ALBERT

Description: In May 1938 I had the opportunity to observe seven living Aplysia depilans in the Zoological Station Naples. Notes on the size and colour were made and different methods of preservation were tried.\nAs one often wonders how much of the original colour pattern has been preserved in museum specimens of Aplysia, it seems important to give the result of the comparison of the living specimens as studied in 1938 and the same specimens after 18 years of preservation, in 1956. The best way of preservation appears to be killing in diluted alcohol as specimen nr. V shows.

Description: The following account of the non-marine Mollusca of the Island of Sumatra, the second largest of the Greater Sunda Islands (surface 440.000 km2) is based on the following collections: 1. Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, including the material collected by Prof. Max Weber, Dr. L. P. de Bussy, Jhr. Dr. F. C. van Heurn, Prof. J. C. van der Meer Mohr, Dr. E. Jacobson, and many others. 2. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. 3. Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor (Java). 4. Naturhistorisches Museum, Basle (Switzerland). 5. Zoologisches Museum, Z\xc3\xbcrich (Switzerland). 6. Mus\xc3\xa9um d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (Switzerland). 7. Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main (Germany). 8. Mr. J. P. van Niel, who lived in Sumatra from 1951 to 1956 and made great efforts to collect molluscs in his leisure time. This material has been presented to the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. 9. Various private cabinet owners in the Netherlands and one in Switzerland who received their material from relations overseas.\nIn the list of localities these collections will be referred to by the following symbols: ZMA Zoological Museum, Amsterdam RMNH Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden MBo Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor MBa Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel MZh Zoologisches Museum, Z\xc3\xbcrich MGv Museum d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Geneva SMF Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt Nl Mr. J. P. van Niel Br Mr. A. C. van Bruggen, Leiden Bt Mr. L. J. M. Butot, Haarlem By Dr. P. Bohny, Basle Dr Mr. J. Drijver, Wageningen Ls Dr. F. E. Loosjes, Wageningen Nb Mr. W. H. Neuteboom, Heemskerk Sl Mr. L. van der Slik, Rotterdam Vm Mr. L. A. W. C. Venmans, Moergestel

Description: Am 5. August 1956 traf von Dr. H. Kern auf dem Schiffswege aus Djakarta eine erwachsene Netzschlange, Python reticulatus Schn., von 6.40 m L\xc3\xa4nge im Tierpark Berlin ein. In ihre Kiste hatte man f\xc3\xbcr den etwa vier Wochen dauernden Schiffstransport ein lebendes Huhn (gro\xc3\x9fer Malaiischer K\xc3\xa4mpfer) hineingesetzt, das unterwegs gefressen wurde. Reste davon \xe2\x80\x94 darunter ein Fu\xc3\x9f \xe2\x80\x94 wurden dann unvollkommen verdaut wieder erbrochen. Nach der Ankunft in Berlin brachten wir die Riesenschlange zun\xc3\xa4chst provisorisch in einem kleinen Terrarium unter. Dort nahm sie zwei mittelgro\xc3\x9fe Meerschweinchen zu sich. Mittlerweile war ein gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9ferer Beh\xc3\xa4lter f\xc3\xbcr das Tier fertiggestellt worden, in den die inzwischen durch die W\xc3\xa4rme der Schlangenfarm munterer gewordene Schlange umgesetzt wurde. Hier verweigerte die Schlange in der Folge jede weitere Nahrung. Es zeigte sich nunmehr \xe2\x80\x94 4 m distal von der Schnauzenspitze \xe2\x80\x94 eine abgetreppte Verschiebung (Abb. 1) der Wirbels\xc3\xa4ule, die auf einen Bruch des R\xc3\xbcckgrates schlie\xc3\x9fen lie\xc3\x9f. Die Schlange magerte in den folgenden Wochen erheblich ab, und der Bruch trat endlich so stark in Erscheinung, da\xc3\x9f der Python nicht mehr ausgestellt werden konnte. W\xc3\xa4hrend die Schlange in der ersten Zeit noch sehr aggressiv war und der vor dem Bruch liegende K\xc3\xb6rperteil immer noch hoch aufgerichtet wurde, ergriff in zunehmendem Ma\xc3\x9fe immer gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fere Apathie das Tier, bis es schlie\xc3\x9flich v\xc3\xb6llig teilnahmslos herumlag. Innerhalb von vier Monaten erfolgten drei H\xc3\xa4utungen. Hinter dem Bruch schwoll der v\xc3\xb6llig gel\xc3\xa4hmte K\xc3\xb6rperabschnitt bis zum After stark an (Abb. 2). Der Schwanz blieb von der Schwellung unber\xc3\xbchrt. Der K\xc3\xb6rperumfang vor dem Bruch betrug 35 cm, hinter ihm 56 cm. Die Haut des aufgetriebenen K\xc3\xb6rperteiles war sehr m\xc3\xbcrbe und n\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9fte an verschiedenen Stellen. Am 30. November 1956 starb die Netzschlange. Der angeschwollene Teil ging nach dem Tode der Schlange sofort in F\xc3\xa4ulnis \xc3\xbcber. Im Enddarm fand sich eine riesige Menge von Harns\xc3\xa4urekristallen gespeichert, obwohl w\xc3\xa4hrend der Krankheit des Tieres wiederholt gro\xc3\x9fe Portionen von Kot manuell aus der Kloake geholt worden waren.\nDr. G. BEUTEL (Berlin-Lichtenberg) \xc3\xbcbernahm freundlicherweise das R\xc3\xb6ntgen und die entsprechende Deutung. Es stellte sich \xe2\x80\x94 wie vermutet \xe2\x80\x94 tats\xc3\xa4chlich ein Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulenbruch heraus. Der betreffende Wirbel ist stark destruiert. Hier macht die Wirbels\xc3\xa4ule einen nach rechts gerichteten Knick (Abb. 4), und beim Seitenbild erkennt man au\xc3\x9ferdem eine Versetzung der beiden Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulenabschnitte in dorsoventraler Richtung um fast die volle Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulendicke (Abb. 5). Wolkige Schattenbildungen an diesem Abschnitt d\xc3\xbcrften Callus sein. Auf der Seitenaufnahme sieht man weiterhin multiple alte und frische Rippenfrakturen, von denen die letzteren durch kr\xc3\xa4ftigen Callus bereits \xc3\xbcberbr\xc3\xbcckt werden. In H\xc3\xb6he des destruierten Wirbels sind links mehrere Rippen zu sehen, die z.T. etwas aufgetrieben sind und zentrale Aufhellungen mit exzentrischer Verd\xc3\xbcnnung der Compacta aufweisen. Hierbei d\xc3\xbcrfte es sich um Enchondrome handeln. Soweit die Tatsachen und die Befunde.

Description: At the Royal Zoological Gardens \xe2\x80\x9cBlijdorp\xe2\x80\x9d at Rotterdam May 6th 1958 a Father David\xe2\x80\x99s Deer gave birth to a female calf. It was the first young of this three year old doe.\nDuring the days before the day of birth the doe was seen several times leaping upon the buck. Experience with other Ungulates has taught that such behaviour may be regarded as an indication that the time of delivery is approaching. On the day of birth the doe refused her food as has been observed in many other mammals. She lay down very often, gnashed her molar teeth and made movements with her head towards the belly and the udder, the ears flattened to the neck, as if she was suffering from cramps. One had the impression, however, that the expulsion of the young was kept back until the keeper went home and the door of the stable was closed. Apparently a great number of mammals prefer to give birth to their young in the quietest part of the space of 24 hours. For most mammals this is the evening or the night, but bats very frequently give birth during the day which is their time of rest (SLIJPER, 1959). A postponement of birth until all is quiet has frequently been observed in zoological gardens. In natural surroundings the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida Schreb.) and other Seals are said to be able to postpone birth as long as 10 days if the weather is very bad (KRUMBIEGEL, 1947).

Description: 1. Extensors and flexors trochanteris of the second thoracic leg of Periplaneta americana were investigated physiologically and toxicologically. 2. The movements of the separate muscles were recorded with the aid of a special myographic technique. 3. Nerve muscle preparations of a completely fast and a nearly completely slow function type could be studied in this way. Some muscles represent a form in which both function types occur, probably mixed. When analysed, ryanodine appeared to be a valuable expedient. In some types of nerve muscle preparations inhibition could be demonstrated. 4. Linking up with what is known, it is reasonably certain that the action of high dosages of DDT actually takes place on motor axons or myoneural junctions and not on the muscle fibre itself. Not all of the different nerve muscle preparations seemed to be of the same sensitivity to this poison. 5. \xce\xb3-HCH appears to have a very slight influence on the function of the different types of isolated nerve muscle preparations. However, because of the intense motor activity the muscles become greatly fatigued.

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 1\nOrder Artiodactyla Owen............... 8\nFamily Bovidae Gray................ 8\nSubfamily Bovinae Gill................ 8\nDuboisia santeng (Dubois).............. 8\nEpileptobos groeneveldtii (Dubois)............ 19\nHemibos triquetricornis R\xc3\xbctimeyer............ 60\nHemibos acuticornis (Falconer et Cautley).......... 61\nBubalus palaeokerabau Dubois............. 62\nBubalus bubalis (L.) subsp............... 77\nBibos palaesondaicus Dubois.............. 78\nBibos javanicus (d\'Alton) subsp.............. 98\nSubfamily Caprinae Gill................ 99\nCapricornis sumatraensis (Bechstein) subsp........... 99\nLiterature cited.................. 106\nExplanation of the plates............... 11o\nINTRODUCTION\nThe Bovidae make up a very large portion of the Dubois collection of fossil vertebrates from Java, second only to the Proboscidea in bulk. Before Dubois began his explorations in Java in 1890 we knew very little about the fossil bovids of that island. Martin (1887, p. 61, pl. VII fig. 2) described a horn core as Bison sivalensis Falconer (?); Bison sivalensis Martin has already been placed in the synonymy of Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois by Von Koenigswald (1933, p. 93), which is evidently correct. Pilgrim (in Bron-

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction...............1\nTaxonomic studies.............3\nProvespa...............7\nVespa................10\nBionomics of Oriental and Papuan Vespinae........51\nProvespa...............51\nVespa................52\nHabitat...............52\nFood...............53\nColony foundation, castes, and periodicity.......59\nNest construction.............60\nDuration of life of colonies...........64\nAggressiveness and effect of sting.........66\nEnemies ..............69\nMimicry...............71\nDistribution of Oriental and Papuan Vespinae........72\nLiterature...............80\nIndex................83\nINTRODUCTION\nIt is now more than fifty years ago since R. du Buysson published a monograph of the genus Vespa, a group of wasps which is at present regarded as representing a subfamily consisting of four or five different genera.\nIn the collections used for the preparation of that work, the fauna of the

Description: CONTENTS\nA. Introduction.................. 1\nB. History of Suriname Carcinology............ 4\nI. Popular literature............... 4\nII. Scientific literature............... 11\nIII. Economic literature............... 17\nIV. Collectors................. 17\nV. Expeditions................. 34\nC. Occurrence of Decapoda in Suriname.......... 41\nD. Economic Importance of Suriname Decapoda......... 43\nE. Enemies of Suriname Decapoda............. 44\nF. Vernacular Names................ 47\nG. Notes on the Species............... 49\na. Macrura.................. 49\nb. Anomura.................. 130\nc. Brachyura.................. 162\nH. Literature cited................. 277\nA.\nINTRODUCTION\nThe decapod fauna of the three Guianas (British, Dutch, and French) is very poorly known. A few scattered notes exist which deal with the crabs and shrimps of the region, but no comprehensive account of the Decapoda of any of the three countries has ever been published apart from Young\'s (1900) "The stalk-eyed Crustacea of British Guiana, West Indies and Bermuda", which, however, also covers the West Indian Islands and Bermuda (including the deep-water species), and furthermore is incomplete.

Description: I.\nINLEIDING\nDe vaak gestelde vraag of er in de Nederlandse Antillen ook zeekreeften voorkomen, kan naar gelang van de definitie van het woord zeekreeft zowel ontkennend als bevestigend beantwoord worden. Dat de nederlandse zeekreeft, Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus), er niet voorkomt zal wellicht niemand bevreemden, maar ook de noordamerikaanse soort, Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, ontbreekt er. Wel vindt men in de zee\xc3\xabn rondom de Nederlandse Antillen andere kreeften, die echter niet tot de familie der echte zeekreeften (Nephropsidae) behoren, doch tot de families van de langoesten (Palinuridae) en beerkreeften (Scyllaridae). In tegenstelling met de Nephropsidae hebben deze laatste twee families geen echte scharen aan de eerste drie paren looppoten.\nVan de langoesten zijn tot nu toe vier soorten in de Nederlandse Antillen gevonden, terwijl er twee soorten beer- of zandkreeften aangetroffen werden. Deze zes soorten zullen hieronder uitvoerig besproken worden. Enkele andere soorten kreeften zijn in het overige West Indi\xc3\xab waargenomen, doch dit zijn meest dieren uit het diepere water. Mocht echter een dergelijke, hier niet besproken soort in de Nederlandse Antillen gevangen worden, dan is dit een zeer belangrijke vondst en verdient het aanbeveling het exemplaar ter identificatie op te zenden aan het Caraibisch Marien Biologisch Instituut, Piscadera Baai, Willemstad, Cura\xc3\xa7ao (postadres Berg Carmelweg 7, Willemstad), of aan het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, waar het dan aan een nader onderzoek zal worden onderworpen. De dieren worden het best geconserveerd in 70 % alcohol of in een 4 % formaline oplossing; soms is aan droge schilden (zowel die van de staart als van het kop-borst-

Description: INHOUD\nPag.\nI. Inleiding.................. 1\nII. Historisch overzicht............... 3\nIII. Epidemiologie en oecologie............. 13\nIV. Klinische waarnemingen, pathologie, diagnose en behandeling .... 24\nV. Aetiologie.................. 27\nVI. Scrub itch.................. 28\nVII. Preventieve maatregelen.............. 31\nVIII. Taxonomie van de Trombiculidae . ......... 36\nIX. Conclusies.................. 44\nX. Literatuur ................. 45\nI.\nINLEIDING\nGedurende de tweede wereldoorlog, in de strijd tegen Japan, hebben de geallieerde troepen in Z.O. Azi\xc3\xab en het gebied van de Z.W. Pacific kennis gemaakt met een ernstige ziekte, scrub typhus genaamd, die in korte tijd de gevechtswaarde van de troepen aanzienlijk kon verminderen. Alleen reeds in Nederlands Nieuw Guinea, waar de ziekte voor de oorlog niet bekend was, deden zich enkele duizenden gevallen voor en het totale aantal voor het gehele gebied van Nieuw Guinea en de aangrenzende eilanden is veel hoger (ongeveer 9.000). Scrub typhus volgde als belangrijke ziekte in vele gebieden direct op malaria en was bij de troepen meer gevreesd.\nMerkwaardigerwijze werden na het vertrek van de geallieerde troepen bijna geen gevallen meer gerapporteerd, tot er zich in 1953 en 1954 plotseling weer een aantal voordeden bij de op Biak en de Padaido-eilanden gelegerde

Description: \xe2\x80\x94 During the last World War Dr Ohwi worked for several years in the Herbarium Bogoriense and compiled a preliminary revision of the Malaysian representatives of the genus Fimbristylis. The absence of any world revision, the temporary inaccessibility of type material, and of adequate literature, were the causes that this revision had an entirely preliminary shape and made it inadvisable to publish the MS as it was, due to circumstances alluded to above.\nFortunately Mr J. H, Kern, who is in charge of the colossal job of organizing the revision of Cyperaceae for the Flora Malesiana, has undertaken the delicate, time-consuming task of carefully checking the novelties distinguished by Dr Ohwi, which are to be incorporated in his own revision of the genus. Some species distinguished by Dr Ohwi have appeared to be conspecific with already described species from other parts of the palaeotropics, others have since 1941 been described by contemporaneous workers on the genus. The following species have hitherto stood the test and are at present accepted by Mr Kern and Dr Ohwi as good new species. Permission for publication was readily granted both by the Keeper of the Herbarium Bogoriense and by Dr Ohwi. I am exceedingly grateful both to them and to Mr Kern for their mutual trust and co-operation and their generous attitude. C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS.

Description: Differt a speciebus ceteris generis Riveae habitu erecto et praesertim speciei proximae Riveae ornatae sepalis exterioribus margine piano non involute et staminibus circa medium tubi corollae insertis vel paullo inferius.\nIndo-China. Laos, prov. Vientiane, vicinity of Vientiane, c. 200 m alt., in open Dipterocarpaceae monsoon forest, on sandy lateritic soil; erect shrub, 1.50 m high; flowers white with greenish midpetaline bands, fl. Aug. 20, 1953 (rain-season); vernacular name: phi yik; Vidal 2350 (TL, type; fragments in L). A fruiting specimen from the same locality was collected Oct. 8, 1952; Vidal 1120 (TL; fragments in L).

Description: In the present study only those species of the genus Pouteria have been incorporated which are found in the area covered by the Flora Malesiana, as well as those of Australia and western Polynesia.\nThe results of this study could not have been obtained without the kind help of the Directors of the herbaria of Berkeley, Brisbane, Bogor, Florence, Jamaica Plain, Kew, Lae, Leiden, London, Manila, Melbourne, Paris, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney and Z\xc3\xbcrich to whom we express our most sincere thanks.

Description: During a recent treatment of the Proteaceae for \xe2\x80\x9cFlora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9d it has become evident that a revision of the generic status of all proteaceous taxa reported from S. Asia and Malaysia as well as from the adjacent regions of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and subtropical-tropical Australia had to be made to reach a satisfactory correlation of the genera and species concerned as a basis for the discussion of phytogeographical relations both within and outside the proper Malaysian area. During this work it appeared necessary to transfer some species to other genera. A revision of the genus Helicia showed that a group of species had to be segregated as a distinct new genus Heliciopsis.\nMy studies are based on herbarium specimens borrowed from the following Institutions: Arnold Arboretum (A), Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem (B, where the type-material of the family remained intact), Bogor (BO), Brisbane (BRI), Calcutta (CAL), Edinburgh (E), Florence (FT), Kepong (KEP), Lae (LAE), Leiden (L), Melbourne (MEL), Miinchen (M), New York (NY), Manila (PNH), Singapore (SING), Stockholm (S) and Utrecht (IT). The material preserved in the British Museum (BM), at Kew (K), and Paris (P) has been studied during a stay at London and Paris.

Description: For identifying the mosses collected in different localities of the Malaysian region, the need was felt for a key to the genera. In the preliminary one that I constructed to this end the genera were taken in the delimitation accepted in the second edition of Brotherus, Nat\xc3\xbcrl. Pflanzf. In addition to the latter the genera published after 1925 and therefore not included in Brotherus 1. c. are taken into account. In revising the families for Flora Malesiana I will doubtless be compelled to alter the position of some of the species and the delimitation of some of the genera, and at the end of series III of Flora Malesiana, which will contain the Mosses, I therefore intend to give a final key. I sincerely hope that the preliminary key will in the meantime have been tested by different bryologists, and that they will let me profit by their remarks. For this reason it is published here.\nThe analytical key is based as far as possible on vegetative characters, especially on the shape of the leaf cells. The principal features of the sporophyte are noted, but are not, as a rule, made use of as alternatives. This applies particularly to those alternatives that lead to the main groups. Only when no reliable vegetative characters could be found, have characters of the sporophyte, especially those of the peristome, been used. The habitat of each genus, not its distribution in the Malaysian region, is indicated in the key.

Description: Payena as a genus was created by Alphonse De Candolle in his Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis in 1844. He commemorated in it the French chemist A. Payen (1795\xe2\x80\x941871) in Paris. De Candolle placed in it the species Mimusops lucida, first described by G. Don; the latter employed this nomen nudum used by Wallich in his List of specimens in the East India Company\xe2\x80\x99s Museum (1858). The famous Swiss botanist characterized the new genus by the following diagnosis on page 196: \xe2\x80\x9cCalyx 4-partitus (nec 8-partitus, ut dixit cl. G. Don), lobis ovatis, obtusis extus et margine puberulis, 2 exterioribus latioribus. Corolla 8-fida, basi tubulosa, superne campanulata, calyce vix longior; lobis 2 ante lobum quemque calycis, ovato-acutis, glabris. Stamina 8, tubo corollae prope faucem inserta, lobis opposita, denticulis interjectis. Filamenta brevissima. Antherae lanceolatae, angulosae, inclusae, filamento multo longiores, connectivo in acumen obtusiusculum carnosum producto, loculis subextrorsis, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium hirsutum, 8-loculare. Stylus rectus, glaber, calyee duplo longior, apice obscure dentatus. Ovula 8, ovoideo-angulosa, acuta, deinde ovoidea, ex angula superiore cujusve loculi pendentia. Fructus ign. \xe2\x80\x94 Frutex? aut arbuscula? foliis ellipticis, basi subacutis, apice obtuse acuminatis, glaberrimis, superne nitidis, subtus pallidioribus; pedicellis 1\xe2\x80\x943 ex axillis foliorum superiorum, petiolo duplo longioribus, erectis, pilis minimis adpressis subpubescentibus. \xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9d He placed it between Isonandra and Bassia and \xe2\x80\x9cperhaps near Azaola\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cforsanque Azaolae proximum\xe2\x80\x9d). Today Isonandra is to be considered a genus in the neighbourhood of Palaquium (a group with the parts of calyx and corolla isomerous), and Bassia and Azaola are considered synonymous to Madhuca. De Candolle, while correcting the evident mistake of Don concerning the number of parts of the calyx, makes himself another by saying \xe2\x80\x9cStamina 8...\xe2\x80\x9d (see under P. lucida).

Description: P. Danguy a cr\xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9 en 1928 le genre Decarydendron (in Bull. Mus. nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 279) pour une Monimiac\xc3\xa9e qui habite Madagascar. Il a d\xc3\xa9sign\xc3\xa9 cette plante sous le nom de Decarydendron helenae. les intr\xc3\xa9pides explorateurs Lam En 1938, et Meeuse ont r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9 dans la for\xc3\xaat orientale de la Grande-Ile deux sp\xc3\xa9cimens d\xe2\x80\x99un petit arbre de 5 m de haut, cauliflore sur les jeunes branches, qui pr\xc3\xa9sentent tous les caract\xc3\xa8res du genre Decarydendron.\nL\xe2\x80\x99examen de ces \xc3\xa9chantillons nous a r\xc3\xa9v\xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa9 qu\xe2\x80\x99il s\xe2\x80\x99agit bien d\xe2\x80\x99une esp\xc3\xa8ce nouvelle que nous appelerons Decarydendron lamii en l\xe2\x80\x99honneur de M. le Professeur Lam, Directeur de l\xe2\x80\x99Herbarium de Leiden.

Description: Trees. Leaves estipulate, alternate, scattered, simple, oblong to obovate, petiolate, tertiary nerves transverse, often numerous, always faint. Inflorescences many-florous, fasciculate on brachyblasts which are inserted in the axils of leaves or their scars, rarely in those of stout petiole-like bracts. Flowers 6(\xe2\x80\x948)-merous. Sepals 6(\xe2\x80\x948), spirally arranged or pseudo-cyclical. Corolla exsert, lobes 6(\xe2\x80\x948), as long as or longer than tube. Stamens 6(\xe2\x80\x948), inserted just or well below the corolla-throat, epipetalous. Staminodes 6(\xe2\x80\x948), episepalous, inserted in the throat. Ovary 6(\xe2\x80\x948)-celled, borne on a short stout gynophore, disk infundibuliform at apex of gynophore, more or less connate with the basal (fertile) part of the ovary, the whole (except style) hispidulous pilose, cells episepalous, ovules one in each cell, inserted in the lower half of the cells, apotropous, micropyle inferior; style short, glabrous, truncate. Fruits unknown.\nType species: Krausella forbesii (Moore) H. J. Lam.

Description: In his Numerical List Wallich inserted four specific epithets in the genus Kurrimia, viz 4334 K. pulcherrima Wall., 4335 K. calophylla Wall., 4336 K. paniculata Wall., and later 7200 K.? macrophylla Wall. The latter one was provided with a question mark; it was a new combination for Itea macrophylla Wall. No generic or specific descriptions were provided, merely the indication that the name Kurrimia was named in honour of Kurrim Khan who had faithfully served the Calcutta Botanic Garden as its curator for four decades.\nA few years later Walker-Arnott described a genus Bhesa Ham. ex Arn. (Edinb. New Phil. J. 16, 1834, 315) for which he provided a full generic description and brief but clear diagnoses of two species, viz B. moja Ham. and B. paniculata Arn., the former one based on Hamilton 788 from Hamilton\xe2\x80\x99s herbarium at Edinburgh, the latter on a Penang specimen from J. D. Hooker. He found himself \xe2\x80\x9cnot able to discover any reference to it in Dr Wallich\xe2\x80\x99s List\xe2\x80\x9d.

Description: Although Clarke saw the type of Scirpus erectus Poir. in the Paris Herbarium he misapplied the name to a quite different species occurring in Madagascar, S. and E. Asia, and tropical Australia. Herein he was followed by Ridley, Merrill, Backer, and others. It has now generally been accepted that the correct name of this species is Scirpus juncoides Roxb. and that the name Scirpus erectus Poir. does not belong to its synonymy. After having examined the type of S. erectus I am convinced that the question was admirably cleared up by Chermezon (see Arch. Bot. 4, 1931, 26, and also in Humbert, Fl. Madag., fam. 29, 1937, 149). Scirpus erectus is much nearer to the European S. supinus L. than to S. juncoides Roxb. It differs from S. supinus by the larger spikelets, the larger, more distinctly mucronate glumes, the bristly appendage of the connective, the bifid style, and the larger, biconvex, only faintly wavyridged, elliptic or suborbicular nuts. It is an African species extending from the Mediterranean region through tropical Africa to Madagascar and Mauritius.\nThere can be no doubt that Isolepis uninodis Delile is conspecific with Scirpus erectus Poir. Delile\xe2\x80\x99s description is very accurate: \xe2\x80\x9c\xc3\xa9pis cylindriques, ovo\xc3\xafdes-lanceol\xc3\xa9s ... \xc3\xa9cailles ovales, aigu\xc3\xabs ... deux stigmates ... graine lenticulaire, transversalement rugueux vers les bords.\xe2\x80\x9d The differences with Scirpus supinus are clearly indicated: \xe2\x80\x9cses graines [du S. supinus] sont ovo\xc3\xafdes-cun\xc3\xa9iformes, trigones, rid\xc3\xa9es transversalement sur toute leur surface; ses styles sont trifides.\xe2\x80\x9d Moreover, Delile\xe2\x80\x99s excellent figure leaves no doubt whatever on the identity of his species.

Description: Cucumis anguria L., the \xe2\x80\x9cWest India Gherkin\xe2\x80\x9d or \xe2\x80\x9cBur Gherkin\xe2\x80\x9d, is a cultigen known to have occurred in the West Indies in a cultivated or more or less adventitious state since before 1650 when the first accounts of this plant were published (1, 2). The occurrence of a single species of this old world genus \xe2\x80\x94 which is mainly African but extends through South West Asia to India \xe2\x80\x94 in America, combined with the fact that it is almost exclusively found in cultivation or as an escape, makes one feel suspicious about its being truly indigenous in the New World.\nNaudin (4) discussed the history of this plant and suggested that it was originally introduced from West Africa whence negro slaves were brought to the New World. However, he admittedly did not know any wild African species of Cucumis which resembles C. anguria sufficiently to deserve consideration as its probable ancestor.

Description: Both Nusa Bailing Island and Blambangan Peninsula consist of limestone hills; they are nowadays uninhabited and forest-clad. On Nusa Bailing the forest is mixed and not conspicuously dominated by certain genera. On Blambangan the forest contains much bamboo, which points to ancient human influence, and a number of species characteristic for \xe2\x80\x98monsoon-forest\xe2\x80\x99. A few remarks on history, and data about the author\xe2\x80\x99s routes, are given. Most of the plants collected are recorded in sketches of the vegetation. The f. lobata of Gmelina elliptica (Verben.) is reduced. Novelties are not reported, and it is doubtful whether the areas in question deserve much further attention for botanical exploration.

Description: Thallus squamulose, yellow-brown to fulvous, not pruinose, underside black. Cortex paraplectenchymatous covered with necral layer, colourless below, brownish above, 27\xe2\x80\x9434 \xc2\xb5, lumina 6\xe2\x80\x948 X 4\xe2\x80\x946 \xc2\xb5, brownish zone C + reddish. Apothecia one to several per squamule, congested, with somewhat elevated margin, and red-brown disc becoming rugulose with age, up to 1.3 mm. diam. Hymenium colourless, brown towards epithecium, J + blue, turning red-brown, 83\xe2\x80\x9490 \xc2\xb5. Asci clavate, more than 100-spored, 67\xe2\x80\x9470 X 16\xe2\x80\x9418 \xc2\xb5. Spores 1-celled, cylindrical-ellipsoid, 4.5\xe2\x80\x945.8 X 0.8\xe2\x80\x942.5 \xc2\xb5. Paraphyses septate, sparingly branched, 1\xe2\x80\x942 \xc2\xb5, apices clavate, 4\xe2\x80\x945 \xc2\xb5.\nThere seems to be some uncertainty as to the citation of the second author. Arnold (1884: 316) on transferring Wahlenberg\xe2\x80\x99s Parmelia peliocypha to the genus Acarospora, retained the original spelling of the specific epithet, whereas Fries (1861: 189) had changed the latter into \xe2\x80\x98peliscypha\xe2\x80\x99. However, since both recombinations are based on the same type, \xe2\x80\x98peliocypha\xe2\x80\x99 and \xe2\x80\x98peliscypha\xe2\x80\x99 should be regarded as orthographic variants. Fries\xe2\x80\x99s transfer is of an earlier date than Arnold\xe2\x80\x99s, but instead of the spelling as used by Fries, the original one should be adhered to (Art. 73).

Description: My colleague Lam, in whose honour this volume is composed, has made it very easy for contributors to find a subject in a field in which he has worked himself. His versatile interest nearly covered the whole of the taxonomy and phylogeny of vascular plants, subjects in theoretical biology, plant morphology, plant geography, and plant ecology. In the latter section his \xe2\x80\x9cFragmenta papuana\xe2\x80\x9d contains an inspiring picture of tropical vegetation in correlation with environment.\nI have pleasure on this occasion in offering some considerations in the field of plant ecology. The subject which I have chosen deals with the way of reasoning when interpreting a correlation found to exist between vegetation and environment. I have not infrequently traced a deficiency in such interpretation and I feel a need of discussing this point which is, in my opinion, a matter of vital importance.

Description: A new species of Septobasidium is described, in relation with which the position of the genus Uredinella is discussed.

Description: The flora of the higher mountains of New Guinea has been the object of several extensive collecting trips in the past forty years. Until quite recently, however, a serious gap in our knowledge was the very scanty information available from the area between Mount Wilhelmina in the West and Mount Sarawaket and Mount Albert Edward in the East. Recently Mount Wilhelm, the highest mountain in this area and also the highest mountain in the Eastern half of the island, was visited on several occasions when botanical collections were made. The following collections are the most extensive ones and these are the only ones studied for this paper: In medio July, 1956 R. Pullen and myself spent ten days on the mountain with a camp near Lake Aunde as our base. In end July\xe2\x80\x94early August, 1956 J.S. Womersley collected in the same area and some more collections were made in August, 1957 by R. G. Robbins.\nOn these three occasions the mountain was approached from the East from Keglsugl in the Upper Chimbu Valley, along the valley locally known as Pindaunde. Alpine grassland comes down in this and other valleys to an altitude of ca 11000 feet (ca 3300 m), but on the steeper slopes and on the ridges the forest and shrubbery does not disappear until about 12500 feet (ca 3750 m). Pindaude, which down to 11000 feet (3300 m) is clearly of glacial origin, has a flat, ill-drained valley floor with peaty grassland, and fairly steep, locally rocky, lateral slopes which are covered with a subalpine forest, towards higher altitudes changing into alpine shrubbery. This shrubbery becomes patchy higher up and finally disappears at ca 12300 feet (ca 3690 m). Above that altitude, individual shrubs occur up to ca 12800 feet (ca 3840 m).

Description: In the course of my recent revision of the genus Rhododendron in Malaysia it has become evident, that the subsect. Irrorata, regarded as purely South Eastern Asiatic up to now, is also represented in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, whilst the subsect. Euvireya, outside of its large Malaysian area, has outposts in Indochina, and the subsect. Pseudovireya covers an enormous area from the Eastern Himalaya and S.W. China over the whole of Malaysia to New Guinea. Through the \xe2\x80\x99Species of Rhododendron\xe2\x80\x99 (1930, 2nd ed. 1917), the Eastern Asiatic Rhododendrons are rather well known for India, Burma, China and Japan, but less so for Siam, while those of Indochina were omitted. It seemed therefore necessary to elaborate the latter critically, not only to fill the gap between our knowledge of the proper Eastern Asiatic and Malaysian Rhododendrons taxonomically, but also for a better understanding of the geographical relations within the old-world groups of the genus, i.e. their mutual overlapping in the area between the two supposed evolutionary centres of Rhododendron, the primary one in proper continental Asia, a secondary one in Malaysia.\nVarious trips to Great Britain and France enabled me to study the material deposited in the herbaria of London (Brit. Museum Natural History), Kew and Edinburgh, and the specimens which Dop has had for his treatment of the genus in the Fl. G\xc3\xa9n. de l\xe2\x80\x99Indo-Chine (1930) in the Paris Museum. The more recently collected and not yet classified material at Paris helped us to enlarge our knowledge of the Indochinese Rhododendrons considerably. The type specimen of R. ningyuenense Hand.-Mazz. was kindly lent from the Botanical Institute of the Vienna University.

Description: 1.a. Achene 10-ribbed; pappus reddish (when dry) ..... 2 b. Achene angular or subterete with less than 10 ribs or not ribbed; pappus white, dingy white or reddish (when dry) .... 3 2.a. Pappus uni-seriate or nearly so ...... Decaneurum b. Pappus clearly bi-seriate ......... Lepidaploa 3.a. Pappus uni-seriate or, if bi-seriate, inner involucral scales caducous afterwards .............. 4 b. Pappus bi-seriate ............. 5 4.a. Heads many-flowered; involucral scales linear-lanceolate to oblong, acute to very pointed at the top ....... Cyanopis b. Heads 1\xe2\x80\x9410-flowered; involucral scales oblong or ovate, small, obtuse at the top .......... Strobocalyx 5.a. Achene angular, glabrous or pilose; outer row of the pappus consisting of flattened setae or scales ........ 6 b. Achene terete or subterete, more or less clearly ribbed, more or less appressed pubescent; setae of the outer row of the pappus filiform Tephrodes 6.a. Heads paniculate, corymbose or few together, pedunculate, 12- to many-flowered ............. 7 b. Heads glomerate, sessile or subsessile, 2\xe2\x80\x949-flowered .. Congestae 7.a. Outer row of the pappus consisting of flattened setae. Claothrachelus b. Outer row of the pappus consisting of scales .... Lepidella

Description: Es l\xc3\xa4sst sich von den Tropenfloren feststellen: 1.) Die Tropenfloren erweitern das morphologische Spektrum des Angiospermen-Systems im Bereiche der systematisch wichtigen Organisationsmerkmale durch ihren Reichtum an eigenen Familien und Gattungen ganz bedeutend. Diese Merkmale stellen oftmals relativ urspr\xc3\xbcngliche Typen dar, welche wertvolle Hinweise f\xc3\xbcr typologisch-phylogenetische Ableitungen ergeben. 2.) In den Tropenfloren steckt also wahrscheinlich das \xc3\xa4lteste Zentrum der Bl\xc3\xbctenpflanzen, und a.) das Studium des tropischen Milieus und b.) die Analyse der Ausbildungsmerkmale tropischer Gew\xc3\xa4chse lassen eindringlich erkennen, dass die heute meist noch \xc3\xbcblichen Interpretationen von Merkmalsabwandlungen in ihrer Differenzierungsrichtung verkehrt sind, ihre Vektoren umgekehrt werden m\xc3\xbcssen, um zu typologisch-phylogenetischen Reihen zu gelangen. Es kann nicht mehr, \xe2\x80\x94 wie es sich historisch entwickelt hat \xe2\x80\x94 vom Temperierten zum Tropischen vorgeschritten werden, sondern man hat vielmehr jetzt sinngem\xc3\xa4ss die temperierten Typen von tropischen abzuleiten.\nDamit kann ein wesentlicher Schritt in Richtung einer wahrscheinlicheren typologischen Phylogenetik getan werden. Es ist heute m\xc3\xb6glich, sich \xc3\xbcber viele Merkmale einer Urpflanze Vorstellungen zu machen und von einer solchen Urpflanze alle existierenden Typen von Bl\xc3\xbctenpflanzen durch eine relativ kleine Zahl von Makroevolutions-Prozessen in einem logischen System abzuleiten, Die botanische Phylogenetik und alle \xc3\xbcbrigen botanischen und biologischen Forschungsrichtungen analysieren und erkennen an einem bestimmten Lebewesen \xe2\x80\x94 jede mit ihren eigenen Methoden und Zielen \xe2\x80\x94 vor allem die Auswirkungen ein und desselben Genoms. Ihre Resultate sind Exponenten dieses Genoms in seiner raum-zeitlichen Entwicklung, gleichg\xc3\xbcltig ob physiologisch, ob mikro- oder makromorphologisch angepackt, ob in der Ontogenese oder in der Phylogenese: Die stammesgeschichtliche Forschung analysiert jene Experimente, welche die Natur seit Jahrmillionen selber anstellt!

Description: var. bullatus, nov. var. \xe2\x80\x94 Ramuli novelli ferrugineo-velutini. Folia 1\xe2\x80\x943-juga; foliola bullata. Folliculi inconspicue rostrati.\nTypus: Kostermans 4928 (fl., fr.), E. Borneo, Sangkulirang island, alt. 20 m (Holotype in L; Isotypes in BO, K).

Description: The flower of Bertolonia marmorata, a small herbaceous plant from South Brazil, is epigynous, pentamerous except for the trimerous gynaecium, pentacyclic and diplostemonous. The ovary is fused to the perianth-tube basally, on cross-section it appears as an equilateral triangle, one corner of which is taken by a locule situated abaxially and epipetalous. The style is terminal, and the stigma simple, but around the style the walls of the ovary, especially their middle parts, extend freely upwards (Fig. 13).\nThe axillary placenta is an awl-formed structure, projecting into the locule rather perpendicular to the pistil axis.

Description: Thespesia patellifera Borss., nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Arbor altior. Ramuli subangulares, denique teretes, puberuli pilis stellatis minutissimis, glabrescentes, lenticulis minutis dispersis ornati. Stipulae appressae vel patentes, late ovatae, apice acutae, subconcavae, coriaceae, puberulae pilis stellatis minutissimis, deciduae. Petiolus longior, sed plerumque lamina brevior, robustior, pilis stellatis minutissimis vestitus, glabrescens. Lamina coriacea, ovata vel latissime elliptica, basi paulum cordata vel rotundata, apice breviter obtuse acuminata, margine integra, basi 5-nervata; costa validissima, ad apicem percurrens, sine nectario; nervi laterales 3\xe2\x80\x945, sicut nervi basales ceteri erecto-patentes, recti sed prope marginem sursum curvati et in venis ramosi; lamina in pagina superiore glabra, in pagina inferiore pilis stellatis minutissimis dispersis vestita, glabreseens. Flores solitarii in axillis superioribus. Pedunculus brevior, teres, paulum infra apicem articulatus, supra articulum subite incrassatus in discum obconicum, pili stellatus minutissimis dense vestitus, glabreseens. Epicalycis segmenta probabiliter circa 3, in speciminibus typi caduca. Calyx coriaceus, patelliformis, integer (sine dentibus vel segmentibus), extus pilis stellatis minutissimis dense ornatus, intus pilis simplicibus appressis et pilis stellatis minutis praeditus. Petala obovata, ad basin angustata, apice rotundata, margine crenata, in parte inferiore crassa, in parte superiore membranacea, extus ad basin pilis stellatis dense vestita, intus subglabra. Columna staminalis petalis brevior, ab ima basi usque ad apicem stamina gerens, glabra. Ovarium late pyriforme, acuminatum, velutinum pilis stellatis minutissimis, 10-loculare; ovula circa 2 per locu; stylus brevis, sulcatus, pilis stellatis vestitus; stigma clavatum, 5-sulcatum. Pedunculus post anthesim paulum elongatus et incrassatus. Calyx vehementer amplificatus, fructum non anguste involvens sed ab eo separatus. Fructus probaliter siccus et non dehiscens, subapplanato-globosus, extus velutinus pilis stellatis minutissimis; fructus immaturus 10-locularis, seminibus 1\xe2\x80\x942 per locu \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 2. Holotype: N.G.F. 1277 (LAE).

Description: Among a number of specimens of Convolvulaceae from the Malay Peninsula sent to me for identification by Mr. J. Sinclair, Singapore, I found a species of Argyreia, which appeared to be new to botanical science. I named it A. lamii in honour of Prof. Dr. H.J. Lam, Director of the Rijksherbarium and Professor of Systematic Botany at the University of Leiden, to whom the present Jubilee-volume of Blumea is dedicated.

Description: The genus Afrardisia was published in 1902 by C. Mez (Pflzreich IV, Fam. 236, Heft 9, 183\xe2\x80\x94184). Mez found that the only difference between Afrardisia and Ardisia Sw. was in the placentation. In Ardisia numerous ovules are scattered or arranged in more than one row on the placenta whereas in Afrardisia a single whorl of a small number of ovules occurs. There are some spp. of Ardisia which appear to be pauci-ovulate but then the ovules are irregularly scattered and not uni-seriate.\nAfrardisia was, according to Mez, confined to tropical West Africa. Actually, the genus is found throughout tropical Africa.

Description: Thallus epilithieus, crustaceus, uniformis, continuus, late expansus (usque ad 1 m latus), sat crassus, griseus, laevigatus, subnitidus, pseudocyphellis punctiformibus verruculiformibusque, albis, numerosis instructus, zona marginali laete viridi cinctus, K sordide aurantiacus, Ca et KCa immutatus; cortex chondroideus, decolor, 20\xe2\x80\x9425\xc2\xb5 crassus, ex hyphis intricatis horizontalibusque formatus; gonidia viridia, ad Trentepohliam pertinentia, zonam circ. 60 \xc2\xb5 crassam formantia; medulla stuppea, ochroleuca, crystallos includens, J caerulescens.\nApothecia lirellina, semi-immersa, subrecta vel flexuosa, repetitodichotomo-furcata, 0,2\xe2\x80\x940,3 mm lata, circ. 20 mm longa, radiatim ordinata, apicibus attenuatis; discus planus vel concavus, epruinosus, niger, opacus; margo tenuis, integer, discum leviter superans ad basin non aut leviter constrictus; hymenium 120 \xc2\xb5 altum, decolor, purum, J-; hypothecium 40\xe2\x80\x9445 \xc2\xb5 crassum, laete coloratum; epithecium laete fuligineum; excipulum integrum, fuscofuligineum; labia divergentia, integra, omnino thallo vestita; asci 8-spori, cylindrici, membrana tenui, ad apicem incrassata, cincti; sporae uni- vel biseriales, muriformes, brunneae, ellipsoideae, 8\xe2\x80\x949 X 14\xe2\x80\x94 16 \xc2\xb5, septis transversalibus 3, septis verticalibus 1, membrana tenui cinctae; paraphyses simplices, filiformes, ad apicem non incrassatae, arcte cohaerentes.

Description: A revision is given of the genera Auriscalpium, Hericium, Hydnum, and Sistotrema.\nHydnum heimii is described as a new species.

Description: Description et figures de Hydnellum auratile, combinaison nouvelle pour une esp\xc3\xa8ce longtemps oubli\xc3\xa9e, comparaison avec deux autres esp\xc3\xa8ces du m\xc3\xaame groupe et cl\xc3\xa9 de d\xc3\xa9termination.

Description: Le Rosmarineto-Lithospermetum, d\xc3\xa9fini par J. Braun\xe2\x80\x94Blanquet (1924) en Languedoc, a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 ensuite par R. Molinier (1934) en Provence occidentale et par G. Braun\xe2\x80\x94Blanquet (1936) dans le d\xc3\xa9partement de l\xe2\x80\x99H\xc3\xa9rault (Languedoc). D\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s nos connaissances actuelles il comprend onze sous-associations dont six se trouvent dans la r\xc3\xa9gion de Montpellier (Braun-Blanquet, Roussine & N\xc3\xa8gre, 1952). Des recherches sur la structure de la v\xc3\xa9g\xc3\xa9tation n\xe2\x80\x99existent que pour la sous-association schoenetosum (Zwillenberg & De Wit, 1952). Gr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 une subvention de la part du Minist\xc3\xa8re de l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\x89ducation, des Beaux-Arts et des Sciences (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen) du Gouvernement N\xc3\xa9erlandais, j\xe2\x80\x99avais l\xe2\x80\x99opportunit\xc3\xa9 de faire des recherches analogues dans la sousassociation helianthemetosum, lors d\xe2\x80\x99un s\xc3\xa9jour de trois mois \xc3\xa0 la S.I.G.M.A., Montpellier, en automne 1952.\nJ\xe2\x80\x99aime remercier vivement le Directeur de cet institut renomm\xc3\xa9, M le Dr. J. Braun\xe2\x80\x94Blanquet, de tout ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il a bien voulu m\xe2\x80\x99enseigner \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99occasion des discussions et des excursions faites ensemble. Ma sinc\xc3\xa8re reconnaissance va aussi \xc3\xa0 mon cher Ma\xc3\xaetre et Chef durant de longues ann\xc3\xa9es, M le Prof. Dr. H. J. Lam, qui m\xe2\x80\x99a aid\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 faire possible ce s\xc3\xa9jour \xc3\xa0 Montpellier.

Description: Since this silver jubilee does not mean the end of a career, let it merely be regarded as a landmark from which we may now look back.\nHerman Johannes Lam, born at Veendam in 1892, received his grammarschool education at the \xe2\x80\x98Gymnasium Erasmianum\xe2\x80\x99 in Rotterdam (1904\xe2\x80\x941911). He studied natural history at the State University of Utrecht (1911\xe2\x80\x941919) and enjoyed the privilege of having Prof. Dr A.A. Pulle as his teacher in systematic botany. In 1919 he obtained his doctor\xe2\x80\x99s degree on a thesis \xe2\x80\x9cThe Verbenaceae of the Malayan Archipelago etc.\xe2\x80\x9d which concluded his studies.

Description: Aulandra H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 8, 1927, 415, f. 6; H.J. Lam, Hooker Icon. Pl. 1938, t. 3360; Baehni, Candollea 9, 1942, 419 \xe2\x80\x94 Palaquium, \xc2\xa7 Palaquioides Dubard, Bull. Soc. Bot. Pr. 56, M\xc3\xa9m. 16, 1909, 19.\nTrees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, entire, tertiary nerves transverse. Inflorescences cauliflorous, flowers terminal or axillary along short vermiform brachyblasts covered by numerous scars of bracts. Flowers bisexual, 6-merous. Sepals 6, in 2 whorls of three, united at the base. Petals 6, united at the base. Stamens 18 or 19, filaments partly tubuliformly united and the tube inserted on the corolla, anthers free, dehiscing extrorsely. Ovary 6-celled; style short or long, filiform. Fruit a berry, one-seeded, scar of seed covering almost the entire seed, albumen none.

Description: The part certain lime-secreting marine algae play in the building of coral reefs and in the formation of banks was discussed chiefly at the end of the last and in the beginnig of this century.\nAt that time it was already known that extensive parts of the sublittoral zone of the Arctic sea were covered by a luxuriant growth of Lithothamnion species. Kjellman states in 1883 (p. 96) that along the northern coast of Norway Lithothamnion soriferum \xe2\x80\x9ccovers large spaces of the bottom in great masses\xe2\x80\x9d, and that off the shores of Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla in 10 to 20 fathoms of water Lithothamnion glaciale \xe2\x80\x9ccovers the bottom in deep layers for several miles, and altogether determines the general aspect of the vegetation wherever it occurs\xe2\x80\x9d, whereas Lithothamnion norvegicum is said to form banks on the coasts of Iceland and of Greenland. Rosenvinge (1893, p. 772) reports that Lithothamnion ungeri forms banks on the coast of Iceland and of Greenland.

Description: Pendant un s\xc3\xa9jour de trois semaines \xc3\xa0 Roscoff au mois d\xe2\x80\x99avril 1957, un Sphacelaria st\xc3\xa9rile \xc3\xa9tait trouv\xc3\xa9 plusieurs fois dans les grottes et sur les parois verticaux ombrag\xc3\xa9s et sous les surplombs du littoral sup\xc3\xa9rieur qui ne pouvait pas \xc3\xaatre d\xc3\xa9termin\xc3\xa9 avec certitude, mais dont les caract\xc3\xa9ristiques correspondaient \xc3\xa0 ceux de Sphacelaria britannica Sauvageau. Il \xc3\xa9tait trouv\xc3\xa9 fructifiant sur des pierres au pied du vieux quai (c\xc3\xb4t\xc3\xa9 nord) du port de Roscoff, de sorte qu\xe2\x80\x99on pouvait l\xe2\x80\x99identifier avec certitude.\nCette esp\xc3\xa8ce n\xe2\x80\x99a pas \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 rapport\xc3\xa9e pour les c\xc3\xb4tes fran\xc3\xa7aises par Hamel (1931\xe2\x80\x941939, p. 251); je n\xe2\x80\x99ai pas pu trouver non plus des mentions dans la litt\xc3\xa9rature plus r\xc3\xa9cente.

Description: There is much confusion about, the identity of the above mentioned aroid genera, the typification of which is still unsatisfactory.

Description: The author regards the Cyphellaceae as an artificial family. He redefines it for practical purposes, suggesting the gradual removal of those elements that show relationship with other groups; several elements are referable to the Corticiaceae or the agarics. A list of the \xe2\x80\x98cyphellaceous\xe2\x80\x99 generic names tentatively included is given. The genera to be excluded from the family as defined are briefly discussed. The same applies to a long series of specific names that had or have been included. A historic chapter reviews some important developments in regard with some of the older genera, Solenia, Cyphella, Aleurodiscus, as well as the rise of the family. Some species are transferred to Aleurodiscus Rab. ex J. Schroet.; Cytidia Qu\xc3\xa9l. is redefined and Auriculariopsis Maire excluded from it. Other genera reviewed and redefined are Stromatoscypha Donk [Porotheleum (Fr. per Fr.) Fr.], Chromocyphella De Toni & Levi Phaeocyphella Pat.], and Lachnella Fr. Two new monotypic genera are introduced, Cellypha Donk and Pellidiscus Donk. One or more species of the redefined and new genera are discussed. The name Mycena sect. Hirsutae (K\xc3\xbchner) ex Donk is validly published. Several specific names are reduced to the synonymy of other species for the first time. Several types of names published by Persoon and by von Albertini & von Schweinitz were studied. New combinations are made under Hymenochaete L\xc3\xa9v. (1), Favolaschia (Pat.) Pat. (1), Aleurodiscus (2), Cellypha (1), Pellidiscus (1), Chromocyphella (1).

Description: Lichenology in Great Britain nowadays rejoices in increased activity and interest. This is evidenced by the foundation of the British Lichen Society which came into being some time ago, and now runs its own journal, The Lichenologist. The present book is another example, and it certainly appears at an appropriate time.\nThe book which is written in clear and simple language contains a few introductory chapters (on the structure of lichens, the use of reagents and apparatus, and on the ecology), keys to orders and families, a descriptive part, a bibliography, a glossary, and an index, followed by the plates.

Description: As was done in the preceding volume p. 592-599 it seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volumes 4 and 5 as well as to add some additional data, new records, and new species or other taxa which came to our knowledge and are worth recording.\nThough we strive to make this a work of precision I have given up all hope that I will ever succeed in editing a volume in which no corrections in references and authority of taxa will appear to be necessary. This may be possible in a century from now when the entries in Index Kewensis are completed, when all books have nicely been extracted, and their dates of publication have been fixed once and for all by zealous librarians.

Description: This is a supplement to Husson & Lam\xe2\x80\x99s revision of Haplolobus in Blumea 72, 1953, 413\xe2\x80\x94458, which will be referred to in the present paper as: \xe2\x80\x9cHusson & Lam 1953\xe2\x80\x9d. There is one new species (H. mollis, from Halmaheira) and one new forma ( H. acuminatus, fa glabrior) and the area of the genus has possibly to be extended to include Palau. I would not be surprised at all if it would turn up in some of the Philippines Islands.\nFemale flowers have been described for the first time of H. borneensis. Both in that species and in H. clementium the inflorescences have now been found to occasionally possess more or less abortive vegetative buds. This seems more and more a character of generic importance.

Description: From September 22nd 1951 until April 19th 1952 I stayed, with my wife as a good companion and technical assistant, in the Netherlands Antilles to make an ornithological survey of these islands. This work, which included both making a collection of studyskins and gathering field data and distributional records, was done under the auspices of the Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (\xe2\x80\x9cNatuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen\xe2\x80\x9d) and was financed by the Government of the Netherlands Antilles. I am greatly indebted, therefore, to the Government officials of the Netherlands Antilles, particularly to Mr. J. H. Sprockel, minister of Education, and to the staff of the Department of Education. My thanks are also due to the members of the board of the \xe2\x80\x9cStudiekring\xe2\x80\x9d, among whom I should not forget to mention in deep appreciation the names of Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck and Dr J. H. Westermann. The trustees of the University of Amsterdam and the director of the Zoological Museum kindly granted me 8 months study-leave and released me from my responsibilities as curator of the Zoological Museum during this period. Sincere thanks are also due to board and members of the Natural Sciences Study Group Netherlands Antilles (\xe2\x80\x9cNatuurwetenschappelijke Werkgroep Nederlandse Antillen\xe2\x80\x9d), who never failed to help us magnificently, making our stay on the islands a most exillerating experience.\nThis first part of the scientific reporting on our voyage deals with the birds of St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius. These small islands are among the most northerly of the group known as the Lesser Antilles (fig. 1).

Description: This brief survey is based on the material collected by Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck in 1936/37, 1948/49, and 1955. Station numbers only are cited; they refer to the \xe2\x80\x9cDescription of new localities\xe2\x80\x9d in Volume IV of this series (1953; marine habitats p. 56-77) and to a \xe2\x80\x9cThird list of localities\xe2\x80\x9d which will be published in a forthcoming volume. Other localities, which are not numbered, are, as a rule, briefly described in the text.\nMaterial assembled by a few other collectors has been added to Hummelinck\xe2\x80\x99s collection. The names of the collectors are always mentioned, abbreviated as follows: Av.: R. Aveledo, Caracas Be.: J. G. van den Bergh, Aruba BL.: T. Blok, Cura\xc3\xa7ao Bo.: Mrs van den Bos, St Maarten Co.: R. M. Collens, Tobago Ga.: Wiesje and Hendrikje, the two little daughters of Mr. and Mrs. K. J. van Gaalen, Aruba. Za.: J. S. Zaneveld, Cura\xc3\xa7ao.

Description: This is the second and concluding part of a report on the birds of the Netherlands Antilles, the first part dealt with the birds of St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius (Studies fauna Cura\xc3\xa7ao Car. Is. 6, no. 25, 1955, p. 1-82). The present part will give a full account of the birds of Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and Bonaire.\nAccompanied by my wife I stayed in these islands from September 22, 1951 until April 19, 1952, only interrupted by a week\xe2\x80\x99s visit to Venezuela and the period between February 1 and March 14, 1952, when we were working in St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius. Our collection of birds from Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and Bonaire comprizes 986 specimens, representing 103 species, all of which have been deposited in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. Although part of the collection has been prepared in the field by my wife and me, a not unimportant number of collected birds was kept in the freezing rooms of the Abattoir of the Veterinary Service in Cura\xc3\xa7ao (Parera) and Aruba (Oranjestad), from where it was shipped to Holland under deep-freezing temperatures and subsequently prepared by the taxidermists of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. For most valuable help in this matter of preserving our specimens, which considerably facilitated our work in the field, we are greatly indebted to Mr. J. W. M. Diemont, Director, Mr. B. A. Bitter, and other employees of the Veterinary Service of the Netherlands Antilles.

Description: Au S-W de Tinerhir, dans le Maroc occidental, on trouve des verres volcaniques pris dans des d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts de tufs. Quelques \xc3\xa9chantillons de ces verres contiennent du cuivre natif sous forme finement r\xc3\xa9partie. Les verres sont dus \xc3\xa0 une activit\xc3\xa9 volcanique d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa2ge plioc\xc3\xa8ne. Ils sont accompagn\xc3\xa9s par des laves dont la composition varie entre celle d\xe2\x80\x99une phonolite et celle d\xe2\x80\x99une ankaratrite. Il est probable que le cuivre natif se soit form\xc3\xa9 lors d\xe2\x80\x99une \xc3\xa9ruption, laquelle aurait entrain\xc3\xa9 un fragment de la roche encaissante riche en sulfures de Cu. Sous l\xe2\x80\x99action des gaz ascendants, ces sulfures auraient \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 r\xc3\xa9duits en lib\xc3\xa9rant ainsi le Cu-natif.

Description: Our Museum can take pride in a very valuable gem collection for, besides the numerous specimens which were gathered by King William I of the Netherlands a great many of the more unusual stones are to be found in it. Especially since World War II the Museum has acquired many interesting and important stones by gifts and purchases. This enlargement is especially due to the efforts of Professor Dr. B. G. Escher, who was continually aimed at the acquisition of rare and unusual stones for the gem collection, bringing it gradually up to modern standards.\nAs in so many gem collections, one finds stones which are not suitable for wearing, because they are soft or easily cleavable. It is surprising to see the variety of minerals that have been cut in recent years and which are scarcely suitable as gems for this reason. They are collectors\xe2\x80\x99 stones only.

Description: A short time ago rumors reached Bogota that a big cavesystem had been discovered by some farmers in the southwest of the department of Tolima, between the villages of Cunday and Purificaci\xc3\xb3n. This region belongs morphologically and geologically to the Eastern Cordillera, and forms the westernmost spurs of this mountain chain. As the existence of these caves was completely unknown up to that time, and as no limestones were known from that region, a scientific expedition was organized for a first exploration. The geological party of this expedition was formed by Dr. J. A. Bueno, the author and his wife. We went by car from Bogota to Girardot and from there to Cunday. The next day we had a whole day\xe2\x80\x99s walk to the entrance of the eaves. After two days and two nights passed underground, we left the caves some kilometers to the southwest, at the other side of the mountains. From there we had a two-days walk to the nearest-by village on the Magdalena-river, Suarez. From there we returned to Bogota by car.\nWe only could explore some kilometers of the cave-system, but the guide told us that, entering south of Cunday, one can go on to the south and leave east of Purificaci\xc3\xb3n, at least ten kilometers southwest of the Cunday entrance. Knowing that there are several levels, these dimensions would place the Cunday-caves among the larger ones of the world.

Description: The Devonian stratigraphy in the Valle de Ar\xc3\xa1n of the Central Pyrenees, is different from that of its surroundings.\nIn this area a zone of graded greywackes occurs together with a rock type of supposedly littoral facies, in an oblong basin, which has been filled longitudinally by sediments slipping down in turbidity currents from the delta slope in the West, thus building up the graded sediments of the deepest part of this basin.\nThe Hercynian orogeny has folded this area very strongly, developing an intense cleavage. This cleavage together with repeated alternation of sediments of different competency caused the enormous variety of secondary folds with their special tectonical problems.

Description: Sediments in the foreland of a mountain chain are sometimes suited to reconstitute the conditions in these mountains at the time of deposition of the sediments. The present study gives the results of a sedimentological investigation of the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits in a part of the Duero basin, situated south of the Cordillera Cantabrica, which supplied the sediments. The aim was to determine both the conditions in the source area, and the environments in the area of deposition.\nThe investigated area is situated in the province of Palencia, between the rivers Pisuerga and Carri\xc3\xb3n. The area being a part of the so-called Meseta, has a simple relief. Two levels at different heights can be distinguished. The higher level, p\xc3\xa1ramo, is strikingly flat, the lower, campi\xc3\xb1a, is more undulating.\nThe Tertiary basin sediments are of various types, and can have six different facies.\nAlong the mountain foot the sediments are chiefly conglomerates with some sandstones, united into the Cuevas facies. The pebbles consist of limestones derived from the Cretaceous limestones, which in the E occupy extensive areas but in the W are only exposed in a narrow strip along the southern border of the mountain chain. At that time they must have formed the southern flank of the Cantabrian Mountains. Pebble roundness and flatness indicate for the greater part a deposition as river fans in a warm and rather dry climate. These conglomerates have been brought into an overturned position in the W of the investigated area, and were strongly tilted in the E. This tectonic deformation is thought by several authors to have occurred during the Savian orogenic phase. The younger beds, having the Cuevas facies, are nearly horizontal, and were deposited during and after this folding as appears from the presence of sandstone pebbles derived from the sandstone layers within the folded conglomerates.\nSouth of the limestone conglomerate belt a wide zone with red beds occurs. These sediments, consisting of an alternation of quartzite conglomerates and sandy layers, represent the Vega de Riacos facies. The change of deposit from a limestone conglomerate into a quartzite conglomerate may be due to changes in the supply area, the Mesozoic limestones having been eroded and having become covered with soils, and the Palaeozoic quartzites and conglomerates becoming largely exposed. A typical feature is the absence in all basin sediments of pebbles derived from the Carboniferous limestone, the so-called Brezo-limestone, which at present froms a great part of the southern flank of the Cantabrian Mountains. The sediments presenting the Vega de Riacos facies were deposited in a warm and humid monsoon climate, as appears from (1) the red colour, (2) the shape of the quartz sand grains, and (3) the clay mineral associations.\nThe remainder of the investigated area is characterized in the N by yellow sandy and clayey deposits, covered by similar, but yellow and red, sandy and clayey deposits, and in the S by yellow clayey deposits overlain by white and grey gypseous marls, alternating with limestones.\nThe underling yellow sandy and clayey sediments, typical for the Carri\xc3\xb3n de los Condes facies, are dated as Vindobonian on account of the fossils found near Palencia and Salda\xc3\xb1a. The upper yellow and red, sandy and clayey layers found in the N, having the Relea facies, have a Pontian age, based on fossils found near Salda\xc3\xb1a and Relea. In the E of the investigated area this Relea facies shows a local divergent aspect, called Zorita facies, characterized by an alternation of red, sandy deposits and white, marly deposits. The gypseous marls and the limestones in the S, which show the P\xc3\xa1ramos facies, overlying the yellow clayey sediments in Carrion de los Condes facies, have a cover of a very hard, bluish limestone, the P\xc3\xa1ramos-limestone, which provided some freshwater molluscs indicating also a Pontian age.\nThe sediments in the four last-named facies represent chiefly deposits of rivers and shallow temporary lakes (lagunas). A rather regular sedimentation went on from Vindobonian into Pontian times, meanwhile influenced by changes of climate in the basin. After the warm and humid climate in which the red beds were deposited, the climate became more arid, with an increased evaporation.\nFirst the yellow sediments in Carri\xc3\xb3n de los Condes facies were deposited, in the N being still sandy, in the S becoming more clayey. They are clearly deposits of rivers which did not supply very coarse material, but some deposition in temporary lakes must also have occurred.\nAt the end of the Vindobonian evaporation became stronger, as can be concluded from the lime crusts found in the upper layers in the area of the Carri\xc3\xb3n de los Condes facies, and more to the S, in the area of the P\xc3\xa1ramos facies, from the deposition of gypsum bearing marls, when the drainage was more or less restricted.\nThis climate persisted during the first part of the Pontian as can be concluded from lime crusts occurring in the lower beds in Relea facies, the depositional environment, that is rivers and lagunas, remaining the same.\nLater in the Pontian the humidity of the climate increased, as appears from the increasing number of red layers in this Relea facies. In the S this increasing humidity caused the precipitation of gypsum to cease, and at this time the P\xc3\xa1ramos-limestones were formed. The Zorita facies, which laterally replaces the Relea facies, is chiefly determined by a supply from a different source area, namely the Mesozoic calcareous rocks exposed a few kilometres N of the deposits in Zorita facies.\nThe heavy mineral associations (chapter VIII, part 1) are monotonous, practically consisting of resistant minerals. They seem to indicate a supply from NW to SE. Also the pebble supply followed this direction, as may be concluded from their size distribution within the red beds having the Vega de Riacos facies. This NW\xe2\x80\x94SE direction was the main drainage direction in Pre-Rhodanian times.\nThe clay minerals in the sediments presenting the various facies allow to draw some conclusions on the climates at the times of deposition. For instance, the rather righ percentage of kaolinite in the sediments in the Cuevas and Vega de Riacos facies, may indicate a warm and rather humid climate during and after deposition. But later alterations also influenced the clay mineral associations, causing a preponderance of illite (see chapter VIII, part 3).\nAfter the deposition of the P\xc3\xa1ramos-limestones the Duero basin became a non-depositional area. During the Rhodanian orogenic phase the bordering mountains were uplifted, and the basin was tilted towards the W. This caused a switch of the drainage pattern which before was directed towards the Mediterranean, and now became directed towards the Atlantic Ocean. During the whole of the Pliocene strong bevelling occurred, through which the p\xc3\xa1ramolevel in the basin and pediments at the foot of the mountain chains were formed.\nNext, a warm and dry climate characterized by sheetfloods must have prevailed all over the Meseta, causing the deposition of the angular quartzitic ra\xc3\xb1a pebbles, so well exposed in the investigated area on the ra\xc3\xb1a of Guardo. These ra\xc3\xb1as are presumed to be of Villafranchian age.\nSoon the influence of Quaternary changes of climate became evident. Certainly the younger river terraces, found at five various levels, are due to these Pleistocene climatic changes. Pebble analyses could confirm the opinion of various authors who admit only two real glaciations in the Spanish mountains, namely the last and the penultimate. Indeed, the two lower terraces contain pebbles which may have been formed in a periglacial climate, whereas the deposits of the three upper terraces only contain evidences of a humid, temperate climate.\nThe sedimentological data on which the conclusions on the depositional environments, as given above, are based can be found in the following chapters: (a) grain size distribution (chapter V), (b) pebble analyses (chapter VI), (c) morphometrical sand analysis (chapter VII), (d) mineralogy of the sands (chapter VIII, parts 1 and 2), (c) clay minerals (chapter VIII, part 3).\nThe development of the drainage pattern (see chapter IX) was reconstituted with the help of a number of captures, which can be observed in the field. In this way a gradual adjustment of the drainage to the present direction can be demonstrated. In the investigated area this adjustment occurred rather late during the Quaternary. At that time also the campi\xc3\xb1a-level was formed.\nFinally, in the last chapter (X), an attempt is made to establish the palaeoclimates, and the relief in the source area, though there remain many uncertainties.\nThe Cordillera Cantabrica, being a mountain area, must always have had a more humid climate than the basin. Even during the Upper-Vindobonian and Lower-Pontian, while the basin was arid, the climate in the mountains must have been more humid. This appears from the clastic sediments supplied into the basin (Relea facies). Though the drainage was restricted, it will not have been totally interrupted, because only calcite and gypsum were deposited in the basin centre, and no halite.\nThere will have been a certain relief in the source area during the whole time. The sediments give no indications for a fully developed peneplain. During the whole of Vindobonian and Pontian times clastic sediments have been supplied by the Cantabrian Mountains.

Description: Pendant les \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9s de 1953, 1954 et 1955, j\xe2\x80\x99ai eu l\xe2\x80\x99occasion d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tudier une partie des Pyr\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9es centrales, qui se trouve au sud de St. Girons sur le bord de la zone axiale. Le terrein \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9, mesurant \xc3\xa0 peu pr\xc3\xa8s 140 km2, comprend partiellement les vall\xc3\xa9es de Bethmale, du Salat et de l\xe2\x80\x99Alet et enti\xc3\xa8rement les vall\xc3\xa9es d\xe2\x80\x99Estours et d\xe2\x80\x99Esbints.\nJe tiens \xc3\xa0 exprimer ma reconnaissance \xc3\xa0 la \xe2\x80\x9eStichting Molengraaff\xe2\x80\x9d de m\xe2\x80\x99avoir donn\xc3\xa9 une subvention qui m\xe2\x80\x99a permis d\xe2\x80\x99effectuer mon deuxi\xc3\xa8me stage sur la terrain.

Description: Het Westelijk gedeelte van de Republiek Columbia (Zuid Amerika) wordt ingenomen door de Cordilleras de los Andes, welke in genoemde republiek uit drie hoofdketens bestaat, t. w. de West Cordillera, de Centrale Cordillera en de Oost Cordillera. Een studie werd gemaakt van een centraal gelegen Strook door de Westelijke en Centrale Cordillera, waartoe drie gebieden geologisch gekaarteerd werden en de structurele concepties in profielen werd weergegeven.\nDe oudste gesteenten, die in de Centrale Cordillera aan de dag komen, bestaan uit een epimetamorfe serie van prasinieten, afgewisseld met grafietschisten; ondergeschikt komen kwartsphyllieten en gneisachtige kwartsschisten voor; voorts werd een aantal inschakelingen van metamorfe diabazen waargenomen. Een tuf-oorsprong voor de prasinieten wordt verondersteld; de metamorfe diabazen zijn waarschijnlijk ge\xc3\xafnterstratifieerde lavas ge\xc3\xabxtrudeerd tijdens dit vulkanisme. Het grondgebergte van de Centrale Cordillera wordt bij wijze van proef vergeleken met de metamorfe gesteenten van Oud-Palaeozoische ouderdom, welke in de Oost Cordillera aan de dag komen.\nEen beschrijving wordt gegeven van de Jura-Triassische formaties, welke de Oostelijke helling van de Centrale Cordillera bedekken en gelegen zijn tussen de R\xc3\xado Coello en R\xc3\xado Cucuana. Monzonieten en granodiorieten werden tijdens de Jura ge\xc3\xafntrudeerd. Een sectie werd gemaakt door het marine Krijt, dat een micro- en macrofauna bevat.\nOp de Westflank is het grondgebergte van de Centrale Cordillera in abnormaal contact met de Diabaas Groep (\xe2\x80\x9eporfyriet formatie\xe2\x80\x9d-Grosse) van Midden tot Boven Cretaceische ouderdom. Deze Diabaas Groep bestaat uit submarine lavas, ge\xc3\xafnterstratifieerd met kiezelleien en cherts. Ingeplooide limnische afzettingen van Paleocene ouderdom liggen discordant op de Diabaas Groep. Een schollenbouw is karakteristiek voor beide flanken van de Centrale Cordillera.\nHet grondgebergte van de West Cordillera wordt hoofdzakelijk gevormd door twee formaties, t. w. de Dagua Groep en de reeds genoemde Diabaas Groep. Eerstgenoemde kan op de volgende wijze in drie series onderverdeeld worden: de onderste serie, bestaande uit phyllitische leien; de middelste serie, bestaande uit fijnzandige gesteenten, afgewisselde door enige kalkhorizonten, voorts leien, die phyllitisch kunnen zijn tengevolge van dislocatie-effecten; de bovenste serie, bestaande uit kiezelleien en zwarte chert. De Dagua Groep wordt concordant bedekt door de Diabaas Groep. Deze bezit dunne inschakelingen van schalies en kiezelleien, waarin een Boven Krijt fauna gevonden werd. Het Cauca bekken is ge\xc3\xafntrudeerd door tonalieten van Boven Krijt tot Onder Tertiaire ouderdom, welke duidelijke thermale contacten teweeg gebracht hebben. Het middengedeelte van de West Cordillera heeft een typische schubstructuur. De Cauca vallei moet niet gezien worden als een tectonische slenk in de gebruikelijke zin van het woord, doch als een neergedrukt, gekanteld blok.\nIn het laatste hoofdstuk worden enige opmerkingen gemaakt over de ontwikkeling van de Andine geosynclinalen.

Description: In 1958 werden de karteringen in de Centrale Pyrenee\xc3\xabn en in het noorden van de provincie Leon (zuidrand Ast.-Cantabrisch Gebergte) voortgezet, het werk in Galici\xc3\xab niet.\nIn de Centrale Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd een eerste verkenning in het Ribagorzana dal aangevangen, waarover hier nog niet gerapporteerd wordt. Het werk in het Segre dal werd voortgezet, terwijl de kartering van een klein ingewikkeld gebied in een oostelijk zijdal van de Pallaresa werd begonnen en be\xc3\xabindigd. De karteringen in het noorden van Andorra en over de grens in Frankrijk werden eveneens voortgezet.

Description: Sedert 1951 werden in de vorm van gestencilde jaarverslagen de wetenschappelijke resultaten van het veldwerk in de Pyrenee\xc3\xabn, in Asturi\xc3\xab en elders aan ge\xc3\xafnteresseerden, voornamelijk de medewerkers, uitgereikt Deze jaarverslagen, en ook dit verslag, werden door de eerst genoemde auteur samengesteld uit de verzamelde verslagen van alle medewerkers. Teneinde een betere vorm en een grotere verspreiding mogelijk te maken werd besloten deze jaarlijkse wetenschappelijke verantwoording in de L.G.M. op te nemen.\nDe hier bijgevoegde kaartjes van de Pyrenee\xc3\xabn en van het Asturische gebied (fig. 1 en 2) geven de ontwikkeling van de karteringen in tijd en ruimte weer. Enkele gebieden werden door verschillende opeenvolgende onderzoekers in studie genomen (alleen de laatste wordt dan vermeld), andere vertonen een aanmerkelijke onderlinge bedekking. De eerdere onderzoekers mogen dit niet als een onderschatting van hun verdienste opvatten, want bijna steeds berust een dergelijke verdubbeling op een groeiend inzicht n\xc3\xa0, en dank zij, hun eigen onderzoek, hetgeen een hernieuwde opname noodzakelijk maakt.

Description: In einem ersten Abschnitt stellt der Verfasser die ihm bekannten Literaturstellen zusammen. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden eigene Untersuchungen beschrieben, die als vorl\xc3\xa4ufiges Resultat ergaben, dass Clintonit in den Schweizer Alpen bislang nicht einwandfrei nachgewiesen ist, dass aber Margarit ein recht wichtiges Mineral mancher Ca-reicher, mesometamorpher Gesteine am S\xc3\xbcdrande des Gotthardmassivs und der mittleren penninischen Decken ist (als gesteinsbildender Gemengteil z. B. in den B\xc3\xbcndnerschiefern des Gotthardmassivs und in den Eklogitamphiboliten der Ophiolithzone Saas-Zermatt).

Description: Cet aper\xc3\xa7u sur les Spirorbes du Carbonif\xc3\xa8re n\xc3\xa9erlandais pr\xc3\xa9sente apr\xc3\xa8s une courte description de l\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa8ce Spirorbis pusillus, quelques remarques sur l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cologie de cette esp\xc3\xa8ce et le commensalisme suppos\xc3\xa9 par certains \xc3\xa9tudiants, mais encore douteux d\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s l\xe2\x80\x99opinion de l\xe2\x80\x99auteur.

Description: This paper deals with the slugs Alderia modesta (Lov\xc3\xa9n) and Limapontia depressa Alder & Hancock, both very common in the intertidal zone of the Dutch salt-marshes.\nVan Benthem Jutting & Engel did not mention them as native species in \xe2\x80\x9eFauna van Nederland\xe2\x80\x9d 8, a monograph on Dutch Opisthobranchia, published in 1936. Alderia and Limapontia do not belong to the order of Nudibranchia, but to a separate order, Saccoglossa (Ascoglossa). They possess an uniseriate radula, the worn teeth of which fall in a pouch (saccus, ascus). Their way of life is different, the Nudibranchs feed mainly on hydroids, sea anemones, bryozoa, sponges, etc.; only a few species e.g. Polycera quadrilineata O. F. M\xc3\xbcller feed on algae, while all west-european Saccoglossa feed exclusively on algae.

Description: Dr. G. KRUSEMAN, Head of the Department of Entomology of the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, kindly entrusted me the examination of the Syrphid flies collected by Mr. A. PETER during the 4th Dutch Karakorum Expedition, 1935. Leader of this expedition was the wellknown alpinist and geographical explorer Dr. Ph. C. VISSER. I am indebted to Dr. G. KRUSEMAN who gave me the opportunity to study this material. I also wish to thank my son, Mr. P. H. VAN DOESBURG, Jr., who has readily made the drawings and the photograph. \nPreviously the following species of Syrphid flies had been recorded from the Karakorum-region (SACK 1935):

Description: In their account of the fresh water molluscs of Celebes P. & F. SARASIN (1898) described the genus Protancylus. They pointed out certain resemblances between Protancylus and Ancylus as well as between Protancylus and \xe2\x80\x9dMiratesta, Isidora und Planorbis\xe2\x80\x9d. However, they did not present any conclusion regarding the systematic position of the group. In his famous handbook THIELE (1931) placed Protancylus in the family Ancylidae. Furthermore, he regarded Protancylus as congeneric with some of the main genera of the family, e.g. Burnupia, Ferrissia, and Gundlachia. In connection with extensive studies of the family Ancylidae I had to examine the morphology and systematic position of Protancylus. As a result the genus Protancylus proper proved to be distinct from the other Ancylids and has to be removed from this family. Before I present the results of my own studies, however, it may be appropriate to briefly summarize the SARASIN\xe2\x80\x99s findings.\nThey found a well delimited hollow in each tentacle. Inside the bottom of the hollow they found a ganglion. They stated the presence of a comparatively large mantle cavity. Its inner end should be directed anteriorly, the opening more or less posteriorly though located at about the middle of the left side of the animal. Behind the mantle opening they noticed the strongly folded gill, which consists of one lamella only. They stated that the heart is anterior of the gill, what, however, is of only moderate importance as the gill is no ctenidium. The large gizzard was noticed and the radula was studied. They pointed out that the latter was more similar to the radula of certain Planorbidae than to that of Ancylus fluviatilis M\xc3\xbcLLER. However, their information regarding the latter species was most unsatisfactory.

Description: Three new ostracod species, each belonging to a new genus, were described by the first author (DE VOS, 1953). They had been found on the body and the legs of Limnoria lignorum, the well-known woodburrowing isopod. Since then, we have been looking for commensals in several new lots of European Limnoria, and in this way we obtained valuable new data on morphology and distribution of two of the three ostracod species described.\nMoreover, Dr. Robert I. MENZIES, La Jolla, California, kindly sent us a beautiful lot of ostracods from Limnoria tripunctata MENZIES, an isopod species from the Pacific coast of America, found in test-blocks placed at about 7 feet below mean tide level, and collected in the course of the marine wood-borer studies, Project NR 163\xe2\x80\x94084 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, which is supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research.

Description: Die erste Dactylispa-Art, und \xc3\xbcberhaupt wohl die erste auf der Insel Bali gesammelte Hispina. Sie zeichnet sich aus durch die ganz d\xc3\xbcnnen, k\xc3\xb6rperlangen F\xc3\xbchler (Abb. 1). Sie sind noch d\xc3\xbcnner als die von D. spinosa WEBER, vor allem sind sie zur Spitze nicht verdickt. Sie sind den F\xc3\xbchlern von D. vethi GEST. \xc3\xa4hnlich, aber noch d\xc3\xbcnner. D. praegracilis geh\xc3\xb6rt in den Vethi-Kreis (siehe meinen 135. Beitrag, Philippine J. Sci. 83, 1954, p. 3). Sie ist dort auf p. 28 neben D. sinuispina GRESSITT zu stellen.\nGelbbraun, Halsschild mit zwei schwarzen L\xc3\xa4ngsflecken, Decken schwarz mit Ausnahme des abgeflachten Seitenrandes und der dazugeh\xc3\xb6rigen Dornen, am Hinterwinkel der Seitenrand mit seinen Dornen schwarz. \xe2\x80\x94 Stirn konvex, zwischen den F\xc3\xbchlern mit scharfem, d\xc3\xbcnnem Kiel. F\xc3\xbchler (Abb. 1) von K\xc3\xb6rperl\xc3\xa4nge, d\xc3\xbcnn, vor allem die Glieder 7\xe2\x80\x9411 sehr gestreckt wie bei D. vethi. nur ganz unwesentlich st\xc3\xa4rker als die vorher. Glied 1 lang, schlank, mit nur wenig dickerer Spitze, 2 kurz, 3 etwas l\xc3\xa4nger als 1, 4 = 5, jedes etwas k\xc3\xbcrzer als 3, 6 etwas k\xc3\xbcrzer als 5, 8 = 9 = 10, jedes so lang wie 6, 7 ein wenig l\xc3\xa4nger als seine Nachbarglieder, 11 l\xc3\xa4nger als 10, fein zugespitzt. 2\xe2\x80\x945 fein, schr\xc3\xa4g abstehend behaart, bei den folgenden ist die Behaarung dichter. \xe2\x80\x94 Halsschild quer, vordere Borstenkegel nicht erkennbar, hintere sehr klein. Seitenbewehrung 3,0, mit kr\xc3\xa4ftigen Dornen, der 3. kurz, an der Basis des Stieles der beiden anderen entspringend. Scheibe dicht punktiert, mit glatter, schmaler Mittelfl\xc3\xa4che. \xe2\x80\x94 Schildchen breit-dreieckig. \xe2\x80\x94 Decken kahl, parallel, mit breit abgesetztem Seitenrande, Hinterrand etwas schm\xc3\xa4ler. Punktreihen ziemlich regelm\xc3\xa4ssig, ohne betonte Zwischenr\xc3\xa4ume. Bedornung kurz, kr\xc3\xa4ftig. Ohne Schliessd\xc3\xb6rnchen. Zwischenraum 1 mit einigen Zusatzd\xc3\xb6rnchen, das Paar vor der Mitte am st\xc3\xa4rksten ; Raum II mit II 1 (klein), II 2, II 4, II 5 unter der Zusatzbedornung der Deckenspitze nicht erkennbar ; Raum IV mit IV 1 und IV 1 b, IV 2 (sehr klein), IV 3, IV 4 (klein), IV 5 ; Raum VI mit 3 Dornen auf der Achsel, VI 2, 3, 4 ; Raum VIII mit einer Reihe von Zusatzd\xc3\xb6rnchen, VIII 5 nicht st\xc3\xa4rker als die anderen Hauptdornen. 4 deutliche Basald\xc3\xb6rnchen und 1 Schildchen-Zusatzd\xc3\xb6rnchen. Seitenranddornen l\xc3\xa4nger als die der Scheibe, mit sehr kleinen D\xc3\xb6rnchen abwechselnd, Spitzenranddornen sehr kurz. \xe2\x80\x94 4,4 mm.

Description: Delias benasu Martin ist nicht nur eine der gr\xc3\xb6ssten und auff\xc3\xa4lligsten, sondern auch eine der seltensten Arten ihrer Gattung. Zudem f\xc3\xa4llt ihre Entdeckung reichlich sp\xc3\xa4t, n\xc3\xa4mlich in die erste Oktoberh\xc3\xa4lfte des Jahres 1912, sie fand statt beim Dorfe Boku, ,,wo die drei Landschaften von Mittel-Celebes Kolawi, Benasu und Besoa zusammenstossen". Die Ehre der Entdeckung geb\xc3\xbchrt dem deutschen Milit\xc3\xa4rarzte Dr. Ludwig Martin, im Dienste der fr\xc3\xbcheren Niederl\xc3\xa4ndisch-Indischen Regierung, der sich um die Erforschung der Rhopaloceren von Celebes und von Nord-Ost-Sumatra recht verdienstlich gemacht hat. Er hat die Art zwar nicht selbst gefangen, sondern berichtet bescheiden, dass ,,ein Sanit\xc3\xa4tssoldat mit einer Patrouille von 30 Bajonetten" sie ihm mitgebracht h\xc3\xa4tte, siehe Martin (1) 225. Die ganze Ausbeute bestand nur aus 3 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, welche Martin 1.c. ausf\xc3\xbchrlich beschreibt. Ein Jahr sp\xc3\xa4ter bildet der Autor den Holotypus ab (2). Im Jahre 1919 f\xc3\xbcgt er noch hinzu (3) 63, ,,dass drei M\xc3\xa4nnchen im Jahre 1912 auf dem feuchen Ufersande eines kleinen Fl\xc3\xbcsschens" gefangen wurden. Diese 3 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82 waren die einzigen Exemplare dieser merkw\xc3\xbcrdigen Art, die bis heute bekannt waren.\nSie gelangten mit Martens Sammlung, bei dessen Tod (1924), an die Zoologische Staatssammlung M\xc3\xbcnchen, ein \xe2\x99\x82 hiervon wurde an das Hill Museum abgegeben, das von Talbot in seiner Monographie (1) 29, 294 bearbeitet wurde. Der Holotypus, aus der M\xc3\xbcnchner Sammlung, konnte farbig abgebildet werden, Tafel 60, Figur 1. Das \xe2\x99\x82 aus dem Hill Museum befindet sich jetzt im Britischen Museum (Nat. Hist.).\nDem unerm\xc3\xbcdlichen und vortrefflichen Sammler Dr. L. J. Toxopeus kommt das Verdienst zu, die Art auf einer Sammelreise in Mittel-Celebes wieder entdeckt zu haben. Er hat zwar in seinemReiseberichte, siehe Toxopeus

Description: Bevor ich mit der Behandlung der tiroler und bayrischen Unterarten von P. apollo L. in dieser Fortsetzung beginne, m\xc3\xb6chte ich ein Vers\xc3\xa4umnis bei der Aufz\xc3\xa4hlung der spanischen Rassen nachholen. subsp. maurilianus Fern. (Bol. Soc. Esp. p. 180, 1926), Typus Palencia, Sierra del Brezo, Villafria, ist als eine intermedi\xc3\xa4r zwischen den subsp. ardanazi Fern. und escalerae Rothsch. stehende Unterart beschrieben, was 22 \xe2\x99\x82 4 \xe2\x99\x80 mit Fundort Camasobres, Palencia, 11. 7. 1941, R. Oberthur, die ich aus dessen Sammlung erworben habe, best\xc3\xa4tigen. Ich m\xc3\xb6chte hinzuf\xc3\xbcgen, dass die \xe2\x99\x82 st\xc3\xa4rker entwickelte Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgelbinden, die \xe2\x99\x80 einen helleren Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond als die \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 der Vergleichsrassen aufweisen.\nBei der Karakterisierung der Unterarten der tiroler und bayrischen Alpen ist zu den in meiner vorigen Abhandlung erw\xc3\xa4hnten Schwierigkeiten ein neuer meine Arbeit erschwerender Umstand hinzugekommen, die Tatsache, dass eine grosse Menge gezogener Apollo tiroler und bayrischer Herkunft in Umlauf gebracht wurden, ohne ausdr\xc3\xbccklich als solche gekennzeichnet zu sein; diese verst\xc3\xb6ren das einheitliche Rassenbild. Ich bin geneigt anzunehmen, dass z.B. ein erheblicher Prozentsatz der Exemplare, die J.E. Kammel in seiner verdienstvollen Arbeit \xe2\x80\x9eZur Rassenfrage des Parnassius apollo L. aus den n\xc3\xb6rdlichen und zentralen Ostalpengebieten" (Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 1943) abbildet und seiner Karakterisierung zugrunde legt, gezogene Tiere betrifft. Kammel bestreitet die hinreichende Differenzierung verschiedener Rassen, schl\xc3\xa4gt aber vor, diese als formae geographicae bestehen zu lassen. Das ist weder Fisch, noch Fleisch. Auch eine distincte geographische Form muss sich kennzeichnen lassen. Wahr-

Description: In dieser Fortsetzung werden die weiteren franz\xc3\xb6sischen und die spanischen Subspecies von Parnassius apollo L. behandelt.\nBryk zieht im Tierreich bei seiner Einteilung in Rassenkreise zum Jurassischen Kreis auch die subspecies leovigildus Fruhst. und venaissnus Fruhst., die ich indessen als zu dem franz\xc3\xb6sischen Alpenkreis zugeh\xc3\xb6rig ansehe, dem ich mich im folgenden zuwende.\nBevor ich das indessen tue, will ich noch die Beschreibung einiger franz\xc3\xb6sischer Rassen erw\xc3\xa4hnen, die ich vom Augenschein nicht kenne; ich muss mich darauf beschr\xc3\xa4nken, ohne beurteilen zu k\xc3\xb6nnen, ob es sich um bonae subspecies handelt. subsp. anneciensis Testout (Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon XVI, p. 64, 1947, Typus Th\xc3\xb4nes, Hte-Savoie). subsp. vercorcius Testout (Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon v. 11 und 12 No. 9 und 10, Typus Col de Romey\xc3\xa8re 1100 m). subsp. aqualensis Acheray (L\' Amateur de Papillons v. 8 p. 228-233, Typus Mont. Aignal, d\xc3\xa9pt. du Gard). subsp. francisci Le Cerf, P. Acheray et A. Reymond (Revue Fran\xc3\xa7aise de L\xc3\xa9pidopt\xc3\xa9rologie, Tome 9, No. 13 p. 227-34, 1939, Typus Monts Forez, r\xc3\xa9gion Pierre-sur-Haute et Bruyere de Brosses).\nDem franz\xc3\xb6sischen Alpenkreis geh\xc3\xb6ren an: subsp. provincialis Kheil (Ent. Z.v. 18 p. 142) Mt. La-Chens 2 \xe2\x99\x82, f. quincunx n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82 , 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Topotypen; St. Martin de Vesubie 12 \xe2\x99\x82 4 \xe2\x99\x80 , f. primo + tertiopicta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 , f. primorubroanalis n.c. 2 \xe2\x99\x80 , f. secundorubroanalis + fasciata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; St. Auban 2 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 , f. rubroanalis n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Haute-Var 4 \xe2\x99\x82 2 \xe2\x99\x80, f. flavoocellata + flavoanalis n.c.

Description: Bevor ich mit der Bearbeitung des dritten genus der Parnassiinae beginne, muss ich noch einmal einen R\xc3\xbcckblick auf die bereits erfolgte Revision werfen. Ich habe schon fr\xc3\xbcher erw\xc3\xa4hnt, dass meine Publikationen durch Auff\xc3\xbchrung aller in meiner Sammlung befindlichen Exemplare einen wissenschaftlichen Katalog dazu darstellen sollen. Da ich inzwischen die Bestimmung getroffen habe, dass meine Sammlung in den Besitz des Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, \xc3\xbcbergehen soll, hat dieses mich ersucht, sein eigenes Parnassius-Material in meine Sammlung einzugliedern.\nAusserdem habe ich mehr als 20 000 Parnassier aus collection R. Oberth\xc3\xbcr erwerben k\xc3\xb6nnen, die mein schon vorhandenes Material wertvoll erg\xc3\xa4nzen.\nIch beabsichtige deshalb auch, nicht nur Neueing\xc3\xa4nge \xe2\x80\x94 auch aus eigenem Sammeln \xe2\x80\x94 aufzuz\xc3\xa4hlen, sondern \xc3\xbcberall dort, wo das w\xc3\xbcnschenswert, bezw. erforderlich ist, fr\xc3\xbcher gegebene Diagnosen zu erg\xc3\xa4nzen.\nLeider hat die Sichtung des reichen Oberth\xc3\xbcr\'schen Materials erneut erwiesen, wie unzuverl\xc3\xa4ssig sehr h\xc3\xa4ufig die Fundortangaben sind, und im besonderen, dass sehr selten vermerkt ist, welche Tiere aus Zucht stammen.\nF\xc3\xbcr den Widerspruch, der darin liegt, dass es zweifellos distincte subspecies gibt, dass bei deren Zucht die Rassenmerkmale aber verwischt werden, habe ich noch keine plausible Erkl\xc3\xa4rung finden k\xc3\xb6nnen. Die Erbmasse scheint jedenfalls in sich nicht so gefestigt zu sein, dass nicht bei einer St\xc3\xb6rung der nat\xc3\xbcrlichen Entwicklungsbedingungen Ausschl\xc3\xa4ge in der vollen Variabilit\xc3\xa4tsbreite der Art m\xc3\xb6glich w\xc3\xa4ren. Dass die Erscheinungsform der Parnassier auch in ihrem Fluggebiet durch klimatische Bedingungen stark beeinflusst wird, ist eine bekannte Tatsache.\nMit der Aufz\xc3\xa4hlung der Neueing\xc3\xa4nge werde ich auch, um den Nomen-

Description: SCAMANDRA UNDULATA n.sp. \xe2\x99\x82, Ocre brun\xc3\xa2tre plus ou moins fonc\xc3\xa9 suivant les exemplaires; pattes brun noir\xc3\xa2tre. Face sup\xc3\xa9rieure de l\'abdomen plus ou moins rouge, avec au milieu une grande tache un peu plus fonc\xc3\xa9e. Les deux tiers ant\xc3\xa9rieurs des \xc3\xa9lytres sont havane, avec d\'assez nombreuses petites taches d\'un rouge fonc\xc3\xa9 et de tr\xc3\xa8s fins points noirs surtout visibles le long des grosses nervures; entre cette partie et la post\xc3\xa9rieure, une bande rouge p\xc3\xa2le, transversale, ondul\xc3\xa9e, pr\xc3\xa9sentant au milieu de la largeur une large convexit\xc3\xa9 vers l\'avant; la partie post\xc3\xa9rieure est un peu plus claire que l\'ant\xc3\xa9rieure; \xc3\xa0 la face sup\xc3\xa9rieure se voit une bande ros\xc3\xa9e, parall\xc3\xa8le au bord apical; \xc3\xa0 l\'inf\xc3\xa9rieure cette bande est blanche, les nervures sont jaunes ou ocre, sur celles-ci des fins poils noirs.\nAiles rouge ponceau, devenant brun\xc3\xa2tres vers l\'apex; une partie des nervures transversales est ocre p\xc3\xa2le; parall\xc3\xa8lement ou un peu en avant du bord apical, ainsi que le long du bord post\xc3\xa9rieur, une assez large bande blanche. \xe2\x99\x80, Les ailes ont la m\xc3\xaame couleur que les \xc3\xa9lytres, mais un peu moins fonc\xc3\xa9es, avec les m\xc3\xaames bandes blanches qui se voient chez les \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82.\nProlongement c\xc3\xa9phalique assez long, s\'\xc3\xa9tendant jusque pr\xc3\xa8s du bord post\xc3\xa9rieur du vertex, en c\xc3\xb4ne aplati, \xc3\xa0 surface stri\xc3\xa9e transversalement. Sur le front trois car\xc3\xa8nes mousses, la m\xc3\xa9diane visible dans la partie sup\xc3\xa9rieure, disparait un peu au-dessus du milieu de la longueur; la partie m\xc3\xa9diane comprise entre les deux car\xc3\xa8nes lat\xc3\xa9rales est plane et celle externe \xc3\xa0 ces car\xc3\xa8nes est en goutti\xc3\xa8re. Une car\xc3\xa8ne sur le clyp\xc3\xa9us. La protub\xc3\xa9rance de la base des tibias post\xc3\xa9rieurs est en c\xc3\xb4ne mousse, assez court; les tibias portent trois \xc3\xa9pines. Longueur du corps: \xe2\x99\x82, 15 mm, \xe2\x99\x80 17 mm; envergure: \xe2\x99\x82, 43 mm, \xe2\x99\x80, 53 mm.\nType: Sumatra: Poeloe Babi Simaloer; paratypes: ibid et Sinabang Sima-

Description: Subgenus Eukoramius Bryk Tibia mit stark zugespitztem, ihr Ende \xc3\xbcberragendem Schienenbl\xc3\xa4ttchen.\nR3 entspringt aus der vorderen Mittelzellrippe vor dem Zellende und verw\xc3\xa4chst in der N\xc3\xa4he des Fl\xc3\xbcgelvorderrands mit R1, trennt sich dann aber wieder und m\xc3\xbcndet im Apex. M1 entspringt direkt hinter dem Gabelstiel von R4 + R5 aus der Mittelquerrippe, ohne mit ihm zu verwachsen. Das VIII. Tergit des \xe2\x99\x82 sehr tief eingebuchtet, die Seitenlappen abgerundet. Uncus zweispitzig, seine H\xc3\xb6rner gegen die Basis nicht verbreitert. Valve mit caudal-dorsalem Fortsatz. Aedoeagus lang und schlank, mit kleinem Orificium. Sphragis braungelb, den Hinterleib ringf\xc3\xb6rmig umschliessend, ventral tief ausgeh\xc3\xb6hlt, die Seitenlappen am Rande von einer flachen Leiste eingefasst, die ventral und dorsal vorspringt und caudalw\xc3\xa4rts eingebuchtet ist.\nTad. (Euk.) imperator Oberth\xc3\xbcr (Bull. Soc. ent. France, serie 6 v. 3 p. 77) Die Art bewohnt Szetschwan, Thibet, Sikkim, Junnan. Amdo, Nanshan (Humboldkette) und Kansu.\nTad. (Euk.) imperator imperator Oberth\xc3\xbcr Tatsienlou 7 \xe2\x99\x82, f. ocelloconjuncta n.c. 5 \xe2\x99\x82, f. fermata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, f. fermata + analisconjuncta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 17 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ocelloconnexa Bryk & Eisner 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Holotype = ocelloconjuncta n.c, 2 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ocello + analisconjuncta n.c. 3 \xe2\x99\x80, f. rubroocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. latecincta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. atroguttata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ampliusocellulata n.c. 5 \xe2\x99\x80, f. minuscula n.c. 3 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ochreoocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. flavoocellata n.c. 2 \xe2\x99\x80, f. mediorubrodivisoocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80; Watusi-Pass, Setzschwan f. rubroocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80.\nGrosse, 36-41 mm, wenig digryphe Unterart, mit grauweissem Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond und weissen Fransen. \xe2\x99\x82 mit gestrecktem Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel, dessen Vorderrand

Description: This note deals mainly with the systematic position of the subspecies of Vipera russelii occurring in the Malay Archipelago, and with its distribution; some remarks are added concerning the distribution of V. russelii outside the archipelago.\nTwo subspecies of Vipera russelii have been described from the Malay Archipelago. Mertens (1927, p. 183) made a specimen from Endeh Island the type of a new subspecies: Vipera russelii limitis Mertens. In a later paper, Mertens (1930, p. 327) refers the two specimens taken in the island of Komodo by Dunn (1927, p. 4) to this same subspecies, and according to Neuhaus (1935, p. 49) the Javan specimen described by him also belongs to Vipera russelii limitis. Kopstein (1936, pp. 259-262, pl. 3) discusses the differences that he believes to be present between the Javan specimens and Mertens\'s V. r. limitis. Although Kopstein did not arrive at a definite conclusion as to the Javan specimen differing subspecifically from V. r. limitis, he proposed the name Vipera russellii sublimitis Kopstein for the Javan form should it prove to be distinct. De Haas (1950, p. 609), Wegner (1953, p. 6), and Van Hoesel (1954, p. 135, fig.) recognize Vipera russelii sublimitis as a distinct subspecies.\nUnder the heading Vipera russelii siamensis, Smith (1943, p. 484) describes the colour pattern of specimens from southern Burma, Siam, China, and the East Indies; this may mean that Smith refers the specimens from these areas to V. r. siamensis, and that he considers V. r. limitis and V. r. sublimitis (mentioned by him on p. 485) as synonyms of siamensis.\nThe systematic position of these two forms was discussed again by Mertens (1957, p. 25) after comparing a Javan specimen to the type of V. r.

Description: Of the various races of white-eyes that inhabit the central group of the Solomon Islands, the race from the island of Rendova was the first to become known to science.\nTristram (1882) recorded this race, which he indentified with Tephras olivaceus Ramsay, described the previous year from the "Solomon Islands", without an exact indication of its type-locality (Ramsay, 1881). Tristram (l.c.) stated that the species was a typical member of the genus Zosterops, and that, consequently, Tephras olivaceus Ramsay became preoccupied by Zosterops olivacea auct. (Certhia olivacea L.) from R\xc3\xa9union. Therefore he proposed the new name Zosterops rendovae, his comment being as follows : "This bird has already been described by Mr. Ramsay ... as Tephras olivaceus, sp. nov. Whether the characteristics of the genus Tephras, as laid down by Hartlaub, are sufficient to separate it from Zosterops may be open to doubt ; but this bird agrees with Zosterops and not with Tephras ... There being already a Z. olivacea, I have felt it necessary to substitute another name for this very interesting species Only a few months later Salvadori (1882) remarked that the species that Tristram had before him when he gave the name Zosterops rendovae, was distinct from Tephras olivaceus Ramsay; but instead of naming the birds recorded by Tristram, he was apparently of the opinion that Z. rendovae could be used for those, whereas he proceeded to give another new name to Tephras olivaceus Ramsay : Zosterops ramsayi Salvadori.\nIt is not to the purpose to follow up the unfortunate series of new names given to Tephras olivaceus Ramsay, but it must be remarked that the use of the name Z. rendovae by Salvadori and many subsequent authors

Description: I. DESCRIPTIONS AND RECORDS OF NORTHEAST ASIATIC SPECIES,\nWITH\n\nNOTES ON THE IMMATURE STAGES\nRemarkably little is known of the species of Macromia occurring in the northern part and far eastern countries of continental Asia. In the following list I have enumerated chronologically all species at present known from the vast territory extending north of the Himalayas, Indo-China and the intermediate countries : 1. M. amphigena Selys 1871 (Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) 31: 537-538). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Japan. 2. M. fraenata Martin 1907 (Cat. Coll. Selys, 17, Cordul. : 71-72). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 Korea. 3. M. spec. indet. Bartenef 1914 (Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 41: 21-23, fig. 12). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 N. Manchukuo (Station Imjanpo, East China railroad). 4. M. clio Ris 1916 (Supplem. Entom. 5: 67-68, pl. 3, fig. 1). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x80 Formosa. 5. M. urania Ris 1916 (Supplem. Entom. 5: 68-70, fig. 42-43, pl. 3, fig. 2-3). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Tonkin. Further range: Hainan & E. China (Fukien). 6. M. sibirica Djakonov 1926 (Revue Russe d\'Entom. 20: 228-231, fig. 3). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 S.W. Sibiria, Novonikolaevsk, long. 83o E, lat. 55o \xce\x9d. 7. \xce\x9c. icterica Lieftinck 1929 (Tijdschr. Ent. 72: 64, 84-86, fig. 11-12). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 S.E. China, Kwang Tung. 8. M. cantonensis Tinkham 1936 (Lingnan Sci. Journ. 15: 457-459). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 S.E. China, Kwang Tung. 9. M. daimoji Okumura 1949 (Matsumushi, 3: 120-121, fig. 1 A-C). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Japan. (Syn. : M. tokyoensis Asahina 1949, \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Japan).

Description: An interesting collection of subfossil animal remains from cave deposits in the island of Flores (Lesser Sunda Islands) was brought together by Dr. Th.\nL. Verhoeven. The collection includes numerous remains of mammals (Hooijer, 1957; Hooijer, in Verhoeven, 1958, pp. 262-263), as well as some vertebrae of snakes, and fragments of the skull of a Varanus species. The deposits also contain evidence of a mesolithic flake and blade industry (Verhoeven, 1952, 1953; Van Heekeren, 1957, p. 107); their age is holocene (Hooijer, 1957, p. 299: "definitely post-Pleistocene").\nThe Varanus remains are described in the present paper; they belong to a new species; which I dedicate to Dr. D. A. Hooijer in appreciation of his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of the extinct faunas of S. E. Asia.\nThe subfossil remains have been compared to skulls of various species of Varanus in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. As the description will show they differ widely from the recent species occurring in the island of Flores (Varanus (V.) salvator (Laur.), V. (V.) komodoensis Ouwens), as well as from all other species known from S. E. Asia. In two characters they resemble Varanus (Polydaedalus) niloticus (L.) and Varanus (subgenus incertum) grayi Blgr. Of the last-named species only one skull of a full-grown individual is known (Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, nr. 2640/0, Luzon, Philippine Islands, leg.\nLoher, 1897), and I am greatly indebted to Dr. W. Hellmich, Munich, for the loan of this skull. Prof. R. Mertens kindly interrupted his study of this skull to allow its being sent to Leiden. In his monograph of the Varanidae Mertens (1942a, b, c) published descriptions of the skulls and teeth of the majority of the species and subspecies of the genus Varanus and the nume-

Description: From August 16 till September 1, 1955, Dr. H. C. Bl\xc3\xb6te, Mr. J. J. Barkman, and the present author were the leaders of an excursion of students in biology of the University at Leiden to Central France. For some two weeks the party was hospitably lodged in the "Station Biologique" in the village Besse-en-Chandesse (d\xc3\xa9partement Puy de D\xc3\xb4me), 30 km S.S.W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Thanks to the generosity of Prof. R. Hovasse and Dr. L.\nOlivier, we could stay in this biological institute, which belongs to the University at Clermont-Ferrand.\nDuring the excursion the author paid special attention to the collecting of land and freshwater Mollusca. The very dry and hot weather during our stay was one of the main difficulties in carrying the project into execution; moreover, the region has a rather poor malacofauna as a result of the nearly complete absence of lime in the soil.\nThe climate of the here discussed part of Auvergne, the massif of the Monts Dore, is typically Atlantic; the region has a considerable amount of rainfall (1150\xe2\x80\x942500 mm per annum). The highlands are situated at the northwestern border of the Massif Central, representing an area completely exposed to the northern and western winds of the Atlantic Ocean. The warmest month is August with an average temperature of 14.80 C.\nThe Massif Central is of volcanic origin; it consists mainly of metamorphous granite, formed during the Lower Carboniferous, on which beds of lava and volcanic ashes were deposited during the Tertiary. The cones of four extinguished volcanoes rise from a slightly undulating table-land of a height of about 1000 m; the highest of these mountains, the Puy de Sancy, attains a height of 1866 m. Mineral sources are the only remains of volcanic

Description: A visit paid in June 1956 to the British Museum (Natural History), London, and to the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England, enabled me to study the types of several species of Pontonid and Palaemonid prawns, the identity of which thusfar was not known with certainty. In the present paper some of the results of these reexaminations are given.\nI wish to express here my sincere thanks to Dr. Isabella Gordon of the Crustacea Section of the British Museum, and to Dr. C. B. Goodhart of the University Museum of Zoology at Cambridge for the permission to study this valuable material and for their most cordial assistance.\nPericlimenes (Periclimenes) incertus Borradaile, 1915 Periclimenes (Cristiger) incertus Borradaile, 1915, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8) 15: 210; Borradaile, 1917, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2) 17 : 364, pl. 53 fig. 7.\nPericlimenes (Periclimenes) incertus Kemp, 1922, Rec. Indian Mus. 24: 140, 150; Holthuis, 1952, Siboga Exped. 39 (a1o) : 9, 39.\nPericlimenes (Periclimenes) impar Kemp, 1922, Rec. Indian Mus. 24: 140, 147, textfigs. 16, 17, pl. 3 fig. 1; Kemp, 1925, Rec. Indian Mus. 27: 322; Holthuis, 1952, Siboga Exped. 39 (a1o) : 9, 38, fig. 7; Holthuis, 1955, Zool.\nVerhand. Leiden 26: 60, fig. 33a.\nIn his key to the species of the subgenus Periclimenes, Kemp (1922: 140) placed P. incertus in the group with "no teeth of upper rostral series situated on carapace behind orbit". However, in Borradaile\'s (1917) pl. 53 fig. 7, the posterior dorsal rostral tooth is shown as being placed behind the orbit.\nSince Kemp (1922: 150) stated that he had examined the type material of Borradaile\'s species, the possibility existed that the shape of the rostrum

Description: Introduction.\nWhilst examining the vertical distribution of planktonic Copepoda in the Klinkenberger Put, a deep pond at Warmond near Leiden, wide about 400 m, without any connection with other water, samples were taken in October 1951, November 1951, January 1952, February 1952, and March 1952. In the samples of March 1952 a large quantity of larvae of Copepoda were found. A small part of them was in the naupliar stages; the majority, however, appeared to be present as copepodids. These copepodids proved to belong to two different subgenera, viz., Cyclops Claus and Mesocyclops Sars. In the samples only a few adult forms were found, these were Cyclops (Cyclops) strenuus Fischer, Cyclops (Cyclops) vicinus Uljanin, Cyclops (Mesocyclops) leuckarti Claus, and Cyclops (Mesocyclops) hyalinus Rehberg. As representatives of the Centropagidae (Calanoida) were found some adults and larvae of Diaptomus gracilis Sars and larvae of the genus Eurytemora Giesbrecht.\nCountings of the Copepoda in the samples proved that the vertical distribution of the copepodids was in no way homogeneous, the density being the highest at the surface and at the bottom (15 m). A very low density was found at a depth of 11 meters. It was, however, difficult to determine whether these maximal occurrences manifested themselves in all the species present or that the different peaks were caused by concentrations of different species at different depths, because a scrutiny of the available literature failed to produce keys (or tables) for the identification of the copepodid stages. No enumeration of the differences between the copepodids of the above mentioned species could be found. There only exist keys to

Description: The present paper deals with two parasites of the crab Pugettia brevirostris, the one representing the new species Sacculina reinhardi, the other identified with Sacculina muricata. The excrescences of the external cuticle of Sacculina reinhardi are similar to those of Sacculina gracilis. For a comparison of S. gracilis with S. reinhardi some additional data of previously described specimens of S. gracilis are here noted and figured, to show that certain characters of this species are constantly different from the corresponding peculiarities in the only available specimen of S. reinhardi.\nSacculina reinhardi nov. spec. 1) U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northwestern Pacific Cruise, 1906, in entrance of Uraga Strait, Gulf of Tokyo, Japan, 70 fms., October 26, 1906, 1 specimen on Pugettia brevirostris (Doflein), U. S. National Museum, catalogue number 49552.\nSpecific characters. Male organs in the posterior part of the body, outside the visceral mass, forming straight thick-walled canals slightly increasing in size towards the dorsal region; transition of vas deferens into testis indicated by short chitinous tube only. Colleteric glands flat, their tubes nearly all in one row parallel to the surface, 15 to 17 tubes in longitudinal sections of the regions of maximum division. External cuticle with hyaline excrescences consisting of a basal part and a varying number of spines; diameter of excrescences 8 to 23 \xce\xbc, height (including the spines) 8 to 27 \xce\xbc.\nRetinacula unknown.\nThe specimen is oval to rectangular (fig. 1 a), the mantle opening lies at the top of a papilla at the anterior surface, slightly protruding above its 1) Named after Dr. Edward G. Reinhard, Catholic University of America, the author of several important papers on Rhizocephala.

Description: While studying the collection of recent oxen of the Museum my attention was drawn to the problem of the nomenclature of the Java banteng. I believe to have been able to clear up the confusion that still exists today, as will be set forth in the present note.\nThe wild ox of Java, the banteng, is known variously as Bos sondaicus or Bos banteng, but neither of these is the earliest available valid name. The species should have been called: Bibos javanicus (d\'Alton) B[os] Javanicus d\'Alton, Skelete der Wiederk\xc3\xa4uer, Bonn, 1823, p. (7), pl. VIII fig. c.\nThe earliest reference to the banteng of Java I have been able to find is in Pennant (1800, p. 35): "Mr. Loten told me that wild oxen, of a reddish brown color, with vast horns, and of a great size, are found in Java".\nRaffles, in his oft quoted "History of Java" refers to the wild Javan ox as "b\xc3\xa1nteng" (Raffles, 1817, p. 49; 1830, p. 56) or "b\xc3\xa1nteng" (Raffles, 1817, p. III; 1830, p. 123), but these are vernacularisms, as are "Bentinger" as used by Boie and Macklot (1827, p. 316) and "Bantinger" (Fischer, 1829, p. 500).\nIn February, 1821, two adult banteng skeletons from Java were sent to Leiden by Reinwardt, one male, and the other female. In the handwritten list of specimens of Reinwardt\'s consignment preserved in the archives of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden these skeletons are marked as of the wild Javan ox or Bantinger, Bos javanicus. The skulls of these specimens were figured for the first time by d\'Alton (1823, pl. VIII figs, c and d), who, in the explanation of the plate, indicates the male (his fig. c) as "Schadel des Javanischen zahmen Ochsen (B. Javanicus, Reinwardt)",

Description: I am indebted to the authorities of the Leiden Museum for the opportunity of examining and reporting on the large collection made by the late Dr. E. Jacobson on Simalur island and on its smaller satellite Pulau Babi, in 1913, between the months of January and September.\nThe collection is large enough to enable one to study good series of a number of the forms collected, and to justify the naming of several new races. Some new forms had already been named by Dr. C. A. van der Willigen, who studied the collection several years ago. Whenever possible I adopted Dr. van der Willigen\'s MS names.\nIt is now possible to compare the faunas of Simalur Is., Nias Is., and Enggano Is., but the fauna of the Mentawi islands is unfortunately still very imperfectly known.\nI have to thank Dr. L. A. W. C. Venmans for figures of the radulae of several species of which he has kindly made preparations, and Mrs. van der Feen (n\xc3\xa9e van Benthem Jutting) for helpful notes. Also my thanks are due to Dr. van Regteren Altena for the trouble he has taken in making the collection available to me. And lastly I must record my indebtedness to the late Mr. Wilkins of the British Museum (Natural History) for the three figures of new forms described below, and for other help which he always was ready to give.\nLarge though the collection is, I do not doubt that future collecting will add other forms to the Simalur list. Any conclusions, therefore, made from the present list are subject to reservations.\nThe type-specimens of the new forms described below are in the Leiden Museum.

Description: In dieser Fortsetzung werden behandelt der Rest der mnemosyne subspecies, P. stubbendorfi M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. glacialis Butler, P. nordmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. clarius Eversm., P. eversmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. clodius M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. Orleans Ch. Oberthur, P. honrathi Stgr., P. apollonius Eversm., P. bremeri Bremer, P. phoebus F. und die Unterarten dieser Parnassien Parnassius mnemosyne L. subsp. hartmanni Standf.\nReichenhall 1 \xe2\x99\x82 Typus ex c. Standfuss; Sonntagshorn 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres + siegeli; Fischbach a. Inn 3 \xe2\x99\x82 3 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Mangfalltal (Topotypen von subsp. lysandra Fruhst.) 11 \xe2\x99\x82 11 \xe2\x99\x80 ex c. Kotzsch; Saletalp 5 \xe2\x99\x82 5 \xe2\x99\x80 ; K\xc3\xb6nigssee 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. grundi Bryk; Hochgern 3 \xe2\x99\x82 3 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Petersberge 4 \xe2\x99\x82, \xe2\x99\x82 f. ernestinae Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 trs. f. halteres Musch., 5\xe2\x99\x80,2\xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres Musch., 2 \xe2\x99\x80 f. minuscula Bryk ; Melleck 2 \xe2\x99\x82 2 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Obersee 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. minuscula Bryk; Nesselgraben/Reichenhall 2 \xe2\x99\x82 2 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Sonnenwendjoch 2 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Reichenhall 2 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. antiquincunx Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. halteres Musch., 1 \xe2\x99\x80 , 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. lunulata Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. umbratilis ; Oberaudorf 4 \xe2\x99\x82 3 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Schafberg 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. siegeli Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Sonntagshorn 5 \xe2\x99\x82, 3 \xe2\x99\x80,2 \xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres Musch. ; Hochgern 2 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Stuhlfelden, Pinzgau 1 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80.\nDas sehr reichhaltige in etwa 25 Jahren gesammelte Material, das ich ex c. E. Hoffmann erworben und von dem ich die nachstehend aufgef\xc3\xbchrten Vertreter in meine Sammlung eingereiht habe, best\xc3\xa4tigt die in Parnassiana v. 2 p. 51 gegebene Diagnose; nur scheint der helle und dunkle Habitus in den gleichen H\xc3\xb6henlagen nebeneinander aufzutreten.\nHoch-Felln 20 \xe2\x99\x82, trs. f. halteres 4 cf, f. cardinalis 3 \xe2\x99\x82, f. lunulata 2 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 dem hellen Typ angeh\xc3\xb6rend, mit fast v\xc3\xb6llig verschw\xc3\xa4rzter Zelle

Description: A new species of freshwater Bryozoa has been found at Patua, Sumatra by Dr. A. Holleman-Haye. It belongs to the genus Lophopodella which has an Aethiopean-Indian range.\nThe genus Lophopodella is characterised by its large oval statoblast, large capsule and broad annulus. This annulus possesses one or more spines at the poles. These spines are studded with very small anchor-like hooklets. The genus Lophopodella is closely related to the genus Pectinatella. The statoblasts of the latter genus may bear large spines without hooklets or, on the other hand, a great number of small spines (or hooklets) which are directly placed on and around the entire margin, as e.g. in Pectinatella gelatinosa Oka. Characteristic of the new species of Lophopodella is that the poles are studded with a number of hooklets, directly placed on to the margin. In this respect the species resembles Pectinatella gelatinosa and on this character the name of the new species is based. The species is an "intermediate" form between the genera Lophopodella and Pectinatella.\nThe close relationship is proved by the variability and the teratology of the statoblasts. Sometimes they already show the character of a more evolved species or, conversely, they recall a more primitive stage by their lack of characters.\nZoarium: a gelatinous mass, about 4 mm is diameter, lobate, the lobation originates from the base but also, probably as a result of incisures into the border; in peripheral lobation they do not reach very far into the lumen, they give the impression to be cicatrices of healed fissures.\nPolypides: about 21/2 mm long, tentacles numbering 50-70; about half of the total length; invagination is complete.

Description: Diploknema Pierre, Arch, n\xc3\xa9erl. sc. exact. et nat. 19, 1884, 103; Burck, Med. Lands Pl. Bzg 3, 1886, 43; Boerlage, Handl. Fl. Ned.-Ind. 2, 1, 1891, 301; Baillon, Hist. Pl. 11, 1891, 302; Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, 1, 1897, 134; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind. 3, 1917, 292; Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 7, 1925, 183; Lam, Bull. Jard. bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 8, 1927, 463; Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., ed. 2, 1927, 1231, and ed. 3, 1950, 1231 \xe2\x80\x94 Mixandra Pierre, Not. Bot. Sapot., 1890, 2; Dubard, Rev. G\xc3\xa9n. Bot. 20, 1908, 316.\nTrees. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at apex of branchlets, stipules extant, petioles often thickened in basal part. Inflorescences fascicled in axils of leaf-scars on older branches, those of the present year in most cases bearing leaves only. Sepals (4\xe2\x80\x94)5(\xe2\x80\x946), spirally arranged, ovate, the two exterior ones valvate, the inner ones imbricate. Corolla 7\xe2\x80\x94 16-lobed. Stamens 16\xe2\x80\x9480, in 2\xe2\x80\x944 rows inserted in the throat of the corolla, sometimes androecium reduced and consisting of as many petaloid staminodes. Ovary without or with a small disk, conoid, glabrous or pubescent, 5\xe2\x80\x9414-celled; style stout, truncate, cells with one ovule which is centrally or apically attached. Fruit a 1\xe2\x80\x943(\xe2\x80\x945)-seeded berry, seeds large, scar broad, testa thin to thick, woody to crustaceous, albumen none to extant, cotyledons thick, curved towards margins, radicle short, inferior.

Description: In the earliest papers on neotropical Blattidae a fair number of specimens from Surinam were recorded (LINNAEUS, DE GEER \xc2\xb9), DE SAUSSURE, BRUNNER). But in the period from the beginning of this century up to now only a few scattered reports of Blattidae from that region have appeared in the literature of the subject. The present article will be the first to deal exclusively with Surinam species.\nThe material dealt with in this paper was mainly secured by DR. D. C. GEIJSKES between 1938 and 1955. His extensive travels both in the coastal area and far into the interior of Surinam enabled him to collect all over the country.

Description: Most of the material recorded in this paper was collected by the author during his stay in Suriname from 1949 to 1955.\nBy courtesy of Mrs. J. BONNE-WEPSTER, the author was enabled to study the Wyeomyia specimens which were collected by BONNE and BONNE-WEPSTER in Suriname and are at present in the collection of the Department of Tropical Hygiene and Geographical Pathology of the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. This material includes five holotypes and a number of paratypes.

Description: Two small but interesting collections of octocorals from the northeastern coast of South America have recently come into my hands through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, one of them from a survey conducted by the Government of Surinam, the other from exploratory work of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The first was obtained off the coast of Surinam by Mr. J. C. HIGMAN, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service observer aboard the motor vessel \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d during the course of exploratory shrimp investigations. The second was obtained between Trinidad and the Amazon River, Brazil, through the efforts of Dr. GILES W. MEAD during the course of cruise 47 of the exploratory vessel \xe2\x80\x9cOregon.\xe2\x80\x9d Because there is so little information available dealing with the fauna of the northeastern coast of South America, it seems desirable to make known the records of Octocorallia taken by the \xe2\x80\x9cCoquette\xe2\x80\x9d and the \xe2\x80\x9cOregon\xe2\x80\x9d along this extensive and little known coast, together with a list of the species already reported in the literature. The four new species contained in the present material are described and figured in full, and figures of the spicules of the known species are given in support of the identifications set forth.

Description: The present paper embodies the results of a study of 362 specimens of the genus Rivulus from Suriname and the other Guyanas.\nSo far, 58 species names (morphological species or subspecies) have been proposed, by a great many authors; these names are listed on pages 52\xe2\x80\x9453. Of the 58, topotypical specimens have been examined in 8 instances. In order to facilitate a future review of the genus, which is in great need of revision, short remarks are made on the morphology and ecology of a number of specimens, from various localities, belonging to distinct species.

Description: For a long time, investigation of the fauna of Suriname encountered great difficulties. These included: great abundance of species; inaccessibility of the territory concerned; lack of zoologists on the spot, and little interest in Neotropical material on the part of Dutch biologists. Moreover, the practice of this branch of science has depended on the initiative of private individuals, the result being that no definite programme has been followed. Owing to these circumstances investigation of the zoology of Suriname has lagged far behind investigation of its botany and geology.

Description: The zoological collections made by the 1948\xe2\x80\x941949 Surinam Expedition contain about 200 mammals, brought together by the zoologists Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES and Mr. P. H. CREUTZBERG. Though the collection consists mainly of species which had already been reported from Dutch Guiana, it is of considerable value, in the first place on account of the detailed data concerning the localities, biotopes, and biology, and secondly because not only the skins and skulls of the collected specimens have been preserved but as a rule also their complete skeletons.\nThe present paper \xc2\xb9) deals with the Primates; the other groups of mammals will be treated in subsequent publications. Thanks are due to Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES, who is responsible for the notes on the biology of the species. The skeletons of the material dealt with here have recently been studied in the Leiden Museum by Mr. G. E. ERIKSON of Harvard Medical School, Boston, who intends to publish the results of his investigation in the near future.

Description: In the course of the preparation of the book on \xe2\x80\x9cDe Vogels van de Nederlandse Antillen\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cBirds of ths Netherlands Antilles\xe2\x80\x9d), which will be published very soon (obtainable through Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, and Boekhandel Salas, Cura\xc3\xa7ao), it became apparent that the bananaquits (Coereba flaveola) from Bonaire required a new subspecific name. Full details on the occurrence of Coereba flaveola in the group of Netherlands Leeward Islands (Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and Bonaire) will be found in my forthcoming monograph on the birds of these islands, in the 7th volume of these Studies, as well as in the above mentioned book.

Description: In the second half of the nineteenth century an important contribution to our knowledge of the fauna of the Netherlands Antilles, and especially of St. Martin, was made by the medical officer of that island, H. E. VAN RIJGERSMA, whose name, however, has remained almost unknown to Dutch biologists. By assembling important zoological collections VAN RIJGERSMA enabled specialists to study the fauna of St. Martin and the neighbouring islands; as a result, this fauna was for a long time better known than that of many other West Indian islands.\nFrom information kindly placed at my disposal by the Rijksarchief (Netherlands State Archives) and the Record Office of the Ministerie van Zaken Overzee (Netherlands Ministry of Affairs Overseas) it appears that HENDRIK ELING (or ELINGSZ.) VAN RIJGERSMA was born in 1834 or at the beginning of 1835, and was very probably of Frisian origin. It is not known where he studied; but he practised on the island of Marken, in the Netherlands, as doctor, surgeon and obstetrician, until the year 1863. By Royal Decree No. 60, dated 26 June 1863, VAN RIJGERSMA was appointed Government Physician on the Dutch West Indian island of St. Martin, where he went in the autumn of 1863 with his wife and two children. He filled this post on St. Martin until his death on 4 March 1877, only once returning on furlough to the Netherlands, from Spring 1873 till March 1874. He was married to MARIA HENRIETTA GR\xc3\x84FING, probably from Amsterdam. At his death he left seven children. His widow continued to live on St. Martin until 1893, when she went back to the Netherlands with five of her children.

Description: In 1957 werden de karteringen in twee gescheiden gebieden in de Pyrenee\xc3\xabn voortgezet, verder in een gebied in N.-Leon aansluitend aan het N.-Palenciagebied begonnen en in Galicia eveneens voortgezet.\nIn de Spaanse Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd dit jaar begonnen met gebieden, die uit het Segredal te bereiken zijn en op de duur zullen aansluiten met het Pallaresagebied. In de Franse Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd het onderzoek aan het massief van Aston voortgezet.

Description: In the introduction the criteria are mentioned which enable us to distinguish the products of the synkinematic and post-kinematic phases of the Hercynian metamorphism. A short characteristic has been given of the Silurian and Cambro-Ordovician rocks.\nThe mica-schists, discussed in Chapter I, are exposed in the southeastern, central and northern parts of the mapped area. The grade of metamorphism increases from north to south in this rock-series. A biotite-, an andalusiteand a sillimanite zone can be distinguished. The biotite- and andalusite zones originated during the synkinematic phase. However, the sillimanite of the mica-schists is thought to be post-kinematic. There are indications that the rocks of the sillimanite zone have undergone high-grade metamorphism. In the low-grade biotite-muscovite-schists a marble layer occurs with biotite-gneiss bands, containing fairly basic plagioclase.\nThree varieties of synkinematic gneiss are distinguished: A) Sillimanitegneisses (migmatites), B) quartz-dioritic gneisses and C) homogeneous biotite-gneisses. The migmatites predominate in a 200 m thick zone which is located structurally below the mica-schists. The migmatization (both lit-par-lit replacement and metamorphic differentiation probably were involved) appears to be late- to post-kinematic. Nearly all the sillimanite, however, is postkinematic. The quartz-dioritic gneisses are supposed to have been formed by a selective sodium metasomatism of lime-bearing pelites. The biotite-gneisses possibly originated from semipelitic or pelitic rocks by sodium metasomatism.\nThe quartz-diorites which occur structurally below the zone of migmatites, mentioned above, occupy most of the area in the north-eastern and southeastern parts of the region investigated. In most cases it was clear that these rocks were formed by rheomorphism at the expense of migmatites. On the other hand, static recrystallization of homogeneous biotite-gneisses may also result in the formation of quartz-diorites. The field observations show that rheomorphism took place on a regional scale in the Trois Seigneurs massif. Nowhere do the quartz-diorites break through the sillimanite-gneiss zone, which forms a continuous envelope around these rocks. Numerous relics of the pre-existing rock series are still recognizable in the autochthonous quartzdiorites.\nThe resisters (Chapter IV) occur as conformable layers or lenses in the synkinematic gneisses. These lenses and layers have been broken into many pieces, due to the flow movements in the rheomorphic quartz-diorites. A series of rock types of sedimentary origin (part I) could be distinguished: magnesian and non-magnesian marbles and lime-silicate rocks, hornblende and biotite-bytownite-gneisses (presumably original marls) and quartzites. They may be intercalated, and usually show a typical sedimentary banding. Transitions between the three different types have been observed. Another group of resisters (part II) show characteristics which indicate that they are of igneous origin. The quartz-gabbros (part III) probably originated at the expense of amphibolites through an extreme static recrystallization.\nIn the registers a synkinematic paragenesis can be distinguished which can be placed in the amphibolite facies. The following minerals: diopside, clinopyroxene, grossularite, wollastonite, forsterite, spinel, calcic plagioclase and green hornblende characterize this paragenesis. Furthermore a high-grade post-kinematic association is present which contains, among others: cummingtonite, light green amphibole, pargasite, cordierite (?), anthophyllite (?), and bytownite. During the post-kinematic phase the green hornblende of the hornblende-bytownite-gneisses apparently remained stable as did the clinopyroxene, grossularite and basic plagioclase of the lime-silicate rocks. In association with late cross-cutting pegmatites a low-grade paragenesis occurs: sericite, pennine, epidote, clinozoisite, prehnite, actinolite and albite. It was not possible to establish, whether the tremolite, epidote and clinozoisite of the lime-silicate rocks originated in association with pegmatites, or as a result of the cooling in the rock series during the latest stages of the metamorphism. In general the resisters probably underwent an isochemical metamorphism.\nSills or cross-cutting dykes of pegmatite and leucocratic granitic rocks (Chapter V) are of frequent occurrence in the gneisses of the Trois Seigneurs massif. They originated during many different stages of the Hercynian metamorphism. In the quartz-diorites the early sills reacted as plastic bodies during the stage of rheomorphism and preserved their original parallel position. The muscovite-granite of the Pic d\xe2\x80\x99Estibat is located close above the migmatite boundary.\nThe biotite-muscovite granite of la Ruse (Chapter VI) is possibly intrusive and perhaps originated at the expense of a concentration of pegmatites and leucocratic granites which, as a rule, occur near the migmatite boundary.\nThe biotite-granodiorite of the Pic des Trois Seigneurs is described in Chapter VII. Its intrusive character is clear, mainly from evidence of shouldering aside the enclosing rocks. It is suggested that the original magma of the granodiorite originated at the expense of autochthonous gneisses and quartzdiorites which have become intrusive. There are indications that the granodiorite body narrows downward and that the connection with the autochthonous rocks has more or less been lost.\nBodies of chlorite-albite rock (Chapter VIII) occur in many places in the gneisses and quartz-diorites of the mapped area, but also in the biotite-granodiorite of the Pic des Trois Seigneurs, and even in the micaschists. It could be proved that these rocks were formed through a strong sodium metasomatism under hydrothermal conditions. Especially in the field, the original appearance of the pre-existing rocks has been well preserved. Small lenses of chloritite frequently occur in the chlorite-albite rocks. They are original basic resisters. These rocks appear to be later than the late-Hercynian cross-cutting pegmatites. The age of the chlorite-albite rocks could not yet be determined. Possibly they are associated with the late-Hercynian period of faulting or with the Alpine orogeny. The influence of chloritization and albitization is also clear in gneisses and quartz-diorites near important fault zones.\nThe structural relations of the Trois Seigneurs massif with respect to the surrounding mesozoic rocks and the axial zone of the Pyrenees are discussed in the last chapter.

Description: The results of an investigation of the structure and sedimentology of Upper Westphalian and Lower Stephanian strata in the eastern end of the Cantabrian palaeozoic core (NW Spain), are presented.\nThe sediments, shales, sandstones, limestones and coal seams occur in three main associations: the orthoquartzite-carbonate, the turbidite and paralic associations. Two facies are dstinguished: a western, without turbidites, with relatively many coal seams and an eastern, with turbidites and a few coal seams.\nSome evidence for a zone of less subsidence is present. This zone separates the two facies. The western and eastern facies are represented by the rocks in the Sierra Corisa and Redondo synclines respectively. Between the two synclines occurs a zone of long stretched narrow folds, often upthrusted to the west. Fold axes generally plunge SSE. Some of the structural features are explained by disharmonic folding and extrusion tectonics.\nIn the eastern facies a formation occurs, which consists of graded sandstones alternating with mudstones.\nThickness measurements of the individual sandstone and mudstone beds are analysed with non-parametric statistical methods. Several regularities in the succession of lithological types or thicknesses are revealed. Correlations between thickness or position of variates (i. e. sandstone, mudstone, sideritic concretion) are tentatively explained in the light of the turbidity current hypothesis. Especially the successive sandstone thicknesses show an interdependence expressed in \xe2\x80\x9cfluctuations\xe2\x80\x9d. Sandstone-mudstone thickness-correlation leads to the assumption of a very high mud content of the turbidity current in these cases, and considerable erosion by successive currents.\nSedimentary structures, especially those of the turbidite association, are described in detail. A short annotated bibliography on sole markings is given.\nThe palaeocurrent directions measured from sole markings and cross-bedding are discussed. The sequence of sole-marking-directions on successive turbidite layers indicates interdependence of these dirctions, which could also mean the interdependence of the depositing currents.\nA litho-stratigraphic map, three structural sections and twelve stratigraphic sections are given.

Description: Rejuvenation and aggradation are among the usual adaptations of a river under changing conditions. Terraces may result from rejuvenation, and a repeated alternation of rejuvenation and aggradation may lead, but does not necessarily so, to the formation of a sequence of terraces bordering a valley. Many agencies are involved in terrace formation. The correlation of terraces along different rivers, or even along different parts of the same river, often meet with serious difficulties.\nHowever, under certain conditions the causes involved may be of such a nature as to affect all rivers in a vast area in the same way. This has been the case for instance during the changing glacial and interglacial conditions of the Pleistocene. Their effects are well developed in the middle course of several rivers in the periglacial belt of temperate Europe. On paleontological evidence it is assumed, that the aggradation is of glacial age, and accordingly the rejuvenation is of interglacial age. Zeuner (1945, p. 26) pointed out that, to state it more exactly, aggradation began when, toward the end of an interglacial, conditions became colder, and rejuvenation set in as soon as the climate became milder again, i. e. still under cold conditions. This type of river terraces is generally known as glacial-climatic terraces. Glacial-climatic terraces have provided valuable evidence for the chronology of the Pleistocene. Their significance is hardly less than that derived from directly glacial evidence.

Description: Benoemd met ingang van de cursus 1922\xe2\x80\x9423, gaf ik mijn eerste college in de Mineralogie op 27 september 1922 en mijn eerste college in de Algemene Geologie op 13 October van dat jaar. Ik was benoemd tot een soort \xe2\x80\x9cSjaan van alles\xe2\x80\x9d uit de familie Doorsnee, evenals mijn voorganger K. Martin dat geweest was; d.w.z. ik zou alle geologische wetenschappen moeten doceren: Kristallografie, Mineralogie, Petrologie, Algemene Geologie, Palaeontologie, Stratigrafie en Historische Geologie. Gelukkig had ik de vermetelheid aan de President-Curator mede te delen, niet in staat te zijn de laatstgenoemde drie vakken te onderwijzen. Noodgedwongen moest ik een keuze doen. Naast de Algemene Geologie zou het \xc3\xb2f het complex der mineralogische wetenschappen of dat der palaeontologische moeten zijn, waarop ik mij met enige kans van succes zou kunnen werpen. Ik koos de eerstgenoemde groep omdat de exacte zijde der geologische wetenschappen mij aantrok, terwijl het determineren van fossielen mij niet lag. Wanneer men bedenkt, dat von Laue zijn beroemd proefondervindelijk bewijs van de struktuur der kristallen, toen ik in 1911 afstudeerde, nog niet geleverd had, en ik mij, na een assistentschap van 1% Jaar en een conservatorschap van 1 jaar in Delft, in de aardolieindustrie begaf, zal het duidelijk zijn, dat ik in 1922 een grote achterstand in mijn wetenschappelijke ontwikkeling had in te halen om enigszins dragelijke colleges in de Kristallografie en Mineralogie te geven. Ik wil hier niet uitweiden over de moeilijkheden, die ik hierbij te overwinnen had, maar wel gaarne getuigen van het genoegen dat ik telkens weer beleefde (tot in 1950) wanneer ik de jonge studenten in de geheimen van de kristallografische symmetrieleer en kristaloptica moest inwijden.\nHeden wil ik zeer in het kort in herinnering roepen hetgeen ik naast de gewone colleges in de geologie en mineralogie onder de titel \xe2\x80\x9cCapita selecta"" als dessert heb opgediend.

Description: In Umbgrove\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cGeological History of the East Indies\xe2\x80\x9d, published in 1938 in the Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, we find on page 7 the following remarks about the possible extistence of an Upper Paleozoic unconformity in North Sumatra: \xe2\x80\x9cAccording to Zwierzicky (1929) the Triassic near Prapat on Lake Toba (Sumatra) rests unconformably on phyllites, which he considers to be Upper Paleozoic. As this is the only angular unconformity of the sort that has been established with certainty in the entire western part of the Archipelago, we shall \xe2\x80\x94 until this important question has been definitely settled by field research \xe2\x80\x94 have to consider two possibilities: either a local, more recently developed structural discordance, or a real unconformity caused by transgression. In the latter case we would meet with an Upper Paleozoic folding (and transgressive Triassic) in the Area of Lake Toba, On the other supposition, we should have a conformable sequence from Paleozoic to Upper Triassic in Western Sumatra and Malaya\xe2\x80\x9d.