history of particular species can make ecosystem investigations quicker, cheaper, and more effective. The optimal resource for preparing to deal with the unlimited diversity of questions asked of ecologists would be a large' computerized databank of natural history observations for as many species as possible.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Oceanography ; Ecosystems ; Aquatic environment ; Species ; Interspecific relationships ; Biology ; Models
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5314 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:13 | 5314 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Organic contaminants are readily bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms. Exposure to and toxic effects of contaminants can be measured in terms of the biochemical responses of the organisms (i.e. molecular biomarkers). The hepatic biotransformation enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in vertebrates is specifically induced by organic contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs and dioxins, and is involved in chemical carcinogenesis via catalysis of the covalent binding of organic contaminants to DNA (DNA-adducts). Hepatic CYP1A induction has been used extensively and successfully as a biomarker of organic contaminant exposure in fish. Fewer but equally encouraging studies in fish have used hepatic bulky, hydrophobic DNA-adducts as biomarkers of organic contaminant damage. Much less is known of the situation in marine invertebrates, but a CYPlA-like enzyme with limited inducibility and some potential for biomarker application is indicated. Stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is another potential mechanism of organic contaminant-mediated DNA and other damage in aquatic organisms. A combination of antioxidant (enzymes, scavengers) and pro-oxidant (oxidised DNA bases, lipid peroxidation) measurements may have potential as a biomarker of organic contaminant exposure (particularly those chemicals which do not induce CYP1A) and/or oxidative stress, but more studies are required. Both CYP1A- and ROS-mediated toxicity are indicated to result in higher order deleterious effects, including cancer and other aspects of animal fitness.
    Keywords: Biology ; Environment ; Pollution ; Biomarkers ; Toxicity ; Aquatic organisms ; Biological pollutants ; Enzymes ; Hydrocarbons ; Mutagens ; Pollutants ; Animal diseases ; Fish
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5309 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:43 | 5309 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The effects of stress on the immune system of various fish species including dab Limanda limanda, flounder Platichthys flesus, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and gobies Zosterisessor ophiocephalus, were investigated from laboratory and field experiments, using various assays to measure immunocompetence, correlated with histological and ultrastructural observations. Modulation of the immune system was demonstrated at tissue, cellular and biochemical levels following exposure to various stressors. The spleen somatic index was depressed in dab stressed in the laboratory and gobies collected from polluted sites in the Venice Lagoon. Differential blood cell counts consistently showed an increase in phagocytes and decrease in thrombocytes in fish exposed to various stressors. Phagocytic activity from spleen and kidney adherent cells was stimulated in dab stressed by transportation but depressed in fish exposed to chemical pollutants. Respiratory burst activity in phagocytic cells was also stimulated in stressed dab but depressed in sea bass exposed to cadmium. The results are discussed in relation to current concepts on stress in fish and the regulation of the immune system.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Bioassays ; Nervous system ; Immunity ; Biological stress ; Marine fish ; Pollution effects ; Kidneys ; Phagocytosis ; Italy ; Porto Marghera
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5320 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:44 | 5320 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: There is no evidence to indicate that there is a risk of acquiring a virus infection through the consumption of properly treated drinking water, provided the integrity of the distribution system is maintained and there is no post-treatment contamination. The consumption of inadequately treated, untreated or post-treatment contaminated water is, however, associated with a risk of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and viral gastroenteritis. The use of the standard bacterial indicators for water monitoring provides an adequate safeguard against viral contamination.
    Keywords: Health ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Public health ; Microbial contamination ; Viral diseases ; Viruses ; Water treatment ; Pollution indicators
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5310 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:07:00 | 5310 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A comparison of some different European methods of estimating the numbers of fish in a lake using different fishing gear is described. The different gears used were 1. surface trawl used by night 2. bottom trawl used by day 3. trammel nets, set in the evening and lifted in the morning 4. surface seine net used by night 5. bottom seine net used by day 6. Fyke nets, emptied each morning and evening 7. gill nets, set in the evening and lifted in the morning. The most variable catches were from those gears used by day on the bottom and the least variable were those used by night at the surface. The work continued by examining the use of acoustic systems for pelagic fish stock assessment. This gear gave reasonable population estimates for pelagic fish 10m and more below the surface. The advantage of the accoustic method is that it is quick and requires little labour. Its disadvantage is that it is not possible to identify the species and so it must be supplemented by another, conventional method.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Management ; Acoustic equipment ; Entangling nets ; Experimental fishing ; Fishery surveys ; Fishery resources ; Fishing gear ; Gillnets ; Population number ; Seine nets ; Trap nets ; Trawl nets ; Europe ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5317 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:35 | 5317 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Most microbiological methods require culture to allow organisms to recover or to selectively increase, and target organisms are identified by growth on specific agar media. Many cultural methods take several days to complete and even then the results require confirmation. Alternative techniques include the use of chromogenic and fluorogenic substances to identify bacteria as they are growing, selective capture using antibodies after short periods of growth, molecular techniques, and direct staining with or without flow cytometry for enumeration and identification. Future microbiologists may not use culture but depend on the use of specific probes and sophisticated detection systems.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microorganisms ; Methodology ; Detection ; Bacteria ; Cultured organisms ; Enzymes ; Immunofluorescence ; Flow cytometry ; Microbiological culture
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5311 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:25 | 5311 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The aim of this study was to develop a short-term genotoxicity assay for monitoring the marine environment for mutagens. Based on the developing eggs and embryos of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis, an important pollution indicator species, the test employs the sensitive sister chromatid exchange (SCE) technique as its end-point, and exploits the potential of mussel eggs to accumulate mutagenic pollutants from the surrounding sea water. Mussel eggs take up to 6 months to develop while in the gonad, which provides scope for DNA damage to be accumulated over an extended time interval; chromosome damage is subsequently visualised as SCEs in 2-cell-stage embryos after these have been spawned in the laboratory. Methods which measure biological responses to pollutant exposure are able to integrate all the factors (internal and external) which contribute to the exposure. The new cytogenetic assay allows the effects of adult exposure to be interpreted in cells destined to become part of the next generation.
    Keywords: Biology ; Environment ; Oceanography ; Marine molluscs ; Eggs ; Coastal zone ; Mutagens ; Indicator species ; Embryos ; Cytogenetics ; Pollution effects ; Bioassays ; Methodology
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5315 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:22 | 5315 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Improvements in methods for the detection and enumeration of microbes in water, particularly the application of techniques of molecular biology, have highlighted shortcomings in the ”standard methods” for assessing water quality. Higher expectations from the consumer and increased publicity associated with pollution incidents can lead to an uncoupling of the cycle which links methodological development with standard-setting and legislation. The new methodology has also highlighted problems within the water cycle, related to the introduction, growth and metabolism of microbes. A greater understanding of the true diversity of the microbial community and the ability to transmit genetic information within aquatic systems ensures that the subject of this symposium and volume provides an ideal forum to discuss the problems encountered by both researcher and practitioner.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microbiology ; Microorganisms ; Hydrologic cycle ; Methodology ; Bacteria ; Bacterial counters ; Public health ; Microbial contamination ; Primary production ; Fungi ; Cryptosporidium
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5318 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:37 | 5318 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: It is widely recognised that conventional culture techniques may underestimate true viable bacterial numbers by several orders of magnitude. The basis of this discrepancy is that a culture in or on media of high nutrient concentration is highly selective (either through ”nutrient shock” or failure to provide vital co-factors) and decreases apparent diversity; thus it is unrepresentative of the natural community. In addition, the non-culturable but viable state (NCBV) is a strategy adopted by some bacteria as a response to environmental stress. The basis for the non-culturable state is that cells placed in conditions present in the environment cannot be recultured but can be shown to maintain their viability. Consequently, these cells would not be detected by standard water quality techniques that are based on culture. In the case of pathogens, it may explain outbreaks of disease in populations that have not come into contact with the pathogen. However, the NCBV state is difficult to attribute, due to the failure to distinguish between NCBV and non-viable cells. This article will describe experiences with the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and the application of molecular techniques for its detection and physiological analysis.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Bacteria ; Bacterial diseases ; Detection ; Methodology ; Molecular biology ; Microbiological culture
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5316 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:33 | 5316 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The advent of molecular biology has had a dramatic impact on all aspects of biology, not least applied microbial ecology. Microbiological testing of water has traditionally depended largely on culture techniques. Growing understanding that only a small proportion of microbial species are culturable, and that many microorganisms may attain a viable but non-culturable state, has promoted the development of novel approaches to monitoring pathogens in the environment. This has been paralleled by an increased awareness of the surprising genetic diversity of natural microbial populations. By targeting gene sequences that are specific for particular microorganisms, for example genes that encode diagnostic enzymes, or species-specific domains of conserved genes such as 16S ribosomal RNA coding sequences (rrn genes), the problems of culture can be avoided. Technical developments, notably in the area of in vitro amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), now permit routine detection and identification of specific microorganisms, even when present in very low numbers. Although the techniques of molecular biology have provided some very powerful tools for environmental microbiology, it should not be forgotten that these have their own drawbacks and biases in sampling. For example, molecular techniques are dependent on efficient lysis and recovery of nucleic acids from both vegetative forms and spores of microbial species that may differ radically when growing in the laboratory compared with the natural environment. Furthermore, PCR amplification can introduce its own bias depending on the nature of the oligonucleotide primers utilised. However, despite these potential caveats, it seems likely that a molecular biological approach, particularly with its potential for automation, will provide the mainstay of diagnostic technology for the foreseeable future.
    Keywords: Engineering ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Microbiology ; Microorganisms ; Methodology ; Molecular biology ; DNA ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Detection ; RNA ; Bacteria ; Bacterial diseases
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5312 | 3949 | 2020-08-23 05:42:57 | 5312 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This review considers three general aspects of research on zooplankton patchiness: the detection of patchiness, the description of patchiness and the causes of patchiness.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Horizontal distribution ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5313 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:23 | 5313 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The study of metallothioneins (MTs) has greatly improved our understanding of body burdens, metal storage and detoxification in aquatic organisms subjected to contamination by the toxic heavy metals, Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn. These studies have shown that in certain organisms MT status can be used to assess impact of these metals at the cellular level and, whilst validation is currently limited to a few examples, this stress response may be linked to higher levels of organisation, thus indicating its potential for environmental quality assessment. Molluscs, such as Mytilus spp., and several commonly occurring teleost species, are the most promising of the indicator species tested. Natural variability of MT levels caused by the organism's size, condition, age, position in the sexual cycle, temperature and various stressors, can lead to difficulties in interpretation of field data as a definitive response-indicator of metal contamination unless a critical appraisal of these variables is available. From laboratory and field studies these data are almost complete for teleost fish. Whilst for molluscs much of this information is lacking, when suitable controls are utilised and MT measurements are combined with observations of metal partitioning, current studies indicate that they are nevertheless a powerful tool in the interpretation of impact, and may prove useful in water quality assessment.
    Keywords: Environment ; Oceanography ; Pollution ; Water quality ; Cadmium ; Copper ; Mercury ; Zinc ; Aquatic animals ; Cytology ; Metallothioneins ; Environmental monitoring ; Indicators ; Scotland
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5321 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:06:11 | 5321 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Recent advances in our knowledge of the genetic structure of human caliciviruses (HuCVs) and small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) have led to the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular tests specific for these viruses. These methods have been developed to detect a number of human pathogenic viruses in environmental samples including water, sewage and shellfish. HuCVs and SRSVs are not culturable, and no animal model is currently available. Therefore there is no convenient method of preparing viruses for study or for reagent production. One problem facing those attempting to use PCR-based methods for the detection of HuCVs and SRSVs is the lack of a suitable positive control substrate. This is particularly important when screening complex samples in which the levels of inhibitors present may significantly interfere with amplificiation. Regions within the RNA polymerase regions of two genetically distinct human caliciviruses have been amplified and used to produce recombinant baculoviruses which express RNA corresponding to the calicivirus polymerase. This RNA is being investigated as a positive control substrate for PCR testing, using current diagnostic primer sets. Recombinant baculovirus technology will enable efficient and cost-effective production of large quantities of positive control RNA with a specific known genotype. We consider the development of these systems as essential for successful screening and monitoring applications.
    Keywords: Health ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Viruses ; Viral diseases ; RNA ; Primers ; Cloning ; Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning ; Public health ; Sewages
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5323 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:12 | 5323 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: In drinking water distribution systems, three groups of living organisms are usually found in the biofilm and circulating water: heterotrophic bacteria, free-living protozoa, and macro-invertebrates. Indirect evidence suggests that protozoa grazing in distribution systems can partially eliminate biomass production and accidental microbiological pollution. This paper examines the biodiversit in drinking water distribution systems.
    Keywords: Biology ; Limnology ; Water supply ; Biodiversity ; Food chains ; Bacteria ; Invertebrate larvae ; Escherichia coli
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5322 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:32 | 5322 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The direct measurement of in situ respiring bacteria using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) shows that, especially for Gram-negative bacteria, large numbers of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria are present in finished water from a conventional water treatment plant, and the regrowth of bacteria along distribution networks can be seen rapidly by using this very sensitive technique. The level of bacterial inactivation with chlorine is much less important than has been previously supposed (based on experiments with non-injured laboratory strains of bacteria and classical culture techniques). Threshold values of VBNC bacteria leaving water treatment plants or regrowing along distribution systems have to be determined for better control of coliform regrowth and health- risks associated with the consumption of drinking water.
    Keywords: Biology ; Health ; Limnology ; Water supply ; Water treatment ; Bacteria ; Microbiological culture ; Bacterial counters ; Staining ; Growth curves ; France
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5324 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:05:13 | 5324 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Tastes and odours are amongst the few water quality standards immediately apparent to a consumer and, as a result, account for most consumer complaints about water quality. Although taste and odour problems can arise from a great many sources, from an operational point of view they are either ”predictable” or ”unpredictable”. The former - which include problems related to actinomycete and algal growth - have a tendency to occur in certain types of water under certain combinations of conditions, whereas the latter - typically chemical spills - can occur anywhere. Long-term control is one option for predictable problems, although biomanipulation on a large scale has had utile success. Detection and avoidance is a more practicable option for both predictable and unpredictable problems, particularly if the distribution network can be serviced from other sources. Where these are not feasible, then water treatment, typically using activated carbon, is possible. In general there is a reasonable understanding of what compounds cause taste and odour problems, and how to treat these. An efficient taste and odour control programme therefore relies ultimately on good management of existing resources. However, a number of problems lie outside the remit of water supply companies and will require more fundamental regulation of activities in the catchment.
    Keywords: Limnology ; Sociology ; Water supply ; Taste ; Odour ; Water treatment ; Fresh water ; Monitoring
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5333 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:04:52 | 5333 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Interest in the identification and characterisation of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates in aquatic environments is increasing rapidly due to the perceived roles of these organisms in primary production and nuisance aspects in terms of water treatment and public health. Techniques for the identification and quantification of these organisms currently are limited, and the application of molecular approaches provides fundamental taxonomic information and techniques of practical value. Antigenic properties of algal cells may be useful taxonomic markers. Immunodetection techniques utilise the specificity of the antibody/antigen association as a probe for recognising and distinguishing between microorganisms according to their cell- surface chemistry. Immunofluorescent detection of unicellular cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates has been studied with success in marine and freshwater ecosystems and a range of techniques and results are presented and discussed. The most recent advances in the study of planktonic algae have come with the application of continuous flow cytometric methods (CFC). Flow cytometry makes use of the autofluorescence properties of the algal cells, which alone can be used to demonstrate their presence and permit their quantification in natural water samples. When used in conjunction with immunolabelling techniques, the potential of CFC analysis is broadened to study the serological/strain composition of plankters in natural populations. Changes in algal strains represented within and between waters over periods of time are reported and discussed, along with the ecological issues thus raised.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Methodology ; Algae ; Plankton ; Immunology ; Detection ; Toxicity tests ; Immunofluorescence ; Synechococcus ; Alexandrium tamarens ; Prorocentrum micans
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5338 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:04:07 | 5338 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Protozoa feed on and regulate the abundance of most types of aquatic microorganisms, and they are an integral part of all aquatic microbial food webs. Being so small, aerobic protozoa thrive at low oxygen tensions, where they feed (largely unaffected by metazoan grazing) on the abundance of other microorganisms. In anaerobic environments, they are the only phagotrophic organisms, and they live in unique symbiotic consortia with methanogens, sulphate reducers and non-sulphur purple bacteria. The number of extant species of protozoa may be quite modest (the global number of ciliate species is estimated at 3000), and most of them probably have cosmopolitan distributions. This will undoubtedly make it easier to carry out further tasks, e.g. understanding the role of protozoan species diversity in the natural environment.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Oxygen depletion ; Distribution ; Species diversity ; Inland water environment ; Freshwater ecology ; Food webs ; Filter feeders ; Metabolism ; Protists
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5344 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:02:55 | 5344 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: Remarkably little has been published on the feeding habits of the non-salmonid fishes of British fresh waters. The following report briefly summarizes the results obtained from the examination of the stomach contents of some 2,700 fish, belonging to 19 species, which were obtained during 1939. The results of all examinations of gut contents were analysed, species by species, upon a simple basis of the presence of different types of food. Foodstuffs were divided up into six main categories— fish, molluscs, insects, crustaceans, higher plants together with filamentous algae, and diatoms—and the occurrence of members of any of these categories was recorded for each fish.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; Limnology ; Coarse fish ; Feeding ; Feeding behaviour ; Fishery surveys ; Food organisms ; Gutting ; England
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5343 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:02:34 | 5343 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: Invertebrate conservation relies not only on public support and political will, but also on possessing an adequate understanding of the distribution and ecology of invertebrate species and communities. In the UK, RIVPACS is making an important contribution to assessing the conservation importance of river invertebrate assemblages. So far, work has largely centred on using RIVPACS as an integral part of SERCON (System for Evaluating Rivers for Conservation), in which data collected using the standard RIVPACS method are interpreted with reference to conservation criteria such as species richness and representativeness. Applications of RIVPACS to other areas of conservation - whether providing information on the ecological requirements of rare species, monitoring the success of river restoration projects, or making broader assessments of sustainability - are probably more limited, but merit further examination. It is important to develop closer links between RIVPACS and techniques such as SERCON and RHS (River Habitat Survey) in order to maximise the benefit each can bring tostudies on conservation and biodiversity. It should also be recognised that there are limitations in transferring such systems to other countries where approaches to nature conservation may be very different.
    Keywords: Conservation ; Environment ; Limnology ; Classification systems ; Invertebrate larvae ; Rivers ; Computer programs ; Nature conservation ; Biodiversity ; Sustainability ; England
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5410 | 9 | 2011-09-29 14:59:49 | 5410 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: A supplement to the earlier bibliography compiled by Elliott and Tullett 1978 (FBA Occas. Publ. No. 4) covering literature from December 1977 - December 1982 on samplers that could be used for the rapid removal of benthic intertebrates from the natural substrata of rivers and streams. In addition it includes papers on marine samplers that have been or could be used in freshwater.
    Description: Original bibliography held as http://aquaticcommons.org/5275/
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Benthos collecting devices ; Biological sampling ; Limnological equipment ; Samplers ; Invertebrate larvae ; Benthos ; Bibliographies
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  dis@fba.org.uk | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9627 | 1256 | 2013-10-27 12:24:04 | 9627 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Booklet telling the story of the FBA from its founding in 1929 until its Golden Jubilee in 1979. The booklet aimed to produce a readable account of those aspects of freshwater biology that have been among the main themes of the Association's research, as well as some aspects of its history and the philosophy guiding its foundation. The publication includes many images of the FBA's work and history as well as images and illustrations on lake ecology and applied science.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater scientists ; Freshwater sciences ; Limnology ; Organisations
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © American Chemical Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Chemical Society; copying and redistribution for non-commercial research and education purposes only. The definitive version was published in ACS Nano 10 (2016): 6-37, doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07826.
    Description: The microbiome presents great opportunities for understanding and improving the world around us and elucidating the interactions that compose it. The microbiome also poses tremendous challenges for mapping and manipulating the entangled networks of interactions among myriad diverse organisms. Here, we describe the opportunities, technical needs, and potential approaches to address these challenges, based on recent and upcoming advances in measurement and control at the nanoscale and beyond. These technical needs will provide the basis for advancing the largely descriptive studies of the microbiome to the theoretical and mechanistic understandings that will underpin the discipline of microbiome engineering. We anticipate that the new tools and methods developed will also be more broadly useful in environmental monitoring, medicine, forensics, and other areas.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research Grant #N000141410051 (P.S.W., G.C.L.W., and T.Y.), the Genomic Science Program of the U.S. DOE-OBER,
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Chemical Society, 2018. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Science and Technology Letters 5 (2018): 226–231, doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00084.
    Description: Chemical dispersants are one of many tools used to mitigate the overall environmental impact of oil spills. In principle, dispersants break up floating oil into small droplets that disperse into the water column where they are subject to multiple fate and transport processes. The effectiveness of dispersants typically decreases as oil weathers in the environment. This decrease in effectiveness is often attributed to evaporation and emulsification, with the contribution of photochemical weathering assumed to be negligible. Here, we aim to test this assumption using Macondo well oil released during the Deepwater Horizon spill as a case study. Our results indicate that the effects of photochemical weathering on Deepwater Horizon oil properties and dispersant effectiveness can greatly outweigh the effects of evaporative weathering. The decrease in dispersant effectiveness after light exposure was principally driven by the decreased solubility of photo-oxidized crude oil residues in the solvent system that comprises COREXIT EC9500A. Kinetic modeling combined with geospatial analysis demonstrated that a considerable fraction of aerial applications targeting Deepwater Horizon surface oil had low dispersant effectiveness. Collectively, the results of this study challenge the paradigm that photochemical weathering has a negligible impact on the effectiveness of oil spill response and provide critical insights into the “window of opportunity” to apply chemical dispersants in response to oil spills in sunlit waters.
    Description: This work was supported, in part, by National Science Foundation Grant OCE-1333148, Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Grants 015, SA 16-30, the DEEP-C consortium, and the Clark Family Foundation, Inc. EPA funding was provided to R.N.C. from the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The low temperatures of polar regions and high-altitude environments, especially icy habitats, present challenges for many microorganisms. Their ability to live under subfreezing conditions implies the production of compounds conferring cryotolerance. Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H, a γ-proteobacterium isolated from subzero Arctic marine sediments, provides a model for the study of life in cold environments. We report here the identification and detailed molecular primary and secondary structures of capsular polysaccharide from C. psychrerythraea 34H cells. The polymer was isolated in the water layer when cells were extracted by phenol/water and characterized by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy together with chemical analysis. Molecular mechanics and dynamics calculations were also performed. The polysaccharide consists of a tetrasaccharidic repeating unit containing two amino sugars and two uronic acids bearing threonine as substituent. The structural features of this unique polysaccharide resemble those present in antifreeze proteins and glycoproteins. These results suggest a possible correlation between the capsule structure and the ability of C. psychrerythraea to colonize subfreezing marine environments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5161 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:51 | 5161 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Actinomycetes are a group of micro-organisms which lie, in classification, half-way between the fungi and the bacteria. They may be isolated from the plating of leaf washings, water samples and mud dilutions on to nutrient agar (with incorporated actidione to eliminate fungi). The predominant genus varied with the source of the sample. An attempt was also made to isolate the phages of some Actinomycetes. A search was made in the typical environments of the host, for the virus. In this way actinophage were also isolated; and shown to be capable of being transmitted from one host strain to another host strain within 1 sp or from one host to another within 1 genus; i.e. polyvalent.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Microbiological culture ; Viruses ; Actinomycetes ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5160 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:35 | 5160 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Epilithic algae, ie that growing on the surface of stones, was studied as part of the work on the energy flow of the chalk-stream ecosystem, by the River Laboratory. The study area was on Bere Stream and 2 neighbouring streams. The algal biomass was estimated from analysis of chlorophyll a. In Bere Stream the peak chlorophyll a cover occurred in April, while in the neighbouring streams, which have considerably lower nutrient levels, there was on peak. Assuming that 2% of a diatoms dry wt is chlorophyll a, then even in mid-April the biomass of epilithic algae amounted to no more than 15 g dry wt m Super(-2) of exposed gravel. Annual production was calculated to be 〉 15 times greater than biomass. The estimation of net primary production is always difficult for benthic floras and comparisons are especially difficult when different methods are used. But these figures contrast sharply with those for Ranunculus (water crowfoot) which has a ratio of annual production to maximal seasonal biomass of 1:16. The accumulation of algal biomass is apparently being prevented. Some organic matter may be excreted; some algae will be washed off the bed of the stream by current and grazing by herbivorous invertebrates will also tend to prevent algal accumulation.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Phytoplankton ; Algae ; England ; Dorset ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5158 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:31 | 5158 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The pike (Esox lucius) year classes are more stable than those of the perch (Perca fluviatilis), and have been shown to be closely correlated with temp conditions during the first few months of life. The perch year class strengths have been more variable; for success they require the presence of several positive conditions and the absence of many adverse conditions which could cause failure, a favourable combination of circumstances rarely occurs. The conclusions refer only to Windermere from 1941-1964.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Age composition ; Esox lucius ; Perca fluviatilis ; England ; Lake District ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5159 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:33 | 5159 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This review summarizes the findings of 5 years' research (June 1970-June 1975) on the meres of the Shropshire-Cheshire Plain. A mere is a small, shallow lake; supplied principally by ground water, whose chemical composition is infkuenced by the glacial frift through which it is percolating. The seasonal periodicity of the phytoplankton in the meres involved work mainly in the Grose Mere. Here diatoms were typically dominant in Feb & March, green algae in April & May, blue-green algae in early summer and dinoflagellates in late summer. This pattern is broadly similar from year to year, and has been suggested to be representative of a 'regional type'; it is also similar to that described for many of the world's mildly eutrophic temperate lakes. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton is influenced by their buoyancy (or lack of it) of by their ability to swim. A stylized depth-time distribution of 4 major phytoplankton components in Crose Mere is given diagrammatically.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Limnology ; Freshwater ecology ; phytoplankton ; England ; Cheshire ; Shropshire ; Annual Report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5165 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:21 | 5165 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The Gussage, a Dorset winterhourne (intermittent chalk stream), has been used to convey water from a compensation borehole to the River Allen to supplement its flow to meet demand for water. Sections of the Gussage have been lined with chalk, butyl sheeting or polythene sheeting to prevent water loss through the porous bed. The effects of this major environmental modification associated with these abstraction practices in the winterbourne catchments have been studied in the Gussage system since 1973. To compensate for the lack of adequate pre-lining data, comparative studies have been made on 3 small unlined chalk streams of varying flow regimes, ie. the Crichel (a winterbourne), the North Winterbourne and the Tarrant (permanent discharge in the reaches studies). The distribution of macrophytes and invertebrates in winterbournes are compared with that in natural and artificial permanent streams. Statistical analysis showed samples from the winterbourne sites and the unmodified permanent stream sites are quite distinct, despite the fact that no samples were taken from winterbourne sites during the dry phase. This emphasizes the differences between the fauna of an intermittent and a permanent stream and suggests that alteration of the flow regime could be a significant factor. Where flow regime has been altered, as in the Gussage downstream of the borehole, the samples occupy an intermediate position. Within this group of modified sites there is no apparent gross difference between the invertebrates of lined or unlined reaches.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Ecological distribution ; Ecology ; Watersheds ; England ; Dorset ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5172 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:50 | 5172 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The life cycle of the river lamprey, L. fluviatilis, is reviewed. The larval lamprey, or ammocoete, is a blind, filter-feeding animal, which normally lies concealed in the silt deposits of streams and rivers. After a period of 3-5 years in fresh water the ammocoete undergoes a metamorphosis in the summer months into a sexually immature, non-feeding stage known as the macrophthalia, which is active. This stage migrates downstream in late winter. It adopts a parasitic existence, in intertidal areas. After 18 months it returns to spawn in fresh water, after a final freshwater stage lasting up to 9 months. The river lamprey dies within a few days after the spawning period of 3-4 weeks, and none survive to spawn the following year.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Life cycle ; Physiology ; Lampetra fluviatilis ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5175 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:19 | 5175 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Limnetic crustaceans (i.e. those which live in the open water of lakes and ponds) were investigated in Esthwaite water and adjacent lakes. These are represented by two groups, Copepoda and Cladocera.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Zooplankton ; Lakes ; Cladocera ; England ; Esthwaite Water ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5126 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:23:16 | 5126 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: This short interim progress report builds on previous progress reports which have described the quantification of the process both within and between lakes of different degrees of eutrophication. These data indicated that slight changes in methodology, particularly when investigating sediment deposits, could grossly affect the measured activity. The aim of the present research was an attempt to rationalize these differences. If this could be achieved it would enable meaningful interpretation of published data obtained using different methods and therefore enlarge the available database. In addition some observations have been made on the production of nitrite by Grasmere profundal sediment slurries sampled during the circulation period.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Nitrification ; Sedimentation ; Ammonia ; Slurries ; England ; Grasmere Lake
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5157 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:58 | 5157 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The area studied was the River Frome system below Dorchester. The main river has its origins mainly in chalk springs, although some of its tributaries have surface run-off from farm lands and heath-lands. Thus the chemistry of the river is affected by changes in land practice and differences in the geology of the catchment area. Regular chemical analysis of chalk waters started at the River Laboratory in 1964, Regular weekly analyses have been carried out since 1965 at Bere Stream (a small chalk stream) and the River Frome (a large chalk stream); also single samples have been analysed to provide preliminary information. In 1970-71 an attempt was made to discover the contribution each main source made to the flow and chemical composition of the River Frome. Results of these investigations are presented in the paper.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Chemical analysis ; Chemical composition ; Rivers ; Stream flow ; Annual report ; England ; Dorset
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5164 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:18 | 5164 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: For conservations of nature to be effective. there must be an understanding of what is present to be conserved. Thus in order to conserve the communites of the Cumbrian rivers, there must first be surveys to determine the spp present and their relative numbers. This has been carried out for many years, by a number of workers. It has been shown that the communities present are influenced by the substratum, the flow, the chemicals present, water temp and predation. Findings of the work on the River Lune were given at a seminar on the rivers of north-west Europe, held at Amiens in November, 1975. The proceedings of the seminar are to appear in special numbers of Bulletin francais de Pisciculure.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Aquatic communities ; Rivers ; England ; Cumbria ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5170 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:46 | 5170 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A short review of the work carried out by the FBA on feeding and growth of brown trout is presented in this article. Since the amount of work done on this subject is quite extensive, this review has to be very selective. The work has been previously described in 10 papers, 9 of which were written by the author (J.M.Elliott) and 1 written by the author and W.Davison- references for these, and the pioneer work of M.E.Brown and F.T.K.Pentelow, are supplied at the end of the article.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Feeding ; Taxonomy ; Metabolism ; Salmo trutta ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5171 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:48 | 5171 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An explanation of the basic premises of the subject and its terminology is given. The article then outlines aspects of research on the organic material found in lacustrine sediments, and the analytical methods involved.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Diagenesis ; Freshwater lakes ; Geochemistry ; Lipids ; Sediment analysis ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5178 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:16:57 | 5178 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Some of the results from an investigation of five species of coarse fish, in the Stour River, carried out from 1968-1978 are presented in this article. The species involved were: Rutilus rutilis, Leuciscus leuciscus, L. cephalus, Esox lucius and Perca fluviatilis : which are of particular interest to anglers. Although these species show some similarities, as in the shape of the annual and seasonal growth curves, in most other respects each species occupies a distinct niche in the ecosystem and has a life-history strategy peculiar to itself. In this study only 5 species were investigated. When all the species present are considered the relationships or diversities suggested here will therefore be made far more complex.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Life history ; Coarse fish ; Rutilus rutilus ; Leuciscus leuciscus ; Leuciscus cephalus ; Esox lucius ; Perca fluviatilis ; England ; River Stour ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5182 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:19 | 5182 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Information on fecundity, oviposition behaviour, egg hatching, and parthenogenetic development of Ephemeroptera is reviewed and summarized.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Reproduction (biology) ; Ephemeroptera ; Annual report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5190 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:14:57 | 5190 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Research into the production ecology of chalk streams using a large artificial recirculating stream is described. Physical chemical processes including calcium and inorganic phosphate levels, and exchange of gaseous carbon dioxide in both a simple closed system and a circulating system with gravel substrate have been monitored in both light and dark conditions. Further experiments were concerned with the seasonal changes in algal growth over the gravel substrate with constant water velocities and replenishment. The algal population, composed mainly of the diatoms Achnanthes minutissima, Meridion circulare, Nitzschia fonticola and Synedra ulna reached a peak in mid May and declined rapidly during June. Concentrations of phosphate phosphorus fell as the diatoms grew but was not thought to limit growth. Silicate concentrations followed the diatom cycle closely but never fell below 0.8 mg/l Si. It is possible that one of the nutrients may have been limiting the rate of growth due to steep diffusion gradients through the algal mat. In the last summer and autumn a hard calcareous crust composed of the green alga Gongrosira incrustans and the blue green alga Homeothrix varians , developed. The channel stream is compared with the natural conditions found in chalk streams.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Algae ; Fresh water ; Growth ; Phosphates ; Population dynamics ; Seasonal variations ; Silicates ; Achnanthes minutissima ; Meridion circulare ; Synedra ulna ; Annual report
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5206 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:16:23 | 5206 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The current situation of regional, rather' than national, problems of eutrophication in standing waters has been widely aired in recent reports. A reliable, quantitative data base is a prerequisite to future trend monitoring, a concensus view of those reports. The objective of this report is to establish requirements, methodology and a minimal data set for nutrient and algae status in water supply reservoirs in England which may be used as a protocol for future trend monitoring.A pilot study has been carried out to assess the relative merits of different sampling strategies, the choice of which has major implications for the cost of sample collection. This short report suggests that consider the possibility of designating a few sites as ”baseline sites” at which detailed changes in trophic status as monitored by the more labour-intensive parameters would be collected on a regular, long term basis to help in the interpretation of the low cost survey results.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater lakes ; Eutrophication ; Monitoring ; Surveying ; England ; Grasmere Lake
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5208 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:16:34 | 5208 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This project investigated the production of nitrate (nitrification) by bacteria in lakes. The work was undertaken as nitrification is a key process in the nitrogen cycle and previous estimates of rates of nitrification were unreliable. When different methods were used to estimate rates of nitrification within sediment deposits different results were obtained. Investigation' of specific aspects of these methodologies has allowed some rationalization of these observations and also enabled comparisons of previously published data which, beforehand, was not possible. However, it was not clear which methods gave the most reliable rate estimates. Calculation of a nitrate budget for Grasmere lake indicated that the use of methods which involved the mixing of surface sediments (and therefore disrupted preformed nutrient gradients) overestimated the rate of nitrification. The study concludes that slight changes in the method used to prepare sediment slurries can result in large changes, in the measured nitrifying activity. This makes comparisons between studies, using different methods, extremely difficult. Methods to study sediment nitrification processes which do not disrupt preformed substrate gradients within the sediment provide the most reliable rate estimates.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Bacteria ; Nitrification ; Freshwater lakes ; Sediment samples ; Slurries ; Seasonal variations ; Methodology ; England ; Grasmere Lake
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    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5210 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:16:44 | 5210 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The objective of this short project progress report is to investigate the possible water quality implications of modern watercress growing practices. Chalk receiving watercourses are usually of high supply, amenity, game fishing and fish farming value. Any headwater pollution load, therefore, needs characterising and quantifying. Two sites of watercress farming were studied in 1986-87 and nutrient levels examined. Different approaches of watercress farmers in Dorset and Hampshire are summarised.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Rivers ; Aquaculture ; Aquaculture enterprises ; Aquaculture techniques ; Nutrients (mineral) ; England
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    Type: monograph
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5212 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:14:35 | 5212 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Changes in management practices and agricultural productivity over the past twenty years have lead to nitrate pollution and eutrophication of lakes and rivers. Information on nitrate concentrations and discharge has been collected on the River Frome at East Stoke since 1965, using the same analytical nitrate method so that the results are comparable. These records of weekly spot values of nitrate concentration and daily mean discharges have been analysed for trends and seasonal patterns in both concentration and nitrate loadings. In this extension of our nitrate contract, a new automated method of intensive sampling has been used to monitor short-term variability and to assess how well similar routine (weekly) sampling schemes can represent the true nitrate record.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; River discharge ; Rivers ; Automated recording ; Nitrates ; Modelling ; England ; Frome River
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5213 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:14:36 | 5213 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Sampling was concentrated on the North Moor region and the series of ditches which drained this area to the Bristol Channel. Although most ditches were not deep the mud substratum precluded sampling from within the habitat. All samples were taken with a pond net from the banks. Efforts were made to sample each part of the habitat although in some ditches the macrophyte growth was so intense as to make sampling difficult particularly of the sediments. Organisms were identified on the 10 sampling sites.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Trenching ; Biological sampling ; Identification ; Biological surveys ; England ; Somerset
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