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  • 2010-2014  (46,074)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: We present a detailed field and petrological study of charnockites and ultra-high temperature (UHT) granulites from the Gruf Complex, eastern Central Alps. Charnockites occur as up to 0.5 km wide and 8 km long, internally boudinaged, opx-bearing sheet-like bodies within the regionally dominant migmatitic biotite-orthogneisses. Granulites occur as garnet–orthopyroxene–biotite–alkali feldspar-bearing schlieren (± sapphirine, sillimanite, cordierite, corundum, spinel, plagioclase, and quartz) within charnockites and as residual enclaves both in the charnockites and the migmatitic orthogneisses. Thermobarometric calculations, P–T pseudosections and orthopyroxene Al content, show that both charnockites and granulites equilibrated at metamorphic peak conditions of T = 920–940 °C and P = 8.5–9.5 kbar. Peak assemblages were subsequently overprinted by intergrowth, symplectite and corona textures involving orthopyroxene, sapphirine, cordierite and spinel at T = 720–740 °C and P = 7–7.5 kbar. We suggest that granulites and charnockites are lower crustal relicts preserved in the migmatitic orthogneisses. Garnet diffusion modelling shows that metamorphic garnet–opx ± sapphirine ± sillimanite peak assemblages and post-peak reaction textures always involving cordierite developed during two separate metamorphic cycles. Peak assemblages reflect UHT metamorphism related to post-Varican Permian extension, but post-peak coronae and symplectites formed during the mid-Tertiary, upper amphibolite facies, Alpine regional metamorphism. Fluid-absent partial melting of pelitic and psammitic sediments during the Permian UHT event lead to the formation of charnockitic magmas and granulitic residues. Intense melt loss and thorough dehydration of the granulites (although retaining biotite) favoured the partial preservation of peak mineral assemblages during Alpine metamorphism.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-06-06
    Description: This paper describes a Bayesian inversion of acoustic reflection loss versus angle measurements to estimate the compressional and shear wave velocities in young uppermost oceanic crust, Layer 2A. The data were obtained in an experiment on the thinly sedimented western flank of the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, using a towed horizontal hydrophone array and small explosive charges as sound sources. Measurements were made at three sites at increasing distance from the ridge spreading center to determine the effect of age of the crust on seismic velocities. The inversion used reflection loss data in a 1/3-octave band centered at 16 Hz. The compressional and shear wave velocities of the basalt were highly sensitive parameters in the inversion. The compressional wave velocity increased from 2547±30 to 2710±18 m/s over an age span of 1.4 million years (Ma) from the spreading center, an increase of 4.5±1.0%/Ma. The basalt shear wave velocity increased by nearly a factor of 2, from ∼725 to 1320 m/s over the same age span. These results show a decreasing trend of Poisson’s ratio with age, from a value of 0.46 at the youngest site closest to the ridge axis.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Biological Oceanography
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass einige invasive Arten bzw. Populationen gegenüber Umweltstress robuster sind als nicht invasive Arten bzw. Populationen derselben Art. Es wird vermutet, dass die Toleranz gegenüber abiotischen Stressoren wahrscheinlich eine Schlüsseleigenschaft von invasiven Arten darstellt. Während des Transports von Individuen in einen neuen Lebensraum oder durch Stressereignisse könnten widrige abiotische Bedingungen eine Selektion stresstoleranter Individuen hervorrufen, was die erhöhte Stresstoleranz von invasiven Arten bzw. Populationen erklären könnte. Um dies zu testen, habe ich in einem Laborexperiment ein Transport- bzw. Stressereignis simuliert. In zwei unabhängigen Experimenten habe ich in einer Gruppe von Individuen der Weißbeingarnele Penaeus vannamei durch erhöhte Temperaturen mindestens 50 % Mortalität erzeugt. Hierbei wurden die Individuen in unabhängigen Replikaten für 13 Tage 37°C (Langzeit-Stressexperiment) bzw. für 2 h 41°C (Kurzzeit-Stressexperiment) Wassertemperatur ausgesetzt. Nach dieser ersten Stressphase wurde ein Teil der überlebenden gleichzeitig mit einer gleichen Anzahl an bis dahin nicht vorgestressten Individuen sofort wieder denselben erhöhten Temperaturen ausgesetzt und die Überlebenskurven in beiden Gruppen verglichen. Den übrigen überlebenden der ersten Stressphase wurde vor der zweiten Stressphase eine 13 Tage (Langzeit-Stressexperiment) bzw. 6 Tage (Kurzzeit-Stressexperiment) lange Erholungsphase gewährt, damit etwaige physiologische Anpassungen an Stressbedingungen abklingen konnten. Der Vergleich der Überlebenskurven einer vorgestressten Gruppe, die nach der ersten Stressphase direkt wieder Stressbedingungen ausgesetzt wurde und einer vorgestressten Gruppe, der eine Erholungsphase gewährt wurde, sollte Aufschluss darüber geben, ob eine mögliche erhöhte Stresstoleranz der vorgestressten Gruppen auf eine Selektion stresstoleranter Individuen oder physiologischer Anpassungen an Stressbedingungen zurückzuführen war. In beiden Experimenten zeigten die vorgestressten Gruppen, unabhängig davon, ob ihnen eine Erholungsphase gewährt wurde oder nicht, stets höhere Überlebensraten als die Gruppen, die nicht vorgestresst waren. Meine Ergebnisse legen einerseits nahe, dass es durch Temperaturstress zu einer physiologischen Stressabhärtung und dadurch zu erhöhten Überlebensraten der vorgestressten Individuen kam. Da Literaturdaten darauf hinweisen, dass die Erholungsphasen wahrscheinlich lang genug waren, um die physiologische Stressabhärtung in den vorgestressten Gruppen, denen eine Erholungsphase gewährt wurden, abklingen zu lassen, kann man andererseits annehmen, dass es durch den Temperaturstress bei P. vannamei zu einer Selektion stresstoleranterer Individuen gekommen ist. Dies konnte im Rahmen meiner Diplomarbeit jedoch nicht direkt bewiesen werden.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: During the last decades, the Chilean margin offshore Maule (34±S −36±S) had been reported as a highly locked and seismically quiet zone. The stress-accumulated state finished on the 27th of February 2010, when a megathrust earthquake (with Mw = 8.8) ruptured » 400 km of the Nazca-South America plate boundary. Unfortunately, up to now little was known about the seismic structure offshore Maule. In the frame of the third phase of the project SFB 574 “Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones” of the Christan-Albrechts University of Kiel, seismic data was analyzed in order to obtain detailed images of the deep structure of the margin and of the outer rise. Here are presented constraints on the forearc and the subduction zone structure of the rupture area derived from seismic refraction and wide-angle data. The results show a wedge shaped body » 40 km wide with typical sedimentary velocities interpreted as a frontal accretionary prism (FAP). Landward of the imaged FAP, the velocity model shows an abrupt velocity-contrast suggesting a lithological change, which is interpreted as the contact between the FAP and the paleo accretionary prism (backstop). The backstop location is coincident with the seaward limit of the aftershocks, defining the updip limit of the co-seismic rupture and the seismogenic zone. Furthermore, the seaward limit of the aftershocks coincides with the location of the shelf break in the entire earthquake rupture area (33.5±S−38.5±S), which is interpreted as the location of the backstop along the margin. Published seismic profiles at the northern and southern limit of the rupture area also show the presence of a strong horizontal velocity gradient imaging the seismic backstop at a distance of » 30 km from the deformation front. The seismic wide-angle reflections from the top of the subducting oceanic crust constrain the location of the plate boundary offshore, dipping » 10±. The projection of the epicenter of the Maule earthquake onto our derived interplate boundary yielded a hypocenter around 20 km depth. This implies that the earthquake nucleated somewhere within the seismogenic zone, neither at its updip nor at its downdip limit. The second part of this thesis focuses on the dependency between the incoming plate’s bend faulting, lithospheric hydration and shallow outer rise seismic activity. To support the interpretation, are presented Vp and Vs seismic models obtained from wide angle seismic data and the derived 2D Poisson’s ratio distribution at the outer rise. The oceanic lithosphere shows a high degree of hydration, due to the water infiltration through the bending-related faults exposed to seawater. This process is presumably intensified bythe existence of a seamount in the area. It is concluded that the water infiltrates deep into the lithosphere, triggering shallow earthquakes in the outer rise and likely serpentinization in the mantle, estimated to be about 10%.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    In:  Ökologisches Wirtschaften
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: For the past 50 years it has been assumed that the principal pathway for the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). However, recent observations of Lagrangian floats have shown that the DWBC is not necessarily a unique, dominant, or continuous pathway for these deep waters. A significant portion of the deep water export from the subpolar to the subtropical gyres follows a pathway through the interior of the Newfoundland and subtropical basins, which is constrained by the western boundary and the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The hypothesis that deep eddy-driven recirculation gyres are a mechanism for partitioning the deep limb of the AMOC into the DWBC and this interior pathway is investigated here. Eulerian and Lagrangian analyses of the output of ocean general circulation models at eddy-resolving, eddy-permitting, and non-eddy permitting resolutions are used to test this hypothesis. Eddy-driven recirculation gyres, simulated in the eddy-resolving and eddy-permitting models and similar to recirculations inferred from hydrographic data, are shown to shape the export pathways of deep water from the subpolar to the subtropical gyres.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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