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  • Immunocytochemistry  (203)
  • growth
  • Springer  (312)
  • Firenze University Press
  • 1985-1989  (312)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone and its analogs against larvae of Pieris brassicae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162857
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and long-run stability (1987)
    Springer
    Acta applicandae mathematicae 9 (1987), S. 219-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 34A34 ; 34D99 ; 90A16 ; Nonlinear differential equations ; stability ; growth ; economic dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the implications of persistent growth upon the stability properties of dynamic models. Besides the traditional concept of asymptotic stability, new stability criteria-strong/weak absolute, strong/weak relative, strong/weak logarithmic stability-are introduced, and global stability conditions for satisfying these criteria are stated for general first-order autonomous differential equations. The conflict between rapidity of growth and the degree of stability is demonstrated. Economic applications of the stability theorems are illustrated within the growth models of Harrod and Solow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047540
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence, distribution and nature of neuropeptide Y in the rat pancreas (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1554-1557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; neuropeptide Y ; radioimmunoassay ; rat pancreas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant quantities of a newly discovered peptide, neuropeptide Y, were found in the rat pancreas, where they were localized to nerves in the exocrine parenchyma and around arterial and ductal structures. Although unaffected by surgical parasympathectomy, the periarterial and periductal nerves were abolished by chemical sympathectomy, suggesting that NPY is partially costored with sympathetic transmitters in nerve fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964804
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain ofChlorella (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1621-1621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chlorella ; cadmium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of 14 strains from fiveChlorella species is rather insensitive towards cadmium. One strain (211-1a) ofC. saccharophila, however, was found to have a sensitivity towards this toxic heavy metal about 100 times higher than that of the other strains ofC. saccharophila.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964839
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and the average duration of larval life in the southern hemisphere lamprey,Geotria australis Gray (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1170-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lampreys ; Geotria australis ; ammocoetes ; larval life ; growth ; metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (〈100 mm) and weight (〈1.2 g).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941297
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acyrthosiphon pisum performance in response to the sugar and amino acid composition of artificial diets, and its relation to lucerne varietal resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Medicago sativa ; resistance ; amino acids ; sucrose ; phloem sap ; artificial diet ; ingestion ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur des milieux holidiques se différenciant par leur concentration en acides aminés ou en saccharose ou par leur spectre en acides aminés et copiant la sève de deux variétés de luzerne (sensible et résistante) nous avons étudié différents paramètres biologiques d'un biotype d'Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à ce puceron. Que ce soit pour le reproduction et la survie des adultes ou pour la croissance et le développment larvaire, nous montrons l'influence spécifique de la concentration en saccharose et en acides aminés ainsi que celle du spectre en acides aminés des régimes artificiels. Ces différences de performances de A. pisum peuvent en partie être expliquées par les différences d'ingestion. Néanmoins pour des rapport saccharose/acides aminés identiques et pour des niveaux d'ingestion égaux, il existe selon les milieux de grandes différences de taux de reproduction et donc d'efficacités métaboliques. Les milieux copiant la sève de variétés sensible et résistante permettent jusqu'à présent d'expliquer une partie des observations faites sur végétal, mais démontrent que l'ignorance de certains facteurs phagostimulants présents dans la plante empêche une interprétation complète des effets observés.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of resistance of two lucerne cultivars (susceptible ‘Resistador’ and resistant ‘Lahontan’ clones) to a French biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, several biological parameters of this aphid were investigated on sap-copied holidic diets differing either by their amino acid or sucrose concentrations or by the relative proportions of some amino acids. We recorded the quantitative influence of nutrient levels and amino acid profiles on adult survival and reproduction, as well as on larval growth and development. The differences in A. pisum performances on artificial diets may partly by explained by variable ingestion rates, but also by differences in metabolic efficiency of the ingested nutrients, which greatly depends on amino acid composition. Although holidic diet experiments partially confirm the biological assays of resistance on plants, they also point out a lack in our understanding of the factors present in the sap which are involved in phagostimulation in vivo, thus preventing a complete interpretation of observed resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376409
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition between larvae of Ips typographus (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; bark beetle ; Scolytidae ; intra-specific larval competition ; growth ; simulation model ; breeding pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konkurrenz zwischen Larven des Borkenkäfers Ips typographus L. in Rundhölzern von Picea abies Karsten wurde im Laboratorium studiert. Um die Annahme zu testen, dass die Mortalität bei Borkenkäferlarven hauptsächlich von Futterkonkurrenz stammt, wurden die Parameter dieses Vorgangs geschätzt, die Zahl der Überlebenden vorausgesagt und verglichen mit der tatsächlichen Zahl Überlebender in jedem Rundholz. Die erforderlichen Voraussagen wurden mit dem Simulationsmodell von De Jong & Saarenmaa (1985) gemacht. In diesem Modell wird angenommen, dass die Larven Futter aufnehmen, in dem sie sich in der zweidimensionalen Rindenschicht bewegen und dass sie sterben oder sich vorzeitig in untergewichtige Käfer verwandeln, wenn sie in ein Gebiet gelangen, dessen Futter erschöpft ist. Es wurde geschlossen, dass der wichtigste Aspekt der Larvenbewegung im Hinblick aufs Überleben das gegenseitige Ausweichen ist. Die Muster der Larvengänge, wie sie aus einem Muttergang aufgrund gegenseitigen Ausweichens entstehen, wurden berechnet; sie stimmten sehr gut überein mit den beobachteten Mustern. Das Wachstum und das Überleben wurden in separaten Versuchen untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass vorzeitiger Entwicklungsabschluss als Folge von Nahrungsknappheit eintritt. Das Überleben hängt davon ab, ob die Larve genug Futter zum Verpuppen erhalten hat. Dass die Larve eine bestimmte Grösse erreicht (Wachstum), war proportional zur Bewegung über eine bestimmte Distanz in der Rindenschicht. Unter den Versuchsbedingungen nahm das potentielle Trockengewicht der Puppen um 0,08 mg zu mit jedem mm Larvengang. Die minimale zur Verpuppung erforderliche Futtermenge war 20 mm Ganglänge, was proportional zu 1,6 mg Puppentrockengewicht ist. Aus diesen Resultaten wird geschlossen, dass Futterkonkurrenz die hauptsächliche Mortalitätsursache unter Larven von I. typographus in Rundhölzern im Laboratorium ist. Zudem wurde das Simulationsmodell erfolgreich überprüft; deshalb scheint es, dass Futterkonkurrenz entsprechend der vorigen Hypothese erfolgt. Die Annahme scheint vertretbar, dass dieser letzte Schluss auch für I. typographus unter natürlicheren Bedingungen zutrifft.
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to provide parameters for a simulation model for Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). This model illustrates larval competition and predicts brood survival in bolts. Brood survival depended upon larvae attaining a weight of at least 1.6 mg dry weight. The pattern of larval foraging in a bolt is hypothesized to be regulated by mutual avoidance among larvae. An analytical solution is presented for the construction of the pattern of larval paths originating from a single maternal gallery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195567
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of the impact of the hoverfly, Metasyrphus corollae on the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, in winter wheat: laboratory rates of kill (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 153-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Syrphidae ; Metasyrphus corollae ; cereal aphid ; Sitobion avenae ; quantification ; field populations ; biomass ; voracity ; growth ; development ; kill rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de mortalité de S. avenae provoqué par les larves de M. corollae a été mesuré au laboratoire pour évaluer l'impact de ce prédateur sur les populations de ce puceron dans la nature. L'évolution du poids des larves et de la biomasse de pucerons tués a été suivie tous les jours dans des conditions de température et humidité constantes. Un taux moyen de mortalité a été déterminé pour chaque stade larvaire du prédateur, il a servi à déduire les niveaux de mortalité quotidienne dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of kill of cereal aphids by larvae of Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was measured in the laboratory with the aim of assessing the impact of this predator on field populations of cereal aphids. Daily measurements were taken of changes in both the larval weight and the biomass of aphids killed by M. corollae in conditions of constant temperature and humidity. A mean relative kill rate was defined and calculated for each larval instar of the predator from which estimates of field daily rates of kill can be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301746
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L'élevage de deux coccinelles Harmonia axyridis et Semiadalia undecimnotata à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella tués aux rayons ultraviolets (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Semiadalia undecimnotata ; Aphids ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Pyralidae ; Anagasta kuehniella ; growth ; reproduction ; breeding ; natural prey ; unnatural prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.
    Notes: Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187498
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance in the wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya and Hordeum bogdani to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Avena macrostachya ; Hordeum bogdani ; resistance ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; growth ; excretion ; amino acids ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumè Lors d'examens systématiques antérieurs, Avena macrostachya (Bal. ex Coss. & Dur.) et Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) ont présenté une résistance élevée au puceron Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Lorsqu'ils avaient un choix comprenant de l'avoine et de l'orge cultivés, les pucerons ailés ont atterri en nombres moins importants sur les espèces sauvages. Les résultats étaient cependant variables dans le complexe avoine. La production de nymphes et le poids des adultes étaient plus élevés sur espèces cultivées, ainsi que la durée du développement était plus longue sur les espèces sauvages. A partir du troisième stade, l'excrétion de miellat a été significativement plus faible sur les espèces résistantes. En général, le miellat y contenait moins de 1% d'acides aminés bien que sur H. vulgare il en contînt 3,5%. Les pourcentages d'acides aminés libres du miellat étaient semblables sur toutes les plantes (5,2–7,6%), à l'exception de H. vulgare sur lequel les pucerons excrétaient 22% des taux ingérés. Les acides aminés excrétés en fortes quantités sur les différentes plantes, comprenaient l'asparagine, l'acide γ-aminobutyrique, l'acide glutamique et la glycine. Des coupes de tissus n'ont révélé aucun obstacle mécanique clair à la pénétration des stylets. Les possibilités d'utiliser ces espèces sauvages comme source de résistance aux pucerons dans la sélection de l'avoine et de l'orge ont été examinées.
    Notes: Abstract In previous screening tests the two wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya (Bal., ex Coss. et Dur.) and Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) demonstrated a high degree of resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In a choice situation using wild and cultivated oats and barley, alate aphids settled in lower numbers on the wild species. The results were, however, variable in the Avena combination. Nymph production was significantly higher, development time shorter and adult weight higher on the cultivated varieties. From the third instar and onwards the excretion of honeydew was significantly lower on the resistant plants. In general the honeydew contained less than 1% free amino acids although excreta from H. vulgare contained 3.5%. The percentage of free amino acids found in the honeydew was similar for all plant species (5.2–7.6%) except for H. vulgare, on which the aphids excreted 22% of the amounts ingested. Amino acids excreted in high proportions on all plants included asparagine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. Tissue sectioning did not reveal any obvious mechanical barriers to stylet penetration. The potential use of these wild species as sources for aphid resistance breeding in oats and barley is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376401
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yield and growth response to potassium of grain sorghum as influenced by variety in a savanna soil of Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium fertilization ; grain sorghum ; savanna soil ; yield ; growth ; varietal difference ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Samaru over a three-year period (1980–82) to study the yield, growth and nutrient concentration of three grain sorghum varieties (L. 187, SK5912 and FFBL) in relation to potassium fertilization in a savanna soil. Potassium application rates were 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1. Year × potassium interactions were not significant although there were significant variety × K interactions. The highest grain yields for var. L.187, SK5912 and FFBL occurred from the application of 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1 respectively. Straw yield was generally increased by K application, which also promoted tillering and hastened flowering in grain sorghum. Although grain weight per head, head number per m2, grain number and 1000-grain weight were unaffected by this nutrient, weight per head was reduced by 22.8 per cent. K application enhanced N concentration of sorghum plants but caused decline in P concentration. The highest K rate gave the highest K concentration in each of the three varieties at 7 weeks after planting. Optimum K requirement of grain sorghum would seem to be between 25 and 50 kg K ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051372
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    A mathematical model of plant growth with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 245-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root/shoot ratio ; nutrients ; light ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mathematical analysis presented in this paper of plant growth is based on the assumption that the influence of deficiencies in the major root nutrients of water, N, P and K is to reduce the fraction of the plant mass devoted to photosynthesis by increasing the root fraction, thereby diminishing the rate of growth of the total plant. A reciprocal phenomenon occurs with deficiency of light. Using literature data on the influence of environmental conditions on plant growth and in particular on the root/shoot ratio, the relevant rate expressions are derived in a simple form and appear to be generally similar for a wide range of plants during their vegetative phase of growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063321
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  • 13
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    A mathematical model of root exploration and of grain fill with particular reference to winter wheat (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 11 (1987), S. 267-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: model ; growth ; root ; soil exploration ; grain fill ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the first part of this paper a model is derived for the exploration of the soil by roots in a growing crop with particular reference to cereals. The distribution of root density with depth is related to the growth of the above-ground parts and to the varying demand these place on the roots modified by the changing texture and nutrient status of the soil with depth. In the second part of the paper the growth of cereal seeds is modelled by being related to the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and the duration of its life following anthesis. The death of the plant is considered to be a consequence of the parasitic action of the seeds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063322
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  • 14
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    Growth, yield components and micronutrient nutrition of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization and plant density (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; nitrogen fertilization ; plant density ; yield components ; growth ; micronutrient nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and yield components in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) were enhanced by nitrogen fertilization ranging from 50 to 200 kg N ha−1. Ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio, number of ears plant−1, plant height and dry matter production increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 100 or 150 kg N ha−1. Tasselling in maize was hastened by N fertilization. Increasing plant density from 25000 to 75000 plants ha−1 increased plant height, dry matter production and delayed tasseling but reduced ear diameter, kernel depth, grain: stover ratio and number of ears plant−1. Increased N supply and plant density had no influence on the concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in ear leaf; except that Mn concentration increased as N fertilization rate was increased up to 150 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen × plant density interactions on the concentrations of the micronutrients in maize ear leaf were not significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050279
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales), a fungal pathogen of the mosquito Aedes australis (1986)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 96 (1986), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mosquito pathogen ; growth ; sporulation ; temperature ; pH ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The New Zealand strain of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium under varying regimes of growth conditions. The isolate exhibited good tolerances to temperature (4–35 °C), pH (3–10) and salinity (0–7% NaCl). Optimal vegetative growth and sporulation were recorded between a temperature range of 20–30° C, pH of 5–6 and a salinity level of 0–2% NaCl. The North American isolate of the fungus showed similar tolerances, while the European isolate was less tolerant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436665
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Dynamics of increase in muscle fibers in fishes in relation to size and growth (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Teleost fish, freshwater ; muscle, white myotomal ; myotomal muscle ; muscle fibers ; fish size ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of increase of white myotomal muscle fibers of four species of freshwater teleosts (Salmo gairdneri, Pimephales notatus, Esox masquinongy andE. americanus vermiculatus) from three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae) representing a variety of maximum attainable sizes and growth rates, have been investigated. There are at least three major differences in these dynamics, and there appears to be an association between the ability of a fish species to attain large size (and grow fast) and its ability to recruit new fibers into this predominant tissue of the myotomal mass.
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    Fourier analysis of vertebral shape change due to growth and selection for large and small body size (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 776-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; growth ; selection ; size ; shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourier analysis of videodigitised outlines of mouse vertebrae from two stocks, a pseudo-longitudinal series of mice aged 25–60 days and one selected for large or small body size over many generations shows that the shape changes due to normal growth are not similar to those produced by selection for body size.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959162
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    Growth pattern and maturation in arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) of Lake Walenstadt, Switzerland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 296-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Arctic char ; growth ; maturation ; reoligotrophication ; Lake Walenstadt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within one decade the yield in arctic char fishery of Lake Walenstadt (Switzerland) has dropped from 1.7 kg · ha−1 to 0.7 kg · ha−1. In the same period growth decreased by about 15%. The fish considered as “degenerated dwarfed chars” by fishermen are supposed to mature in very young ages. The change of the growth pattern can be related to reoligotrophication of the lake and impoverishments of the food source. Compared to other arctic char populations in Switzerland maturation takes place at least one year later.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877173
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of calmodulin in cells secreting by exocytosis (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1340-1342 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; calmodulin ; secretory granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calmodulin is a regulator of several calcium-dependent cellular processes. It has been suggested that it plays a role in the mechanism of secretion. Employing an indirect immunoperoxidase technique at the light microscope level, this study demonstrates the presence of calmodulin in several exocytotic cells (mast cells, thyroid follicular cells, neurohypophyseal neurosecretory terminals, pancreaticβ-cells and pancreatic acinus cells) in rat and man. The positive staining reaction for calmodulin was granular and at least in the case of rat mast cells it appeared to be associated with the granule membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952085
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    Relationship of prodigiosin condensing enzyme activity to the biosynthesis of prodigiosin and its precursors inSerratia marcescens (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 397-399 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serratia marcescens ; growth ; prodigiosin ; prodigiosin condensing enzyme ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prodigiosin condensing enzyme (PCE) activities were present inSerratia marcescens wild type 08, mutants OF, WF and 9-3-3. Their specific activities exhibited different maxima and at different times during the late log phase or the early stationary phase of cell growth. The levels of prodigiosin and its precursors also showed a significant increase at this period. The results support that prodigiosin and/or its precursors are secondary metabolites. The ubiquity of the PCE activity in mutants deficient in prodigiosin biosynthesis suggest that this particular enzyme may also be present in non-pigmented clinical isolates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940425
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    Immunochemical studies on xanthine dehydrogenase of soybean root nodules (1986)
    Springer
    Planta 167 (1986), S. 190-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycine (xanthine dehydrogenase) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Polyclonal antibody ; Root nodule ; Xanthine dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.2.1.37) was purified from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) and used to prepare a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Monospecificity of this antiserum was ascertained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipate. During root nodule development of soybean, only one form of XDH was detected on an immunological basis. Titration of XDH by immunoelectrophoresis showed that a remarkable increase in the amount of XDH occurred between two and four weeks after inoculation, in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity. Localization of XDH by immunofluorescence indicated that the enzyme was present exclusively in uninfected cells where it appeared to be associated with discrete organellels
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    The establishment, growth, phenology and longevity of two species of Helianthemum in the Negev Desert Highlands, Israel (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 486-490 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Helianthemum ; growth ; flowering ; age ; drought response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hills of the Negev highlands, west of Sede Boqer, are typically covered by various half-shrub communities, including the deciduous species of Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss., an Irano-Turanian element that grows only on north facing slopes, and H. ventosum Boiss., a Saharo-Arabian element which grows on both slopes but mainly on those facing south. Upon irrigation, plants of H. vesicarium preserve their natural rhythm of activity during winter and remain deciduous throughout the summer. On the other hand, under a similar irrigation treatment, the growth and flowering season of H. ventosum is modified and is extended well into the summer. Thus, H. ventosum shows a high phenological plasticity, while H. vesicarium seems to be very conservative. The different response of the two species to an improved water regime may partly explain the differences in their natural habitats: H. vesicarium on the more humid north facing slopes and H. ventosum mostly on the more arid and extreme south facing ones. Plants of both species which grow near boulders attain larger sizes and denser stands than those on the slopes. Age analysis based on xylem ring counts of 859 plants of the two natural populations showed that the plants did not exceed 14 years and most of them reached the age of some 5 years only. In general more seedlings are established during rainy year-clusters than during dry ones. However, no direct correlation between seedling establishment and the annual rainfall of specific years could be found. The rapid turnover of plants in the stands of both species of Helianthemum resembles the behavior of desert annuals rather than that of most desert shrubs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379286
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    Extracellular protein fibrils in Chrysochromulina breviturrita (Prymnesiophyceae) and their serological relationship to fungal fimbriae (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extracellular proteins ; Surface fibrils ; Algae-fungi-Chrysochromulina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Agglutination ; Fimoriae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An extensive network of extracellular fibrils was revealed by negative staining in the greenish gold algal flagellate, Chrysochromulina breviturrita. These fibrils were of uniform diameter (4–5 nm), sometimes exceeding 5 μm in length. In addition there were short, narrower fibrils (2–3 nm) on the surface of the flagella. Six protein bands were isolated from spent culture medium by SDS-PAGE and one of 80,000 Da was found to polymerize after dialysis into 4–5 nm fibrils identical to those found on the cell surface. Two other proteins of 58,000 Da and 65,000 Da also formed 4–5 nm fibrils but these were either rare or of a shorter length and different appearance. An antiserum directed against the surface 7 nm fibrils (fimbriae) of fungi agglutinated cells of C. breviturrita and some other Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, but did not agglutinate cells of algal species in other groups. Immunofluorescence and protein A gold labelling confirmed that antigens related to fungal fimbriae were present on the surface of cells of C. breviturrita. Only the 80,000 and 58,000 Da proteins labelled heavily following protein A gold labelling. Some individual 4–5 nm fibrils labelled with gold were observed in the material prepared from the 80,000 Da band. These results therefore establish that C. breviturrita produces a surface network of fibrils that are serologically related to the fimbriae of fungi, and suggest a previously unrecognized relationship between members of the Prymnesiophyceae, Chrysophyceae and fungal groups.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of methyl-coenzyme M reductase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 190-194 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Methyl-CoM reductase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Energy conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were fixed with glutaraldehyde, sectioned and labeled with antibodies against the β subunit of component C (=methyl-CoM reductase) of methyl-CoM reductase system and with colloidal gold-labeled protein A. It was found that the gold particles were located predominantly in the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane, when the cells were grown under conditions where methyl-CoM reductase was not overproduced. This finding confirms the recent data obtained with Methanococcus voltae showing via the same immunocytochemical localization technique that in this organism methyl-CoM reductase is membrane associated.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of two key enzymes of the 2-hydroxyglutarate pathway of glutamate fermentation in Acidaminococcus fermentans (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 504-508 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acidaminococcus fermentans ; Glutamate fermentation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Post-embedding labelling ; Antibody-gold complexes ; Protein A-gold complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the in situ location of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase and 2-htdroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase in Acidaminococcus fermentans using the antibody-gold and protein A-gold techniques carried out as a post-embedding immunoelectron microscopic procedure. Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against homogeneous fractions of the enzymes. Anaerobically grown cells of A. fermentans of the late exponential growth phase were fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde and 0.3% formaldehyde (final concentrations) in the growth medium. Dehydration of the cells was achieved with methanol. The cells were embedded in the low temperature embedding resin Lowicryl K4M. The markers indicative for antigenic sites of the two enzymes unequivocally demonstrate that the sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is located at the cell periphery being a membrane-bound enzyme as expected whereas 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase is a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme.
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    Dihydroxyacetone synthase is localized in the peroxisomal matrix of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1985), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; Peroxisomes ; Methanol ; Dihydroxyacetone synthase ; Cell fractionation ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The subcellular localization of dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS) in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was studied by various biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. After cell fractionation involving differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation of protoplast homogenates prepared from methanol-grown cells, DHAS cosedimented with the peroxisomal enzymes alcohol oxidase and catalase. Electron microscopy of this fraction showed that it contained mainly intact peroxisomes, whereas SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two major protein bands (75 and 78 kDa) which were identified as alcohol oxidase and DHAS, respectively. The localization of DHAS in peroxisomes was further established by immunocytochemistry. After immuno-gold staining carried out on ultrathin sections of methanol-grown H. polymorpha using DHAS-specific antibodies, labelling was confined to the peroxisomal matrix.
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    Localization of nitrogenase in vesicles of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 by immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1987), S. 327-331 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultracryotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 showed specific labelling of nitrogenase in the spherical cells called vesicles. No label was found in the hyphae in any cells grown on a medium with combined nitrogen, nor in those to which no specific antiserum was added. Similar results were obtained with cultures grown under high (20%) and low (2%) oxygen tension in the gas phase.
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    Lespedeza phenolics andPenstemon alkaloids: Effects on digestion efficiencies and growth of voles (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 713-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; phenolics ; feeding trials ; digestibility ; growth ; Lespedeza cuneata ; Penstemon digitalis ; Microtus pennsylvanicus ; Microtus ochrogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Lespedeza cuneata contains high levels of phenolics and is a common food plant of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus);Penstemon digitalis contains substantial quantities of alkaloids and is a common food plant of meadow voles and prairie voles (M. ochrogaster). We investigated the palatability of these plants and the effects of their secondary compounds on the digestion efficiencies and growth of both species of voles. Voles ate very little of either plant when alternative food was present. Phenolics and alkaloids were extracted from the plants, incorporated into separate artificial diets, and fed to weanling voles for three weeks.Lespedeza phenolics reduced the growth of meadow voles but not prairie voles throughout the feeding trial. These compounds disrupted digestion, reducing protein digestibility by more than half.Penstemon alkaloids lowered only the initial growth rates of prairie voles and had no significant effect on meadow voles. Prairie voles tended to increase food consumption rates on bothLespedeza andPenstemon diets. This response offset some of the decrease in digested protein intake in the first case, and offset the increased metabolic cost of processing the diet in the latter case. Our results indicate that althoughLespedeza phenolics andPenstemon alkaloids do influence consumption and digestibility of artificial diets, they do not greatly reduce the performance (i.e., growth or survival) of voles when consumed at levels generally observed for wild voles. However, these compounds probably do place an upper limit on the amount of freshLespedeza andPenstemon that can be consumed and contribute to the generalist feeding strategy of voles.
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    Growth ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata larvae in response to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solanum ; glycoalkaloid ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; protein ; growth ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; α-tomatine ; α-solamarine ; β-solamarine ; α-solamine ; α-chacomine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Growth of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), as measured by weight gain, was determined when larvae were reared on synthetic diets containing measured quantities of protein and one of fiveSolanum glycoalkaloids. Data were analyzed to determine if growth was affected by these two aspects of phytochemical variation independently, or if there was a significant interaction component in larval weight gain to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration. For four of the five glycoalkaloids examined, a bivariate regression model without interaction accurately accounted for growth ofL. decemlineata larvae. For alpha-tomatine, however, a regression model with the addition of a (protein × glycoalkaloid) interaction term more accurately accounted for larval growth. The influence of this interaction was less than either protein or glycoalkaloid concentration alone. The variation in protein concentration accounted for most of the variation in larval growth, and high protein concentrations could more than offset the effect of high concentration of any of the five glycoalkaloids.
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    Resolving causes of developmental continuity or “tracking.” I. Longitudinal twin studies during growth (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 133-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: genes ; environment ; development ; growth ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Models of developmental continuity and change in quantitative phenotypes may be tested using longitudinal data from twins. We illustrate a procedure for establishing the power and required sample sizes for detecting developmental transmission against an alternative common-factor hypothesis. We explore the general effects of different heritabilities, different fidelities of environmental and genetic developmental transmission, and varying numbers of occasions of measurement. In addition, a constraint of wide application is postulated for the action of the environment; either environmental effects are transmitted (learned) and occasion specific or they exert a constant influence which is not transmitted (learned). While the situations we examine are necessarily restricted here, our explorations of power show that, providing that we measure on at least four occasions, it is easy to detect developmental transmission with workable sample sizes.
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    Anorexia and sexual maturity in female white rock chickens. I. Increasing the feed intake (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 383-387 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: anorexia ; maturity ; feed intake ; growth ; chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term selection for low juvenile body weight has resulted in a line of chickens where sexual maturity is retarded or prevented because of anorexia.Ad libitum-fed pullets which had not commenced egg production by 240 days of age were randomly assigned to be force-fed or fedad libitum. Increasing food intake via force-feeding caused a significantly greater proportion of females to commence egg production than was noted forad libitum-fed controls. Moreover, of those pullets that commenced lay, age at onset was significantly earlier in those force-fed than in those fedad libitum.
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    Propranolol apparently separates the physical and compositional characteristics of muscle growth induced by clenbuterol (1987)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 51-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: muscle ; growth ; adrenergic agents ; clenbuterol ; propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of propranolol on clenbuterol-induced changes in muscle fibre size and protein content were studied. Propranolol did not inhibit the ability of clenbuterol to stimulate protein accretion but reduced the increase in muscle fibre size. The compositional and physical characteristics of clenbuterol-induced muscle growth thus appeared to be separated by propranolol.
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    The major albumin protein from pea (Pisum sativum L.) (1985)
    Springer
    Planta 165 (1985), S. 522-526 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Albumin (localisation) ; Cotyledon ; Pisum (albumin protein) ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major albumin protein in storage parenchyma tissue of developing peas has been localised at an ultrastructural level by immunocytochemistry. Tissue was fixed in buffered aldehyde and embedded in LR White resin which was polymerised by addition of catalyst. Sections were labelled by the indirect method of absorption of Protein A-gold to specifically bound antibodies. This method gives high levels of specific labelling on sections which retain good ultrastructural preservation and have high contrast after conventional staining. The albumin is located throughout the cytoplasm although no labelling was found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles-protein bodies or other organelles.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of phaseolin and phytohemagglutinin in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of developing bean cotyledons (1985)
    Springer
    Planta 164 (1985), S. 295-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cotyledon ; Golgi complex ; Immunocytochemistry ; Phaseolus (seed proteins) ; Phaseolin ; Phytohemagglutinin ; Protein (seeds)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development of legume seeds is accompanied by the synthesis of storage proteins and lectins, and the deposition of these proteins in protein-storage vacuoles (protein bodies). We examined the subcellular distribution, in developing seeds of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., of the major storage protein (phaseolin) and the major lectin (phytohemagglutinin, PHA). The proteins were localized using an indirect immunocytochemical method in which ultrathin frozen sections were immunolabeled with rabbit antibodies specific for either PHA or phaseolin. Bound antibodies were then localized using goat-anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G adsorbed onto 4- to 5-nm colloidal gold particles. The sections were post-fixed with OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded in plastic on the grids. Both PHA and phaseolin exhibited a similar distribution in the storage-parenchyma cells, being found primarily in the developing protein bodies. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes (cisternal stacks and associated vesicles) also were specifically labeled for both proteins, whereas the cytosol and other organelles, such as mitochondria, were not. We interpret these observations as supporting the hypothesis that the transport of storage proteins and lectins from their site of synthesis, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, to their site of deposition, the protein bodies, is mediated by the Golgi complex.
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    Urotensin II-immunoreactive neurons in the caudal neurosecretory system of freshwater and seawater fish (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 349-354 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urophysis ; Caudal neurosecretory system ; Urotensin II ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum generated against synthetic urotensin II of the goby, Gillichthys mirabilis, was used to localize urotensin II in the caudal neurosecretory system in six species of freshwater teleosts; Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Salmo gairdneri and Plecoglossus altivelis, and six species of seawater teleosts: Acanthogobius flavimanus, Pagrus major, Paapristipoma trilineatum, Trachurus japonicus, Seriola dumerili and Seriola quinqueradiata. In the carp, urotensin II-immunoreactive perikarya were classified into three groups according to their size and shape. Small cells were located in the spinal cord dorsal to the urophysis, medium-sized cells immediately anterior to the urophysis, and large cells anterior to the medium-sized cells. In each group, a small number of nonreactive cells was found. Urotensin II-immunoreactive nerve fibers extended toward the urophysis and terminated around the blood vessels. Other species of teleosts showed a similar immunoreaction to that observed in the carp. The immunoreaction of the urophysis was stronger in seawater fish than freshwater fish. Urotensin II-immunoreactive elements could not be detected in the brains of the carp, goldfish and goby.
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    Postnatal development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in chickens (1989)
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    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 119-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development, ontogenetic ; Immunocytochemistry ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Mucosa ; Lymphoid organs ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of chicken mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the eyes, lungs, and intestines were investigated with monoclonal antibodies specific for either all leucocytes, B lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, IgM, IgG, or IgA. Attention has been paid to the relation of lymphoid infiltrates with their surrounding mucosae, the segregation into B-cell and T-cell areas, development of germinal centers, and secretory immunoglobulins. Abudant secretory IgM and IgA was detected in the epithelium of the Harderian glands in the orbits, even though they lacked large leucocyte infiltrates with germinal centers. Lymphoid tissues in the mucosae of lungs and intestines developed separate B-cell and T-cell areas. The proventriculus, Meckel's diverticulum, and Peyer's patches generally contained germinal centers from 12 weeks of age on. Because chickens as young as 2 weeks old had germinal centers in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and cecal tonsils, these areas were probably highly stimulated by antigens. Isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to detect IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-bearing follicular cells in the same germinal center.
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    Immunohistochemical localisation of the hypertrehalosaemic hormone II (Cam-HrTH-II) and related peptides in the nervous system of Carausius morosus and Sarcophaga bullata (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 631-636 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect AKH/RPCH ; Neurohormones ; Cam-HrTH-II ; Lom-AKH-I ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carausius morosus, Sarcophaga bullata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against an N-terminal modified Cam-HrTH-II (Leu-Asn-Phe-...), one of the members of the large AKH/RPCH peptide family, first isolated from Carausius morosus. The localisation of this peptide was performed by means of immunocytochemical methods in the brain and corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex of the stick insect, Carausius morosus and the grey fleshfly, Sarcophaga bullata. The distribution patterns of molecules reactive to the Cam-HrTH-II and the LomAKH-I antisera in both insect species were compared. In Carausius, both antisera reacted in the same cell bodies. In Sarcophaga, some neurons were stained by both, others only by one of the two antisera. By combining two different antisera, we demonstrated that there are no Lom-AKH-I-like molecules present in Carausius and that there must occur at least three different AKH-like molecules in the brain of Sarcophaga. One is similar to Cam-HrTH-II, the second to Lom-AKH-I and the third is an AKH/RPCH-like peptide, different from Lom-AKH-I and Cam-HrTH-II.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218876
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of retinal S-antigen in the pineal organ of four mammalian species (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ (mammals) ; Retinal S-antigen ; Photoreceptors ; Retina ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of immunocytochemistry retinal S-antigen is selectively demonstrated in retinal photoreceptor cells of the rat and in pinealocytes of the hedgehog, rat, gerbil and cat. Brain areas surrounding the pineal organ are immunonegative. The immunoreactive material is evenly distributed in the perikarya of the cells. Occasionally, inner segments of retinal photoreceptors and processes of pinealocytes are also stained. The outer segments of retinal photoreceptors display a strong immunoreaction. In both pinealocytes and retinal photoreceptors the intensity of the immunoreaction varied considerably among individual cells. The immunocytochemical demonstration of retinal S-antigen in mammalian pinealocytes indicates that these cells still bear characteristics of photoreceptors. This finding is in accord with the concept that mammalian pinealocytes are derived from pineal photoreceptor cells of poikilothermic vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214906
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    Immunocytochemical studies of vasotocin and mesotocin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chicken (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 279-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Avian hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the adult chicken has been studied with a monoclonal antibody that cross-reacts with arginine vasotocin and mesotocin. We have used this antibody on thick (100 μm) sections in conjunction with a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit antimouse antibody that permits the visualization not only of entire perikarya, but also of long portions of their axons and dendrites. Our results confirm older concepts based on classical methods, but the more sensitive immunocytochemical method reveals that the system is more extensive than previously recognized. Immunostained neurons in the chicken are widely scattered in the hypothalamus. In the rostral preoptic region, there are three immunostained neuronal cell groups: 1) a prominent closely packed group that extends along the ventromedial surface, 2) a diffusely distributed lateral group, and 3) an external group that surrounds the lateral aspect of the septomesencephalic tract. Caudally in the preoptic area and in the anterior hypothalamus, the same groups are present; but there are also conspicuous periventricular perikarya. Many of them have processes that project to the lumen of the third ventricle, as well as parallel axons that arch lateroventrally in the hypothalamus. In the midhypothalamic area, the periventricular perikarya and processes are particularly numerous at the level of the palliai commissure. The dorsal periventricular group located at the level of the dorsomedial anterior nucleus of the thalamus are the most caudal perikarya. They extend laterally in a wing-like formation. The immunostained axons from all of these perikarya form a compact hypothalamo-hypophysial tract as they run from the midhypothalamus to the median eminence and converge beneath the third ventricle. Axons branching from this tract innervate the zone externa of the anterior median eminence; another group of axons running in the fibrous layer of the zona interna proceeds to the neural lobe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218005
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of mammalian lutropin-like material in the pituitary of the lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 355-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammalian-type lutropin ; Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Light microscopy ; Lepidosiren (SouthAmerican lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of lutropin (LH)-like material in the pituitary gland of the South-American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa, has been demonstrated by means of the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method, by use of rabbit antiovine LH as first antibody. The LH-like substance was revealed in a single PAS-positive cell type primarily located in the anterior part of the distal lobe. Dot blot tests as well as conventional liquid-phase absorption experiments indicate that the anti-ovine LH antibodies possess specificity against the oLH/gb subunit. These observations indicate that dipnoans (Lepidosiren) share a number of antigenic determinants with those of mammalian LH/gb and support the concept that mammalian LH/gb, or part of it, was established early in evolution. The exact nature and physiological function of the substance detected remains to be defined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218015
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    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect nervous system ; Protocerebrum ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta were individually reconstructed. Serotonin immunoreactivity was detected in 19–20 bilaterally symmetrical pairs of interneurons in the midbrain and 10 pairs in the suboesophageal ganglion. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antisera against DOPA decarboxylase. All major neuropil regions except the protocerebral bridge are innervated by these neurons. In addition, efferent cells are serotonin-immunoreactive in the frontal ganglion (5 neurons) and the suboesophageal ganglion (2 pairs of neurons). The latter cells probably give rise to an extensive network of immunoreactive terminals on the surface of the suboesophageal ganglion and suboesophageal nerves. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive neurons show a gradient in the intensity of immunoreactive staining, suggesting low levels of serotonin in cell bodies and dendritic arbors and highest concentrations in axonal terminals. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells often occur in pairs with similar morphological features. With one exception, all serotonin-immunoreactive neurons have bilateral projections with at least some arborizations in identical neuropil areas in both hemispheres. The morphology of several neurons suggests that they are part of neuronal feedback circuits. The similarity in the arborization patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons raises the possibility that their outgrowing neurites experienced similar forces during embryonic development. The morphological similarities further suggest that serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons in the midbrain and suboesophageal ganglion share physiological characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223139
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    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion of the caterpillar of the hawk moth Manduca sexta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Subesophageal ganglion ; Neurohemal organs ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactivity is mapped in wholemounts and slices of the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) of larval Manduca sexta by means of immunocytochemistry. An extensive meshwork of serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibres on some peripheral nerves of the SOG has been demonstrated. This meshwork appears to belong to a serotonergic neurohemal system, probably supplied by two pairs of bilateral serotonin-immunoreactive neurons with big cell bodies on the dorsal side near the midline in the mandibular neuromere. Intracellular recording and staining revealed their physiology and morphology. These neurons produce long lasting (50 msec) action potentials, which suggest that they are neurosecretory cells. Two pairs of bilateral serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons similar to those of other insects are stained in the labial and maxillar neuromeres, but not in the mandibular neuromere. Their ventrolaterally located cell bodies project through a ventral commissure into the contralateral hemiganglion and then cross back again through a dorsal commissure. The axons project into the contralateral circumoesophageal connective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223149
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    Cross-reactivity of an antiserum to the α-subunit of the Na+, K+-ATPase of toad (Bufo marinus) kidney with basal and apical membranes of transporting epithelia of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Na+, K+-ATPase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Kidney ; Salivary glands ; Transport ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody to the 96 kD α-subunit of the Na+, K+ -ATPase from Bufo marinus has been used in immunostaining rat kidney and salivary glands. Intense staining was observed on basolateral membranes of distal tubules of the kidney and striated ducts of the three major salivary glands. Less intense staining was seen on the basolateral membranes of parotid acinar cells, but no staining was seen on the acinar cells of submandibular or sublingual glands. These sites of staining have been shown, by other methods, to posses substantial Na+, K+ -ATPase, indicating that the antibody recognizes antigenic determinants of the sodium pump highly conserved in the course of evolution. In addition, staining with this antibody was observed at the apical region of cells of the proximal straight tubule and of the papillary collecting duct in the kidney. Absorption studies suggest that the apical antigenic determinants are the same or closely related to each other but are distinct from basolateral antigenic determinants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223153
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    Distribution and functional significance of Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7- and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-like peptides in the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 ; Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Co-existence of peptides ; Neurosecretory cells, insects ; Blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal pathways immunoreactive to antisera against the extended-enkephalins, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-7) and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Met-8), have been identified in the brain of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Co-localisation with other enkephalins in certain neurons suggests that a precursor similar to preproenkephalin A exists in insects and that differential enzymatic processing occurs as in vertebrates. Co-localisations of the extended-enkephalin-like peptides with other vertebrate-type peptides, including cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide, also occur. The enkephalinergic pathways are specific, comprising a few groups of highly characteristic neurons and areas of neuropil. Of special interest is the finding that parts of the antennal chemosensory and the optic lobe visual systems contain Met-8 immunoreactive neurons. Within the median neurosecretory cell groups, some of the giant neurons show immunoreactivity to Met-8 and others to both Met-8 and Met-7. Fibres from these cells project to the corpus cardiacum and also to the suboesophageal ganglion, where arborisations occur in the tritocerebral neuropil. Co-localisation studies of these cells have shown that at certain terminals, one particular type of peptide is the dominant neuroregulator, whilst at other terminals, within the same cell, a different co-synthesised peptide predominates. Several groups of lateral neurosecretory cells show clearly defined enkephalinergic pathways, most of which have connections with the central body. The complex patterns of immunoreactivity seen in terminals in the different parts of the central body, suggest an important role for the enkephalin-like peptides in the integration of multimodal sensory inputs. The physiological functions of the extended-enkephalin-like peptides in the brain of Calliphora is still unknown, but the anatomical evidence suggests they may have a role similar to that in mammals, where they are thought to control aspects of feeding behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223154
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    Ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of endocrine cells in the midgut of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 577-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Insulin ; Bombesin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Cholecystokinin (CCK) ; Gastrin ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine cells of the midgut epithelium of the desert locust are found dispersed among the digestive cells and are similar to those of the vertebrate gut. According to their reactivity to silver impregnation techniques and the ultrastructural features of the secretory granules (shape, electron-density, size, and structure) 10 types of endocrine cell have been identified, of which seven are located in the main segment of the midgut or in the enteric caeca, and the other three seem to be present only in the ampullae through which the Malpighian tubules drain into the gut. The endocrine cells have a slender cytoplasmic process that reaches the gut lumen, a feature that supports the receptosecretory nature postulated for this cellular type in insects as well as vertebrates. Antisera directed against mammalian gastrin, CCK, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and bombesin reacted with some of the endocrine cells. This is the first time that insulin- and bombesin-like immunoreactive cells have been described in the midgut of an insect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218870
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    The distribution of a proctolin-like immunoreactive material in the terminal ganglion of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Proctolin ; Neuropeptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Terminal ganglion ; Periplaneta americana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons with proctolin-like immunoreactivity were mapped in the terminal ganglion of Periplaneta americana. The effect of different fixation methods on the variability of immunostaining is described and discussed. The appearance of immunoreactive presynaptic terminals, described here for the first time in insects, points to a function of proctolin as neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system of P. americana besides its known role in the periphery. Proctolin-like immunoreactivity was shown in pre- and postsynaptic profiles. Synaptic contacts are described in detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214920
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    Mapping of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the larval nervous system of the flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Sarcophaga bullata (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 423-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect nervous system ; Neural development ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Sarcophaga bullata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HTi) neurons were mapped in the larval central nervous system (CNS) of the dipterous flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Sarcophaga bullata. Immunocytochemistry was performed on cryostat sections, paraffin sections, and on the entire CNS (whole mounts). The CNS of larvae displays 96–98 5-HTi cell bodies. The location of the cell bodies within the segmental cerebral and ventral ganglia is consistent among individuals. The pattern of immunoreactive fibers in tracts and within neuropil regions of the CNS was resolved in detail. Some 5-HTi neurons in the CNS possess axons that run through peripheral nerves (antenno-labro-frontal nerves). The suboesophagealand thoracico-abdominal ganglia of the adult blowflies were studied for a comparison with the larval ventral ganglia. In the thoracico-abdominal ganglia of adults the same number of 5-HTi cell bodies was found as in the larvae except in the metathoracic ganglion, which in the adult contains two cell bodies less than in the larva. The immunoreactive processes within the neuropil of the adult thoracico-abdominal ganglia form more elaborate patterns than those of the larvae, but the basic organization of major fiber tracts was similar in larval and adult ganglia. Some aspects of postembryonic development are discussed in relation to the transformation of the distribution of 5-HTi neurons and their processes into the adult pattern.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218023
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    Light- and electron-microscopic demonstration of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in paraganglia of the human urinary bladder (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 683-687 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity ; Paraganglia, human ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in paraganglia of the urinary bladder of adult humans was studied by use of immuno-electron microscopy. All paraganglionic cells were positively stained. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was located in chromaffin granules. Chromaffin cells in the paraganglia showed only few degenerative features, suggesting undisturbed function of the cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219249
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    Binding and internalization of gold-conjugated somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in cultured rat somatotropes (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 309-317 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatotropes, growth hormone cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Growth hormone (GH) ; Receptors, membrane ; Somatostatin (SRIF) ; Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) ; Rat (Han: WIST)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synthetic peptides somatostatin (SRIF) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) were coupled directly to colloidal gold of different particle sizes. Both conjugates were biologically active in displacing the corresponding radiolabeled hormones from high affinity binding sites in pituitary membranes. Release of growth hormone (GH) from cultured anterior pituitary cells was modulated by both conjugates alone or in combination. Ultrastructural studies were performed with cells incubated at 4° C (2 h) and 37° C (2 min-2 h) with one of the labeled peptides or their combination. Somatotropes were identified by immunostaining with anti-rGH followed by protein A-ferritin, thus obtaining a triple labeling. Both hormone conjugates were internalized in different vesicles in the beginning but accumulated during longer incubation times in the same compartment. The secretory vesicles and the nucleus were not labeled by any hormone conjugate. In contrast to SRIF-gold, the uptake of GRH-gold conjugate decreased with longer incubation times. This effect could be neutralized by simulatenous incubation of the somatotropes with both regulating hormones. Hence, whereas the binding and internalization of SRIF by somatotropes do not seem to be influenced by GRH, the corresponding processes for GRH are stimulated by the presence of SRIF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239451
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    The vascular and epithelial serotonergic innervation of the actinopterygian gill filament with special reference to the trout, Salmo gairdneri (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Indoleamines ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autonomic innervation ; Salmo gairdneri R. ; Perca fluviatilis L. ; Micropterus dolomieui (Lacépède) ; Anguilla anguilla L. ; Ictalurus melas Rafinesque (Teleostei) ; Acipenser baeri L. (Chondrostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against serotonin and 5-methoxytryptamine reveal indolaminergic neurons innervating the proximal part of the efferent arterial vasculature, the filament epithelia, the central venous sinus, and certain other serotonergic cells of the teleost gill filament. In the same area, acetylcholinesterase-positive and indoleaminergic neurons have already been described. We propose that these populations of neurons belong to a single neuronal type but express different agents. Our current results support this idea; in particular, they point to the presence of a single type of serotonin-containing nerve terminal, impinging on vascular smooth muscle. These results are in agreement with physiological data showing (i) the existence of non-cholinergic (atropine-resistant) vasoconstriction of the gill vasculature after nerve stimulation, and (ii) a potent vasoconstrictory action of infused serotonin. In addition, the above-mentioned serotonergic neurons have synaptic contacts with catecholaminergic nerve fibers, suggesting the existence of a modulatory relationship between the sympathetic and the cranial autonomic nerves supplying the teleost gill. Finally, these neurons show morphological relationships with a previously undescribed type of branchialserotonergic cell. The role of the parasympathetic nerve plexus of the teleost gill filament in the control of respiration and ionoregulation is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239455
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    Light- and electron-microscopic investigation of the rat subcommissural organ grafted under the kidney capsule, with particular reference to immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 499-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Secretory activity, neural control ; Transplantation ; Long-spacing collagen ; Immunocytochemistry ; Molecular markers (neuronal, glial) ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is increasing evidence that, in the rat, a serotonin-mediated neural input may have an inhibitory influence on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO). In the present investigation the rat SCO was studied 7, 30 and 90 days after transplantation under the kidney capsule, an area devoid of local serotonin-containing nerves. The grafted tissue was examined by use of immunocytochemistry employing a series of primary antisera, lectin histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The grafted SCO survived transplantation and contained, in addition to secretory ependymal and hypendymal SCO-cells, also elements immunoreactive with antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein or S-100 protein. In transplants, SCO-cells produced a material displaying the characteristic immunocytochemical and lectin-binding properties of SCO-cells observed under in-situ conditions. The ependymal cells lined 1–3 small cavities, which contained secretory material. A fully developed structural equivalent of Reissner's fiber was, however, never found. The immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the grafted SCO showed an absence of nerve fibers within the graft and suggested a state of enhanced secretory activity. A network of protruding basal lamina structures connected the secretory cells to the newly formed capillaries revascularizing the SCO. One week after transplantation, long-spacing collagen started to appear in expanded areas of such laminar networks and also in the perivascular space. It is suggested (i) that the formation of long-spacing forms of collagen is triggered by factors provided by the SCO-secretory cells, and (ii) that secretory material of the ependymal and hypendymal cells may reach the reticular extensions of the basal lamina. In contrast to the SCO in situ, the grafted SCO-cells showed a positive immunoreaction for neuron-specific enolase. They became surrounded by a S-100-immunoreactive glial sheath that separated them from other transplanted cell types and the adjacent kidney tissue of the host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218862
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    Neuroendocrine cells within colorectal tumours induced by dimethylhydrazine (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Peptide YY ; Glucagon ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Colorectal adenocarcinomas were induced in male Wistar rats, by weekly subcutaneous administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, classified according to the degree of differentiation and submitted to immunocytochemistry for the peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the biogenic monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine. Well- or moderately well-differentiated adenocarcinomas comprised 46% of the tumour population, only 4% were poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and the remaining 50% possessed a mixture of these two morphologies. Glucagon, PYY and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive cells were frequently observed within well- or moderately well-differentiated tumours and within such regions of tumours possessing a mixed morphological pattern. The tumours contained no cells immunoreactive for any of the peptides not normally located within the colorectum, nor did they contain cells immunoreactive for somatostatin and VIP, although known positive controls did stain. Poorly-differentiated tumours and portions of tumours of mixed type, were consistently negative. 5-hydroxytryptamine was the most frequently located of the three antigens, being detected in 87% of the moderately well-differentiated tumours and 32% of the tumours with mixed morphologies. 11% of moderately well-differentiated tumours possessed 5-hydroxytryptamine positive cells in such profusion that they contributed significantly to the tumour mass. The distribution of glucagon-and PYY-immunoreactive cells was similar, although they occurred with a lower frequency, presumably corresponding to their lower numbers within the normal colorectal mucosa. Additionally, these two peptide immunoreactivities were colocalized in the majority of cells, although some cells contained only one antigen. The immense numbers of cells immunoreactive for peptides and monoamine in a significant proportion of colorectal adenocarcinomas suggests that they have arisen from multipotential endodermal stem cells within the tumours and are not part of the normal epithelial population being engulfed as the tumour grows.
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    Fine structural and immunohistochemical studies of goat adenohypophysial cells (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 315-321 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Fine structure ; Pituitary cell ; Immunocytochemistry ; Goat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of each type of anterior pituitary cell in the male goat was studied through the application of a superimposition technique in which adjacent thick sections were used to identify individual cells beforehand by light-microscopic immunohistochemistry. A cone of the pars intermedia protrudes into the pars anterior, being surrounded by the narrow pituitary cleft; the immunohistochemical appearances of the cells forming the cone resemble those of the pars anterior. Several follicles appear in the pars anterior. Ultrastructurally GH cells resemble prolactin cells. The secretory granules of both types are spherical; the diameter of the former is about 340 nm, whereas that of the latter is about 440 nm. ACTH cells are polygonal in shape with secretory granules, about 180 nm in diameter, scattered throughout the cytoplasm. TSH cells, which are spherical in shape, contain the smallest secretory granules, 150 nm in diameter. The highly electron-dense LH cells contain numerous secretory granules about 210 nm in diameter. Their nuclei are irregular with incisures. Thus, the anterior pituitary cells of the goat are ultrastructurally characteristic and species-specific.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222341
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    Immunocytochemistry of magnocellular neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of normal and Brattleboro rats with vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 509-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anti-idiotype antibody ; Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Receptors ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody was generated by immunization with purified IgG of a primary vasopressin antiserum. The anti-idiotype antibody immunostained neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus of normal and Brattleboro rats. The distribution of immunostained perikarya in these hypothalamic nuclei together with the staining of fibers in median eminence and neural lobe was similar to that observed in normal rats with anti-vasopressin and suggests strongly that vasopressinergic neurons are being stained. Absorption studies with vasopressin and a vasopressin-binding receptor protein further indicate that a receptor associated with vasopressinergic neurons is recognized by the anti-idiotype antibody.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215190
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    Localization of ornithine decarboxylase in the chick embryo during organogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chick embryo ; Organogenesis A ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis and thus in cell growth, was determined in the 4.5-day-old chick embryo, using two independent methods of analysis. ODC protein was identified by indirect immunofluorescence with a monospecific ODC antibody, and catalytically active ODC was identified by autoradiography with α-(5-3H) difluoromethylornithine. Both methods revealed a basically similar distribution of ODC within the embryo. Among the organs, the brain exhibited the highest ODC levels. ODC levels were also high in spinal cord, mesonephric tubules and heart. Similar levels, but confined to limited areas, were found in liver tissue, head mesenchyme, and the oral and pharyngeal regions. Organs that exhibited high ODC levels are all engaged in rapid growth, as well as in extensive tissue remodeling and differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216549
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    A proctolin-like peptide and its immunocytochemical localization in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 535-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Proctolin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Bioassay ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Peptidergic neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence is presented that neurons in the adult Colorado potato beetle contain a proctolin-like substance. By use of immunocytochemical methods the location of immunoreactive neurons in the central and stomatogastric nervous systems is described. No such neurons were found in the proto- and deutocerebrum or optic lobe. Few immunoreactive neurons are present in the tritocerebrum and numerous proctolin-immunoreactive neurons occur in all ventral ganglia and in the frontal ganglion. Two groups of neurosecretory cells in the suboesophageal ganglion contain a proctolin-immunoreactive substance. In these cells this material is co-localized with a bovine pancreatic polypeptide/FMRF amide-like substance and with a vasopressin/vasotocin/oxytocin-like substance. Proctolin-immunoreactive axon terminals were found on the musculature of the fore- and hindgut and of the vas deferens, and on some segmental muscles. Furthermore, proctolin-immunoreactive neurosecretory axon terminals were found in the corpus cardiacum. The proctolin-like substance may therefore function both as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and as a neurohormone. The presence of a proctolin-like substance was also demonstrated with a sensitive bioassay. On fractionation of extracts of the nervous systems of Leptinotarsa decemlineata with high performance liquid chromatography most of the proctolin-like bioactive material comigrated with authentic proctolin. This shows that a proctolin-like substance in this insect is very similar to, if not identical with, the known pentapeptide proctolin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216342
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    Serotonin-immunoreactive visceral nerves and neurohemal system in the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 593-600 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Visceral nerves ; Neurohemal system ; Periplaneta americana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescent technique applied to whole mounts of tissues and organs of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, serotonin-like reactivity has been demonstrated in an extensive meshwork of fibers on the surface of nerves of the subesophageal ganglion and the tritocerebrum. This meshwork appears to serve the neurohemal release of serotonin. In addition, several of these nerves contain two or more centrally located axons that appear to be serotonergic. The corpora cardica show immunoreactivity but do not appear to be a principal release site for serotonin. The nerves and ganglia of the stomadeal nervous system show immunoreactivity for serotonin and provide serotonin-positive innervation to the salivary glands and the visceral muscles of the stomodeum and midgut. The heart, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, fat body, and skeletal muscles all appear to lack serotonin immunoreactivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216349
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    Immunocytochemical identification of melanin-concentrating hormone in the brain and pituitary gland of the teleost fishes Oncorhynchus keta and Salmo gairdneri (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) ; Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Hypothalamo-hypophysial relationship ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) has been purified from the chum salmon pituitary. Its complete amino acid sequence has recently been established. To identify the precise site of origin of MCH, immunostaining was performed in the brain and pituitary gland of the chum salmon and the rainbow trout using a highly sensitive and specific antiserum raised against synthetic MCH. In these two salmonid species immunoreactivity for MCH was detected in neurons and neuronal processes in the pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) in the basal hypothalamus. Numerous positive-staining processes of these MCH-neurons project to the pituitary gland, extending into neurohypophysial tissues within the pars intermedia and, to a lesser extent, into the pars distalis. No pituitary cells showed cross-reactivity. These results suggest that MCH is biosynthesized in the neurons of the NLT/pars lateralis and released in the neurohypophysis. On the other hand, prominent but less numerous MCH-positive processes could be traced to the pretectal area in which projection of both optic and pineal fibers has been detected using tracers. This observation suggests that the synthesis and/or release of MCH might be under the influence of either of these photosensory neurons. Moreover, the existence of an extrahypothalamic projection from MCH-positive neurons suggests that, in addition to melanin-concentration, MCH might be involved in other neuronal functions, perhaps serving as neuromodulator in the brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225561
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural evidence for a neurophysinergic innervation of the subcommissural organ of the snake Natrix maura (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 473-478 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Innervation ; Neu rophysins ; Mesotocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Snake, Natrix maura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the snake Natrix maura was studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Primary antisera against bovine neurophysins (Nps I + II, OXY-Np), oxytocin (OXY), mesotocin (MST), arginine-vasotocin (AVT), somatostatin (SOM), β-endorphin (END) and bovine Reissner's fiber were used. A conventional ultrastructural study, with special emphasis on the nerve fibers present in the SCO, was also performed. Nerve fibers containing immunoreactive OXY-Np and MST were seen to reach the SCO. The staining of adjacent sections with the anti-Reissner's fiber serum showed that the OXY-Np- and MST-immunoreactive fibers were distributed among the cell bodies and processes of the ependymal secretory cells. No fibers containing immunoreactive OXY, AVT, SOM or END were found in the SCO. The ultrastructural analysis revealed in the SCO the presence of nerve fibers filled with electron-dense granules, 170–210 nm in diameter. Although a direct apposition between these fibers and the SCO cells was frequently seen, no synaptic differentiations were identified. Structures identical to the Herring bodies (found in the neurohypophysis) were seen in the SCO.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218215
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a rhodopsin-like protein in the lipochondria in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia californica (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurons ; Lipochondria ; Rhodopsin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Aplysia californica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies directed against squid opsin were used in immunocytochemical and immunoblot experiments to identify a rhodopsin-like protein in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia. Aldehyde-fixed abdominal and cerebral ganglia were embedded in paraffin for peroxidase anti-peroxidase analysis or used whole for immunofluorescence studies. Ganglia were embedded in Lowicryl K4M for electron-microscope immunocytochemistry. In both the cerebral and abdominal ganglia, light-microscope immunocytochemical results showed reaction product deposited around the neuronal cell periphery corresponding in position to the lipochondria. In the abdominal ganglion, the giant cell R2, located in the right rostral quarter, and neurons in the right caudal quarter were consistently labeled with anti-opsin. Electron-microscopic studies demonstrated ferritin-labeling of the lipochondria in R2 and other immunoreactive neurons. Immunoblot analysis of R2 and cerebral neuron extracts was used to identify two prominent immunoreactive protein bands at 85000 and 67500 molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218388
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    GABA neurones in retinas of different species and their postnatal development in situ and in culture in the rabbit retina (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurones ; Retina ; Different species ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localisation of GABA immunoreactive neurones in retinas of a variety of animals was examined. Immunoreactivity was associated with specific populations of amacrine neurones in all species examined, viz. rat, rabbit, goldfish, frog, pigeon and guinea-pig. All species, with the exception of the frog, possessed immunoreactive perikarya in their retinal ganglion cell layers. These perikarya are probably displaced amacrine cells because GABA immunoreactivity was absent from the optic nerves and destruction of the rat optic nerve did not result in degeneration of these cells. GABA immunoreactivity was also associated with the outer plexiform layers of all the retinas studied; these processes are derived from GABA-positive horizontal cells in rat, rabbit, frog, pigeon and goldfish retinas, from bipolar-like cells in the frog, and probably from interplexiform cells in the guinea-pig retina. The development of GABA-positive neurones in the rabbit retina was also analysed. Immunoreactivity was clearly associated with subpopulations of amacrine and horizontal cells on the second postnatal day. The immunoreactivity at this stage is strong, and fairly well developed processes are apparent. The intensity of the immunoreactivity increases with development in the case of the amacrine cells. The immunoreactive neurones appear fully developed at about the 8th postnatal day, although the immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer becomes more dispersed as development proceeds. The immunoreactive horizontal cells become less apparent as development proceeds, but they can still be seen in the adult retina. The GABA immunoreactive cells in rabbit retinas can be maintained in culture. Cultures of retinal cells derived from 2-day-old animals can be maintained for up to 20 days and show the presence of GABA-positive cells at all stages. In one-day-old cultures the GABA immunoreactive cells lacked processes but within three days had clearly defined processes. After maintenance for 10 days a meshwork of GABA-positive fibres could also be seen in the cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221859
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    Mutant vasopressin precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum of the Brattleboro rat. Ultrastructural evidence from individual “vasopressin” cells localized with the light microscope by use of a new gold/silver method for immunostain enhancement (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin precursor ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Gold/silver intensification ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This ultrastructural study demonstrates that the vasopressin immunoreactivity found in the occasional, densely stained cells in the hypothalamus of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 50-μm Vibratome sections were stained with anti-vasopressin serum by use of a peroxidase method with 3,3-diaminobenzidine as chromogen. The diaminobenzidine end-product has a specific capability to bind gold particles from a chloroauric acid solution and the bound gold was used to precipitate silver grains from a silver developer. The stained sections were flat embedded in resin and ultrathin sections were cut of areas containing the immuno-identified occasional cells. In these densely stained, vasopressin-immunoreactive cells of homozygous Brattleboro rats the rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated. The lumen of the reticulum contained both end-products of diaminobenzidine and gold/silver grains, but some parts of the reticulum appeared unstained. No other cell organelles were immunostained and no secretory granules were found. In control rats, gold/silver deposits were found throughout the cytoplasm of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells. In these immunostained cells secretory granules were seen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219759
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    Morphological variation of immunoreactive cells positive to cholecystokinin 33 (10–20) and gastrin 34 (1–15) in human duodenum (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 519-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum ; Cholecystokinin ; Gastrin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human duodenal endocrine cells reactive with antibodies to cholecystokinin (CCK) 33 (10–20) and/or gastrin 34 (1–15) were studied by a combination of immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic methods. By immunohistochemistry, three types of endocrine cells were distinguished in human duodenal mucosa, i.e., those only positive for only CCK, those positive for both CCK and gastrin and those only positive for only gastrin. Ultrastructurally, the first cell type is characterized by many secretory granules with an eccentric dense core (mean diameter; 271+-74 nm). The second cell type, which was less frequent than the other two, has ultrastructural features that resemble type-I cells. The last cell type was composed of two types of cells containing small secretory granules identical to those of IG cells (mean diameter; 171+-31 nm) or large secretory granules indistinguishable from those of I cells (mean diameter; 286+-50 nm).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212529
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    Immunocytochemical localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide portion of the LHRH precursor in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic regions of the rat central nervous system (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 5-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP) ; Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Brain mapping ; LHRH prohormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar-R)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP) of the LHRH precursor and the decapeptide LHRH were localized in the rat brain by immunocytochemistry in 12 to 18-day-old animals, by use of thick Vibratome sections and nickel intensification of the diaminobenzidinereaction product. Our results indicate that the GAP portion of the LHRH precursor is present in the same population of neurons that contain LHRH in the rat brain. An important difference observed was that the GAP antiserum, in contrast to LHRH antisera, stained several perikarya in the medial basal hypothalamus. GAP-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the following regions: the olfactory bulb and tubercle, diagonal band of Broca, medial septum, medial preoptic and suprachiasmatic areas, anterior and lateral hypothalamus, and several regions of the hippocampus. In addition to the preoptico-terminal and the septopreoptico-infundibular pathways, we also observed GAPimmunopositive processes in several major tracts and areas of the brain, including the amygdala, stria terminalis, stria medullaris thalami, fasciculus retroflexus, stria longitudinalis medialis, periventricular plexus, periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon and extra-cerebral regions, such as the nervus terminalis and its associated ganglion. These results confirm the specificity of previous immunocytochemical results obtained with antisera to LHRH. The presence of GAP immunoreactivity in nerve terminals of the rat brain indicates that GAP or a GAP-like peptide is located in the proper site to serve as a hypophysiotropic substance and/or as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229060
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    The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Pituitary gland ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary gland was studied by immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscope level using highly specific antibodies against dopamine coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. A satisfactory preservation of the tissue was achieved after immersion in 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer containing sodium metabisulfite to prevent oxidation of the endogenous dopamine. The immunocyto-chemical procedure was performed on Vibratome sections using the preembedding method. Immunoreactivity was restricted to part of the neurosecretory type-B fibers (diameter of the secretory vesicles lower than 100 nm) in which it was found to occupy the whole cytoplasm. Labeled fibers were observed within the neurohypophysis in the different parts of the gland and in the adenohypophyseal tissue where immunoreactive profiles were detected in close apposition to the different cell types. These data are in agreement with previous results obtained by means of radioautography and further support a role for dopamine in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary functions in teleosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212536
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    Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 591-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; GAD ; Pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system ; Mytilus galloprovincialis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A substance immunologically related to vertebrate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been visualized in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus with the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, by use of an antiserum raised in sheep against rat brain GAD. The results show that GAD-like immunoreactivity is present both in neuronal perikarya and in nerve fibers. Positive neurons are located mainly among the fibers of the ganglion neuropil at the commissural level, and more rarely close to unreactive cortical cell bodies. Immunoreactive nerve fibers are observed throughout the neuropil and also in cerebropedal and pedal nerves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212538
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    Redistribution of cell surface transferrin receptors prior to their concentration in coated pits as revealed by immunoferritin labels (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 613-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell-surface transferrin receptor ; Redistribution of cell-surface receptors ; Receptor-mediated endocytosis ; K562 cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry has been used to study distribution of cell surface transferrin receptors in erythroid, leukemic (K562) cells. The cells were fixed and labelled with monoclonal (OKT-9) anti-transferrin receptor antibodies; the antibody-labelled receptors were then detected by either immunofluoresceinor immunoferritin-antimouse-antibody conjugates. Typically, the immunoferritin labels were distributed diffusely at the non-coated regions of the cell surface as well as concentrated in the clathrincoated pits. To examine further this pattern of distribution, cells were labelled at 0° C and then warmed to 37° C for zero to 30 min prior to fixation. The majority of the immunoferritin labels were initially dispersed in small groups at the non-coated regions of the cell surface (mean = 6 immunoferritin labels/cluster), but larger groups were common subsequent to incubation at 37° C (mean = 13 immunoferritin labels/cluster). However, the size of immunoferritin labels in the coated pits was unchanged (mean = 12 immunoferritin labels/pit). Immunoferritin labels were typical in coated and uncoated vesicles l min after warming to 37° C, but common in endosomes, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes by 30 min. It appears that single cell-surface receptors form large aggregates prior to their concentration in coated pits. Coated vesicles, uncoated vesicles, and endosomal vacuoles may together form the non-lysosomal compartment where the internalized receptors might be dissociated from the ligands (antibodies).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212541
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    Immunocytochemical markers revealing retinal and pineal but not hypothalamic photoreceptor systems in the Japanese quail (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pineal organ ; Hypothalamus ; Opsin ; α-Transducin ; Interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal proteins opsin,α-transducin, S-antigen and interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) are essential for the processes of vision. By use of immunocyto-chemistry we have employed antibodies directed against these “photoreceptor proteins” in an attempt to identify the photoreceptor systems (retina, pineal and deep brain) of the Japanese quail. Opsin immunostaining was identified within many outer (basal portion) and inner segments of retinal photoreceptor cells and limited numbers of photoreceptor perikarya. Opsin immunostaining was also demonstrated in limited numbers of pinealocytes with all parts of these cells being immunoreactive. These results differ from previous observations. In contrast to the results obtained with the antibody against opsin, S-antigen andα-transducin immunostaining was seen throughout the entire outer segments and many photoreceptor perikarya of the retina. In the pineal organ immunostaining was seen in numerous pinealocytes in all follicles. These results conform to previous findings in birds. In addition, IRBP has been demonstrated for the first time in the avian retina and pineal organ. These findings underline the structural and functional similarities between the retina and pineal organ and provide additional support for a photoreceptive role of the avian pineal. No specific staining was detected in any other region of the brain in the Japanese quail; the hypothalamic photoreceptors of birds remain unidentified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239977
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    Insulin-, glucagonand somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the endocrine pancreas of the lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells. Three cell types were identified, namely insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements. The insulin cells are confined solely to the center of the islets. Glucagon and somatostatin cells are distributed peripherally around the central mass of the insulin cells. Isolated cells or clusters of glucagon and somatostatin cells are also dispersed within the exocrine parenchyma. The immunoreactive cell types are compared with those staining with standard histological procedures. The spatial relationships of the different cell populations are examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239979
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    Variations in immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin B and thyroxine in follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland and plasma TSH concentrations over 24 hours (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 355-360 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Cathepsin B ; Lysosomes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Diurnal rhythm ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin B and thyroxine (T4) in follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland and plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were examined at six evenly spaced times over 24 h. By light- and electron microscopy, immunodeposits for cathepsin B were localized in cytoplasmic granules of various sizes, whereas those for T4 were detected mainly in larger granules of the cells and in the colloid lumen. The size and location of cytoplasmic granules showing immunoreactivity for cathepsin B and T4 in the cells varied over 24 h, corresponding to a change in plasma TSH concentrations. These immunopositive large granules appeared in the apical cytoplasm at 12.00 h, when the level of TSH was highest. At 20.00 h when the level of TSH was lowest, T4-positive granules almost disappeared, and cathepsin B-positive small granules were abundantly seen in the basal region. From 00.00 h to 08.00 h, these positive granules changed in the same manner as those seen from 12.00 h to 20.00 h, associated with an increase in plasma TSH levels. These results suggest that newly formed colloid droplets migrate from the apical to the basal regions. Cathepsin B may play a role not only in the degradation of thyroglobulin but in the maturation of thyroid hormones during the migration of the granules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218892
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    Dopamine-like immunoreactivity in the bee brain (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain, invertebrate ; Apis mellifera (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of dopamine-like immunoreactive neurons is described for the brain of the bee, Apis mellifera L., following the application of a pre-embedding technique on Vibratome sections. Immunoreactive somata are grouped into seven clusters, mainly situated in the protocerebrum. Immunoreactive interneurons have been detected in the different neuropilar compartments, except for the optic lobe neuropils. Strong immunoreactivity is found in the upper division of the central body, in parts of the stalk and in the α-lobe layers of the mushroom bodies. A dense network of many immunoreactive fibres surrounds the mushroom bodies and the central body. It forms a number of interhemispheric commissures/chiasmata, projecting partly into the contralateral mushroom body and central body. The lateral protocerebral neuropil contains some large wide-field-neurons. The antennal-lobe glomeruli receive fine projections of multiglomerular dopamine-like immunoreactive interneurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218898
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    Nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivities in rodent salivary glands and testis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Salivary glands ; Antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Affinity purification ; Specificity tests ; Testis ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies against mouse submandibular-gland nerve growth factor (NGF) are described. Using the submandibular gland of the male mouse and indirect immunofluorescence, the specificity and sensitivity of affinity-purified immunoglobulins and various other fractions from the immunized animals have been tested. It will be shown that affinity-purification schemes, including pre-purification of protein A-fractionated immunoglobulins to remove antibodies that bind to unrelated hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins, significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and specificity of the antibodies. The antibodies effectively detect NGF-like immunoreactivity in both fresh and fixed glandular tissue. Optimal fixation procedures are described. Fluorescence intensities are linearly correlated to log antibody concentration. By use of the best antibody fractions and optimal fixation protocols, the distribution of NGF-like immunoreactivity is described in eight different salivary glands (rat and mouse, male and female, submandibular and sublingual glands). In addition to the well-known large numbers of immunoreactive cells in the submandibular gland of the male mouse, immunoreactive cells were found in the sublingual gland of male mice and in the submandibular and sublingual glands of female mice. One antibody revealed a weak specific fluorescence also in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. In a survey of genital organs of male mice, one antibody revealed fluorescence in the germ cell line. We conclude that several polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies have been characterized that show a strong NGF-dependent binding to the secretory granules of tubular cells in the submandibular gland of male mice. These antibodies should make it possible to locate endogenous and perturbed NGF levels immunocytochemically, e.g., in the peripheral and central nervous system, where NGF concentrations may be several orders of magnitude lower than in the salivary glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218194
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    An FMRFamide antiserum differentiates between populations of antigens in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Insects ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-irmunoreactive cell bodies in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Most of the immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the pars intercerebralis and in the optic lobes. Many, but not all, of the cell bodies also react with an antiserum raised against bovine pancreatic polypeptide, but this antiserum also reveals another population of cells that stain selectively with this antiserum. In addition to the cell bodies, numerous immunoreactive processes are revealed by both antisera in neuropilar regions of the brain. The results of blocking experiments suggest that a differential distribution of three locust antigens can be determined from the examination of alternate serial sections stained with the two antisera used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214659
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    Cytoplasmic actin and cochlear outer hair cell motility (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Inner ear ; Cytoskeletal proteins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cell motility ; Actin ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated outer hair cells of the guinea pig lacking a cuticular plate and its associated infracuticular network retain the ability to shorten longitudinally and become thinner. Membrane ghosts lacking cytoplasm retain the cylindrical shape of the hair-cell, and although they do not shorten, they retain the ability to constrict and become thinner. These data suggest that cytoplasmic components are associated with outer hair-cell longitudinal shortening and that the lateral wall is responsible for maintaing cell shape and for constriction. Actin, a protein associated with the cytoskeleton and cell motility, is thought to be involved in outer hair-cell motility. To study its role, actin was localized in isolated outer hair cells by use of phalloidin labeled with fluorescein and antibodies against actin coupled to colloidal gold. In permeabilized guinea-pig hair cells stained with phalloidin, actin filaments are found along the lateral wall. In frozen-fixed hair cells actin filaments are distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. Electron-microscopic studies show that antibodies label actin throughout the outer hair-cell body. Thus cytoplasmic actin filaments may provide the structural basis for the contraction-like events.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221635
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    Small cardioactive peptide-like immunoreactivity and its colocalization with FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antigen localization ; FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Invertebrate ganglia ; Small cardioactive peptide-like immunoreactivity ; Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions of small cardioactive peptide (SCP)- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities in the central nervous system of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis were studied. A subset of neurons in the segmental ganglia and brains was immunoreactive to an antibody directed against SCPB. Immunoreactive cell bodies were regionally distributed throughout the nerve cord, and occurred both as bilaterally paired and unpaired neurons. The majority of the unpaired cells displayed a tendency to alternate from side to side in adjacent ganglia. A small number of neurons were immunoreactive only in a minority of nerve cords investigated. Intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow dye and subsequent processing for immunocytochemistry revealed SCP-like immunoreactivity in heart modulatory neurons but not in heart motor neurons. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was also detected in cell bodies throughout the central nervous system. A subset of neurons contained both SCP- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities; others stained for only one or the other antigen. These data suggest that an antigen distinct from FMRFamide is responsible for at least part of the SCP-like immunoreactivity. This antigen likely bears some homology to the carboxyl terminal of SCPA and SCPB.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221650
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    Lysosomes and pancreatic islet function (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 9-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Insulin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lysosomes ; Crinophagy ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of pancreatic islets have suggested that crinophagy provides a possible mechanism for intracellular degradation of insulin in the insulin-producing B-cells. In the present study, a quantitative estimation of crinophagy in mouse pancreatic islets was attempted by morphometric analysis of lysosomes containing immunoreactive insulin. Isolated islets were incubated in tissue culture for one week in 3.3, 5.5 or 28 mmol/l glucose. The lysosomes of the pancreatic B-cells were identified by morphological and enzyme-cytochemical criteria and divided into three subpopulations comprising primary lysosomes and insulin-positive or insulin-negative secondary lysosomes. Both the volume and numerical density of the primary lysosomes increased with increasing glucose concentration. The proportion of insulin-containing secondary lysosomes was highest at 5.5 and lowest at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Insulin-negative secondary lysosomes predominated at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Studies of the dose-response relationships of glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion of the pancreatic islets showed that biosynthesis had an apparent Km-value for glucose of 7.0 mmol/l, whereas it was 14.5 mmol/l for secretion. The pronounced crinophagic activity at 5.5 mmol/l glucose may thus be explained by the difference in glucose sensitivity between insulin biosynthesis and secretion resulting in an intracellular accumulation of insulin-containing secretory granules. The predominance of insulin-negative secondary lysosomes at 3.3 mmol/l glucose may reflect an increased autophagy, whereas the predominance of primary lysosomes at 28 mmol/l glucose may reflect a generally low activity of intracellular degradative processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213820
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    Immunocytochemical study of the GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary by use of antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ; Pituitary ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary, including the median eminence, was studied at light microscopic and ultrastructural levels by use of a pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique with antibodies directed against GABA. In the median eminence, a high density of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was found in the external layer where the GABAergic varicosities were frequently observed surrounding the blood vessels of the primary capillary plexus. In the internal and subependymal layers, only few fibers were immunoreactive. The intense labeling of the external layer was observed in the entire rostro-caudal extent of the median eminence. In the pituitary proper, a dense network of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was revealed throughout the neural and intermediate lobes, entering via the hypophyseal stalk. The anterior and tuberal lobes were devoid of any immunoreactivity. The GABA-immunoreactive terminals were characterized in the median eminence, and in the intermediate and posterior lobes at the electron-microscopic level. They contained small clear vesicles, occasionally associated with dense-core vesicles or neurosecretory granules. In the intermediate lobe they were seen to be in contact with the glandular cells. In the posterior lobe and in the median eminence, GABA-immunoreactive terminals were frequently located in the vicinity of blood vessels. These results further support the concept of a role of GABA in the regulation of hypophyseal functions, via the portal blood for the anterior lobe, directly on the cells in the intermediate lobe, and via axo-axonic mechanisms in the median eminence and posterior lobe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216544
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    Structural studies of nerve terminals containing melanin-concentrating hormone in the eel, Anguilla anguilla (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 433-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanin-concentrating hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary gland ; White- and black-background adaptation ; Teleost, Anguilla anguilla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eels were adapted to black- or white-coloured backgrounds and the pituitary glands were prepared for light and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical staining was used to study the distribution of the neurohypophysial melanin-concentrating hormone in the neurointermediate lobe. The hormone was located in small, elliptical, electron-opaque neurosecretory granules, measuring approximately 120×90 nm. The neurones terminated on blood vessels in the centre of the neurohypophysis and on the basement membrane separating neural and intermediate lobe tissues. The results of both light and electron immunocytochemistry and of radioimmunoassay are consistent with a higher rate of hormone release from eels adapted to white backgrounds than from those adapted to black backgrounds. In addition to this, when fish that had been adapted to white tanks were transferred to black tanks, there was an accumulation of irMCH in the gland and an increased numerical density of secretory granules at nerve terminals. These results reinforce the proposal that MCH is released during adaptation to a white background, to cause melanin concentration and to inhibit MSH release, and that its release is halted in black-adapted fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215852
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    Fetal expression of muscle-specific isoactins in multiple organs of the Wistar-Kyoto rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Isoactin ; Muscle ; Fetus ; Ontogeny ; Rat (Wistar-Kyoto)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Actin, a cytoskeletal and contractile protein, is expressed in six different isoforms that exhibit striking specificity. No studies have considered the muscle-specific actin expression in multiple organ systems in the intact fetus. Using a monoclonal antibody (B4) which reacts specifically with the isoactins of the smooth and skeletal muscle our immunohistochemical study examined whole fetal body sections to follow the development of actin expression throughout the last third of gestation in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. B4 staining was exclusively localized to muscle, confirming its high specificity and its usefulness for studying the ontogeny of muscle-specific isoactins. At 15 days of gestation, B4 staining was detected in the heart, the thoracic aorta and the skeletal muscle of the chest wall. The distribution and intensity of staining in the heart were initially higher than in the aorta or skeletal muscle and remained unchanged throughout the remainder of gestation, suggesting that the maturation of cardiac actin expression is well developed, although not fully completed before birth. Expression of muscle-specific actins in skeletal muscle was age-dependent and correlated with the maturational changes of muscle cell precursors. B4 staining in the fetal kidney was not apparent until day 20 of gestation and was localized to the inner cortical vessels. in association with the most mature nephrons, suggesting a centrifugal maturation of the intrarenal vasculature. The intensity of B4 staining in most tissues including bronchi, bowel, diaphragm, chest wall muscle and peripheral and pulmonary arteries increased by the end of gestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214647
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    Localization of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus (Crustacea), with reference to FMRFamide immunoreactivity in O. limosus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carcinus maenas ; Orconectes limosus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera raised against synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) of Uca pugilator and FMRFamide, the distribution of immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system (CNS) of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus was studied by light microscopy. In both species, a total of 10–12 PDH-positive perikarya occur amongst the anterior medial, dorsal lateral and angular somata of the cerebral ganglion (CG). In C. maenas, one PDH-perikaryon was found in each commissural ganglion (COG) and several more in the thoracic ganglion. In O. limosus, only four immunopositive perikarya could be demonstrated in the ventral nerve cord, i.e., two somata in the anterior and two in the posterior region of the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG). PDH-immunoreactive tracts and fiber plexuses were present in all central ganglia of both species, and individual axons were observed in the connectives. FMRFamide-immunoreactivity was studied in O. limosus only. Neurons of different morphological types were found throughout the entire CNS, including numerous perikarya in the anterior medial, anterior olfactory, dorsal lateral and posterior cell groups of the CG. Four perikarya were found in the COG, six large and numerous smaller ones in the SOG, and up to eight cells in each of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia. In each ganglion, the perikarya form fiber plexuses. Axons from neurons belonging to the CG could be traced into the ventral nerve cord; nerve fibers arising from perikarya in the SOG appeared to project to the posterior ganglia. In none of the structures examined colocalization of PDH- and FMRF-amide-immunoreactivity was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221755
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    Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemical staining of the rat supraoptic nucleus and its surroundings (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Light and electron microscopy ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat (Wistar, Long Evans, Brattleboro)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two different monoclonal antibodies raised against choline acetyltransferase were used, together with preembedding immunocytochemical techniques, to visualize the possible cholinergic innervation of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. Light microscopy confirmed the presence of a group of bipolar and multipolar immunoreactive neurones in the hypothalamus dorsolateral to the supraoptic nucleus as well as numerous immunopositive fibers. Electron microscopy showed that the immunopositive cell bodies contained the usual perikaryal organelles while most immunoreactive fibers appeared dendritic; immunonegative terminals made synaptic contact onto these profiles. Immunopositive terminals making synaptic contact onto dendritic profiles were also noted in this area. In contrast, light microscopy showed no immunoreactivity to choline acetyltransferase in the magnocellular nuclei themselves. Electron microscopy revealed some immunopositive profiles along the boundaries of both nuclei, along the optic chiasm adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus and in the ventral glial lamina but not within the nuclei proper. Surprisingly, these immunopositive profiles appeared dendritic and were often contacted by one or more immunonegative synapses. Our observations thus indicate that cell bodies and dendrites in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are not directly innervated by cholinergic synapses. The functional significance of the putative cholinergic dendrites in close proximity to magnocellular neurones remains to be determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220024
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    Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in stellate cells (folliculo-stellate cells) of the adenohypophysis in the monkeys Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein (human, bovine) ; Folliculo stellate cells ; Adenohypophysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Monkeys (Macaca irus, Cercopithecus aethiops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of an antibody against bovine S-100 protein, it was possible to reveal a characteristic cell type in the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis of the monkey Macaca irus. In the adenohypophysis of Cercopithecus aethiops, labeled cells were present in the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. These cells, so-called folliculo-stellate cells, were found in all pituitaries studied. Surprisingly, an antibody against human S-100 protein did not label the stellate cells of the adenohypophysis. However, in Macaca irus, this antibody gave a strong positive reaction with various other cell types (interstitial cells of the pineal gland, Müller cells of the retina, autonomic ganglionic cells, glial cells of the central nervous system, Schwann cells, Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, fat cells, reticular cells of lymphoid organs). By use of double immunoenzymatic labeling, it was evident that stellate cells are spatially related either to somatotropes, prolactin cells, “corticotropes”, or to glycoprotein-containing cells. Thus, a specific relationship to a particular endocrine-cell type could not be observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215885
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    Effects of short-term treatment with calcium on the parathyroid gland of the rat, under particular consideration of the alteration of storage granules (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid ; Storage granule ; Hypercalcemia ; Immunocytochemistry ; Acid phosphatase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Short-term effects of CaCl2-treatment on parathyroid cells of the rat, especially on their storage granules, were studied at the ultrastructural level. After an injection of 4% CaCl2, serum calcium levels (SCL) rapidly increased from 9.1 mg/dl (controls) to a maximum of 14.9 mg/dl at 20 min. At 5 min after the injection, the number of type-I storage granules (large core) [NSG-I] and that of type-II storage granules (small core) [NSG-II] remained unchanged, in spite of elevated SCL (12.4 mg/dl). As soon as SCL rose to 13.2 mg/dl at 7.5 min, NSG-I gradually decreased to a minimum at 30 min; in contrast, NSG-II gradually increased to a maximum at 30 min. Vacuolar bodies also increased together with the augmentation of type-II storage granules. The average diameter of the core of the storage granules decreased significantly after the injection. Protein A-gold method for immunocytochemistry showed that the cores of these granules contain parathormone. Acid-phosphatase activity was occasionally found in storage granules of both types, especially in those of type II. It is concluded (i) that type-I storage granules may be transformed into vacuolar bodies via type-II granules as a result of hydrolysis, and (ii) that these processes may be accelerated during hypercalcemia.
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    5-Hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity in the epidermal sacciform gland cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei Risso (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 679-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish skin ; Sacciform glandular cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Lepadogaster candollei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin has been demonstrated in the epidermal sacciform glandular cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei by use of immunocytochemistry. Serotonin immunoreactivity is found both in the peripheral cytoplasm of the glandular cells and their luminal secretion. The presence of serotonin in the sacciform glandular cells parallels that located by both biochemical and immunocytochemical procedures in the cutaneous glands of many amphibian species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215211
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    An immunocytochemical study of the optic ganglia of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Nordmann 1842) with antisera against biologically active peptides of vertebrates and invertebrates (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Biologically active peptides ; Peptidergic neurons ; Crayfish ; Astacus leptodactylus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peptidergic system in the optic ganglia of Astacus leptodactylus is characterized by the immunocytochemical application of 15 antisera raised against biologically active peptides of vertebrates and invertebrates. Positive reactions were found with anti-FMRFamide, antiαMSH, anti-vasotocin, anti-gastrin, anti-CCK, anti-oxytocin, anti-secretin, anti-glucagon and anti-GIP. Based on immunochemical reaction and localization it is possible to distinguish 30 cell groups. Only part of these cell groups is found in the known classical neurosecretory cell regions. This observation demonstrates a more extensive peptidergic system than formerly recognized. The morphology of this peptidergic system suggests that one part is neurohormonal and the other part neurotransmitter-like or neuromodulatory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217572
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    Localization of α-MSH-like immunoreactive cells in the neural gland of the ascidian Styela plicata (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 497-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α-MSH-like peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neural gland ; Ascidian (Styela plicata) ; Pituitary-like role
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An α-MSH-like immunoreactivity has been localized in the neural gland of the ascidian Styela plicata. In particular, immunoreactive cells occur in some lobules and are weakly lead-haematoxylin positive. On the basis of the results, the homology of the ascidian neural gland with the vertebrate adenohyphysis is suggested and discussed. Furthermore, some hypotheses are presented about the possible functions of α-MSH-like material in ascidians.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222367
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuropeptides and serotonin in the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 240 (1985), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Serotonin ; Diphyllobothrium dendriticum ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present immunocytochemical study concerns the distribution of four neuropeptides, FMRF-amide, vasotocin, leu-enkephalin and neurotensin, and of the bioamine serotonin in the plerocercoid larva of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. Anti-FMRF-amide and vasotocin-reactivity occurs in perikarya and nerve fibres in the CNS and PNS of this worm. The peptide-containing fibres surround and seem to innervate the musculature and to terminate beneath the basal lamina of the tegument at the inner surface of the bothridia, suggesting a neurotransmitter function. Antileu-enkephalin reaction occurs in perikarya and fibres in the main nerve cords and in the PNS. Anti-neurotensin reactive fibres were observed in the neuropile of the nerve cords. Serotonin immunoreactivity was found in neurons in the ganglionic commissure of the brain and along the main nerve cords. This study is the first immunocytochemical identification of neuropeptides and serotonin in a parasitic flatworm and the information gained may be of importance for the development of new antihelminthics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222332
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    Reissner's fiber, massa caudalis and ampulla caudalis in the spinal cord of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Massa caudalis ; Subcommissural organ ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin histochemistry ; Lamprey ; Geotria australis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO), Reissner's fiber (RF) and its massa caudalis of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) were investigated immunocytochemically by use of an antiserum raised against bovine RF as primary antibody. The affinities of RF and massa caudalis for Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA) with and without previous acid hydrolysis, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), aldehyde fuchsin, and PAS reaction were also studied. SCO and massa caudalis were strongly immunoreactive, whereas RF proper was distinctly negative. RF did not react with Con A and RCA. Only the periphery of RF was WGA-positive. RCA showed affinity for RF only after acid hydrolysis. RF was homogeneously stained by the aldehyde-fuchsin and PAS-methods. At variance with RF proper, the periphery of the massa caudalis reacted with RCA without previous acid hydrolysis, but its core was WGA-positive and reacted with RCA only after hydrolysis. It is suggested that (i) RF has a coat of glycoproteins containing sialic acid as terminal residue, whereas the massa caudalis possesses a coat with galactose as terminal residue; (ii) in RF proper and the massa caudalis the spatial arrangement of glycoproteins might be different. Routine transmission electron-microscopic observations indicate that in larvae of Geotria australis an open communication exists between the ampulla caudalis and blood capillaries via large cavities or lacunae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218317
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  • 89
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    Immunocytochemical localization of pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nasal mucosa ; Odorant-binding protein ; 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies have been raised against purified bovine pyrazine-binding protein, a protein that binds the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. These antibodies have been utilized in immunocytochemical experiments to localize the pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa. Tissue fragments, macroscopically identified as olfactory and respiratory mucosa, were fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraffin. Consecutive serial sections were processed for immunofluorescence studies and restained either with haematoxylin-eosin or with periodic acid Schiff-Alcian Blue. In both olfactory and respiratory mucosa, only seromucous tubulo-acinar glands were specifically labelled. These glands are located in the lamina propria underlying typical respiratory epithelium, even in those tissues that are macroscopically defined as olfactory mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218329
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  • 90
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    An FMRFamide antiserum differentiates between populations of antigens in the ventral nervous system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Insects ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide immunoreactive neurones in the ventral nerve cord of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. These neurones are found only in the suboesophagael and thoracic ganglia, although immunoreactive processes are found in the neuropils of the abdominal ganglia. Many of these neurones also react with an antiserum raised against bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), but this antiserum also reveals another population of cells in the abdominal ganglia. The staining obtained with the BPP antiserum is blocked by preabsorption of the antiserum with FMRFamide; the converse is not true: FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity is not suppressed by preincubation with BPP. These results suggest that there are at least two endogenous peptide antigens in the locust nerve cord: one is found in cells of the suboesophageal and thoracic ganglia, and the other is found in cells of the abdominal ganglia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225568
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  • 91
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    Immunocytochemical investigation of forebrain control by somatostatin of the pituitary in the teleost Poecilia latipinna (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain ; Pituitary ; Teleost fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An extensive system of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons has been localized in the forebrain and pituitary of the molly (Poecilia latipinna), using the unlabelled antibody immunocytochemical method. In the hypothalamus, reactive perikarya were scattered throughout the parvocellular divisions of the preoptic nucleus. These cells were smaller in size and more ventral in position than those which stained with antisera to the neurohypophysial hormones, vasotocin and isotocin. A few very small somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed in the tuberal region and in the nuclei of the lateral and posterior recesses — areas which were rich in somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres. Somatostatin cells were also found in a small area of the ventral thalamus, mainly in the dorsolateral nucleus. Some of these neurons were large and multipolar, and appeared to form tracts of fibres into the posterior hypothalamus. In the telencephalon there were a few stained cells in the ventral area, with a complex pattern of fibres occurring in parts of the dorsal area. Somatostatin-immunoreactivity was intense in the central and posterior neurohypophysis, and particularly in its finger-like projections into the proximal pars distalis, around groups of growth hormone cells. Examination of material from fishes under various experimental conditions provided evidence for the somatostatin fibres originating from the preoptic neurons being involved in the control of growth hormone secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225569
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  • 92
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    Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in retinas of frog and goldfish (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 651-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Retina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in rat, rabbit, chick, frog and goldfish retinas was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Positive results were observed only in the frog and goldfish retinas. NPY immunoreactivity was associated with a small population of amacrine cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer and cell processes in the inner plexiform layer of both retinas. In the frog retina, three distinct layers containing immunoreactivity were observed in the inner plexiform layer. In contrast, the immunoreactivity in the same area of the goldfish retina was more or less separated into two layers. Convincing evidence could not be found for the co-existence of NPY-like material with other putative transmitter-like substances in the two retinas. Radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of small amounts of NPY-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit retina; the goldfish and frog retinas contained significantly more immunoreactive material. High performance liquid chromatography of the immunoreactive material in frog and goldfish retinas showed each retina containing different molecular forms of NPY-like proteins, neither of which resembled porcine NPY or PYY. The endogenous NPY-like material of the frog retina can be released by potassium depolarisation in a calciumdependent way. In view of all these data an NPY-like protein must now be considered a potential retinal transmitter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214587
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  • 93
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    Bipolarity of duodenal enterochromaffin cells in the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Duodenum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenum have been studied immunocytochemically by use of a specific antiserum to serotonin. At the light-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in enterochromaffin cells located in the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive material was localized to the basal portion of the enterochromaffin cells, but small amounts of immunoreactive material were regularly observed in the apical portion. At the electron-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity in enterochromaffin cells was found to be concentrated over the dense cores of the cytoplasmic granules. The majority of these granules was located in the basal cytoplasm of the enterochromaffin cells, but serotonin-immunoreactive granules were also observed in the apical cytoplasm immediately beneath the microvilli. These observations indicate that duodenal enterochromaffin cells are bipolar and that they secrete serotonin both basally, to the circulation, and apically, to the gut lumen. Rat duodenal enterochromaffin cells thus appear to have an exocrine as well as an endocrine function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239961
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    Uptake and retention of3H-estradiol by gonadotrophs and lactotrophs in the pituitary glands of the guinea pig, hamster and gerbil (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-cells ; Prolactin cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Guinea pig ; Hamster ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nuclear uptake and retention of3H-estradiol by luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) cells was examined in three species of rodents (guinea pigs, hamsters and gerbils) using the combined techniques of immunocyto-chemistry and autoradiography. Castrated animals were injected with3H-estradiol and decapitated 1.5 h later. The pituitary glands were processed for thaw-mount autoradiography followed by conventional immunocytochemical staining for LH and PRL.3H-estradiol accumulated in more than 80% of the anterior pituitary cells in the gerbils, while only 33 and 22% of the cells accumulated3H-estradiol in the hamsters and guinea pigs, respectively. A varying percentage of immunoreactive LH and PRL cells in all three species were found also to contain binding sites for estradiol. Some LH and PRL cells in hamsters and guinea pigs and only some in PRL cells of gerbils were found to be devoid of grains. Quantitative analysis revealed that the number of grains per nucleus differed considerably from cell to cell. LH cells of guinea pigs accumulated much larger amounts of3H-estradiol than did the PRL cells, while the LH cells in the hamsters and gerbils accumulated only slightly more3H-estradiol than the PRL cells. These results confirm the previous observations in rats and baboons that demonstrated tremendous species differences in percentage of cells in the anterior pituitary gland that accumulated3H-estradiol. Also, these data suggest that there are functionally heterogeneous cell types among the LH and PRL cells in hamsters, guinea pigs and gerbils as has been previously demonstrated in rats and baboons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239965
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  • 95
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    Immunocytochemical study of the development of vasotocin/mesotocin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 15-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Chick embryo hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo has been studied with a monoclonal antibody which cross-reacts with arginine vasotocin and mesotocin, using thick (100 μm) sections in conjunction with a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody. Although weakly stained perikarya occur occasionally in the tuberal region on embryonic days 6 and 7, the most consistent immunostaining of perikarya is found in the periventricular region of the caudal midhypothalamus at the level of the optic chiasm after embryonic day 8 1/2. Synthesis of peptides, therefore, takes place while the cells are close to their site of origin. Between embryonic days 9 and 10, beaded axons run along the anterior median eminence closely apposed to the adenohypophysis, thereby forming the anlage of the zona externa. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract surround the neural lobe between embryonic days 11 and 12. The caudal to rostral wave of neuronal maturation that occurs during development appears to be due to a progressive differentiation of the periventricular zone, as well as the migration of perikarya. The early periventricular perikarya at embryonic day 8 1/2 send processes rostrally in a wing-shaped formation that extends both dorso- and ventrolaterally. From embryonic days 10 to 12, perikarya can be observed in the wing-like extensions, apparently migrating to rostral levels. The dorsolateral pathway gives rise at its midportion to the lateral cell group, whereas those perikarya migrating more laterally form the anlage of the external supraoptic nucleus. The ventrolateral wing-shaped extension of perikarya appears to be directed toward the ventral group and those lateral perikarya continuous with it. The location of mature neuronal cell groups is well established by embryonic day 17.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221848
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    Immunocytochemical localization of ornithine decarboxylase in cultured murine cells (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Macrophage ; Immunocytochemistry ; Murine cell culture ; Antibody specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum elicited to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) purified from murine RAW 264 macrophage-like cells has been employed to localize ODC in cultured murine cells. The antiserum immunoprecipitated 100% of the ODC activity from the cultured cells. The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by the immunoprecipitation from 35S-methionine metabolically-labeled cell extracts of a single protein which migrated upon SDS-gel electrophoresis coincident with authentic ODC. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed RAW 264 cells and JB6 epidermal cells using the rabbit anti-ODC antiserum and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Little immunofluorescence was apparent in non-stimulated cells. Intense immunofluorescence was detectable in stimulated cells at times of peak cellular ODC activity. Antigenically-reactive ODC was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and was absent in the nuclei of RAW 264 cells, whereas in the JB6 cells the immunodetectable enzyme protein was localized in a punctate pattern in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm and was absent in the nucleolus. The appearance and disappearance of immunoreactive ODC in both cell types after stimulation was consistent with the alterations in ODC activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221849
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    Amacrine cells with neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in three species of teleosts with different color vision (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 663-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurotensin ; Somatostatin ; Color vision ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were localized by pre-embedding techniques in retinal whole-mounts and radial sections of a monochromatic glass catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis), a dichromatic cichlid species (Aequidens pulcher), and the tetrachromatic roach (Rutilus rutilus). Both neuropeptides were observed in perikarya and processes of amacrine cells. For a precise identification of cell types, tangential and radial views were correlated with Golgiimpregnated material. The dendritic pattern defining the morphological subtype of amacrine cells was determined by the given neuropeptide or by the species-specific degree of complexity of retinal structure and function. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was localized in amacrine cells of intermediate size, radial symmetry and dendrites with numerous varicosities; they were monostratified in sublayer 3 of the inner plexiform layer. This cell type was common to all three species. In the mono and dichromatic retinas, a single type of amacrine cell with somatostatinlike immunoreactivity was found with radially oriented, varicose dendrites in sublayer 5. In the tetrachromatic roach retina, two somatostatin-positive amacrine cell types were found with very different patterns of ramification; furthermore, both of these types occurred in more than one sublayer. Possible functional implications for color vision of neuropeptide-specific amacrine cells with uniform morphology in all three species and those with a more varied morphology in the tetrachromatic roach are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216497
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    Immunocytochemical localization of albumin in ovarian follicles of fertile rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 699-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albumin ; Ovarian follicles ; Granulosa cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate whether albumin (Alb) can be detected in ovarian rat granulosa cells. Using immunocytochemistry and morphometrics, the percentages of Alb-positive follicles (follicle-index), of Alb-positive granulosa cells (granulosa-index), and of strongly reacting follicles (intensity-index) were evaluated in intact and regressing follicles of different diameter groups during different stages of the estrous cycle. In intact follicles, the follicle- and the granulosa-index increased from small-sized to large-sized follicles. Although the follicle-index did not change in any group during the stages of the estrous cycle, the granulosa-index was higher during proestrus than during the other stages. Intact follicles showed a stronger immunoreactivity than regressing follicles throughout the stages of the estrous cycle. Thus, Alb may be a requirement for the control of follicle growth in fertile rats. This Alb function may be attributable to Alb binding to specific cell-membrane components followed by the intracellular uptake of Alb-bound substances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216501
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    Distribution of 5HT-immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Serotonin ; Mytilus galloprovincialis ; pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonergic cell bodies and fibers were identified in the pedal ganglia of Mytilus gattoprovincialis with a serum raised against serotonin and the unlabelled peroxidase-antiperoxidase pre- and post-embedding methods. Examination of Vibratome and serial semithin sections showed that most reactive perikarya are located in the ganglionic cortex, being mainly concentrated at the medial aspect of the postero-dorsal portion of the ganglia. Immunoreactive fibers form a dense network in the neuropil, extend throughout the commissure and run parallel in the nerves and connective tracts. The morphology of serotonin-positive cells compared with that of Golgi-impregnated neurons allows the identification of a main population of unipolar, probably projecting neurons and of smaller multipolar cells likely representing local circuit elements. The ultrastructure of labelled neurons is comparable to that of serotonergic cells described in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215424
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    Immunocytochemical localization of CCAP, a novel crustacean cardioactive peptide, in the nervous system of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas L. (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) ; Proctolin ; FMRFamide ; Leu-enkephalin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructural immunogold-labeling ; Pericardial organs ; Neurosecretion ; Carcinus maenas (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin, and were used to map CCAP-immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas. As expected, the neurohemal pericardial organs (PO) displayed abundant immunoreactivity in nerve fibers and terminals. In addition, immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in other parts of the nervous system. At least some of them do not appear to terminate in neurohemal structures and may have a non-endocrine, as yet unknown function. Immunoreactive perikarya with a diameter of 25–30 μm occur in the brain. They project into the optic and antennary neuropil, and into the eyestalk. One cell was found in the medulla terminalis of the eyestalk and in the connective ganglion, respectively. From the latter, axonal branches could be traced into the brain and the thoracic ganglia (TG). In the TG, small-diameter perikarya give rise to extensive networks of varicose fibers. Some of the perikarya occur in a characteristic paired arrangement with larger CCAP-immunoreactive somata (diameter 40–50 μm). These pairs of one small and one large cell occur in all mouthpart and leg segments of the TG, except the abdominal ganglia (AG), where only large cells were found. The main projections of the large neurons comprise one or more fibers in each of the seven segmental nerves (SN), leading to neurosecretory terminals in the PO. The fibers in the SN are joined by branches of an ascending axonal tract from the large perikarya in the AG. The large-type perikarya are considered to be the principal source of CCAP in the PO. The optic ganglia in the eyestalk, except the medulla terminalis, the neurohemal sinus gland and the stomatogastric nervous system are devoid of CCAP-immunoreactivity. In axon terminals of the PO, CCAP is not colocalized with other PO-neuropeptides, i.e. proctolin-, FMRFamide-like, and Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive materials. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed a distinct CCAP-containing granule type in specific axon profiles and terminals in the PO. The architecture of CCAP-immunoreactive neurons is discussed with respect to previous morphological studies on the origin and pathways of fibers terminating in the PO.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225807
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