ALBERT

Description: A second list of species found near Hellevoetsluis, prov. S. Holland, on heaps of stones used for the Delta-works. See also Gorteria 3 (4), 1966, p. 49\xe2\x80\x9451.

Description: The author mentions a second find of Lactuca tatarica (L.) C. A. Mey. in the harbour of Rotterdam in 1966, in a ruderal locality. The number of specimens increased in 1967.

Description: The area of distribution of most Myriophyllum species is insufficiently known. In this paper, many new localities are recorded for 16 species from SE. Asia, Malesia, Madagascar, and Africa, and a key is added. One species from New Guinea, M. coronatum, is described as new (fig. I). Of the other species the synonymy is complete, but no descriptions are given; of each the distribution and ecology is cited, and if necessary critical remarks are added.\nUnder the new species the second remark deals with the possible desirability of distinguishing subgenera or sections within the genus. It is concluded that, as the species show a reticulate affinity by parallelism, especially as regards reductions in both vegetative and sexual organs, the usefulness of distinguishing infrageneric taxa is debatable and not advisable.

Description: Two adventitious species of the genus Beckmannia Host have been found in the Netherlands. They can be distinguished as follows: 1. Stems mostly tuberously thickened at the base. Spikelets always 2-flowered (fig. 1, a). Glumes always more or less irregularly dentate at the mostly rounded and mostly very shortly acuminate apex, and with often very shortly ciliate margins, hardly swollen when ripe. Ripe stamens mostly distinctly exserted; anthers 1,6\xe2\x80\x942,1 mm long (fig. 1, b) B. eruciformis (L.) Host 1\xe2\x80\x99. Stems not thickened at the base. Spikelets 1-flowered (fig. 1, c); sometimes a few 2-flowered spikelets are present in the spike. Glumes entire at the acute and distinctly acuminate apex, and with glabrous margins, mostly rather strongly swollen when ripe. Ripe stamens mostly but slightly exserted; anthers 0,7\xe2\x80\x941,1 mm long (fig. 1, d) ... B. syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.

Description: Five species of Atriplex s.s. have been found as aliens in the Netherlands. In the following key the indigenous A. laciniata and the species belonging to the A. patula-complex have been included. Of the latter a tentative revision will appear next year. The key is to be used for dried plants with completely mature fruits only.

Description: Cosmopsaltria agatha Moulton is removed from the synonymy of Orientopsaltria montivaga (Distant) and reallocated in Orientopsaltria. The drawings of the male genitalia facilitate the distinction of both species.

Description: A re-examination of the types of Lithobius occultus Silvestri, 1894, and Lithobius excellens Silvestri, 1894, from Italy, has shown that the two are based on specimens of the same species which takes the name of Eupolybothrus (Schizopolybothrus) excellens (Silvestri, 1894), and is probably most closely related to E. tabularum (Verhoeff, 1937). A tentative survey of the subgenera of the genus Eupolybothrus Verhoeff, 1907, is given, and a new subgenus, Leptopolybothrus nov. subgen., type-species Lithobius leptopus Latzel, 1880, is erected.

Description: The myicolid copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus is reported from 22 new hosts (pelecypods) in Bermuda and the West Indies, from 1 new host (a pelecypod) in Madagascar, and from an ascidian (Pyuridae) in Cura\xc3\xa7ao (probably an accidental association). P. spinosus is redescribed, based on specimens from Isognomon alatus in Bermuda. Among 316 P. spinosus from Bermuda, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Barbados, Brazil, Senegal, Madagascar, and Jugoslavia the dimensions of the body and caudal ramus varied widely. The ornamentation of the anal segment showed four different conditions of spination, and sometimes included an extra long ventral setule on either or both sides.\nThe specimens studied are regarded as one species, P. spinosus, without apparent subspecific differences. The following are considered as synonyms of P. spinosus: P. glaber Pearse, 1947, Myicola tageli Pearse, 1947, P. anomalocardiae Narchi, 1965, and P. mirabilis Humes, 1959.

Description: Extensive reports on losses in zoo animals are very rare. As fas as we know only London, Paris, Philadelphia and Washington give yearly reports. Of these London and Paris give very complete information. One of the reasons that so few zoos publish their results may be that it is always more pleasant to give information about successes than about failures.\nIn our opinion, however, it is no use to disguise the truth and for other zoos it can be very useful to have the opportunity to compare results. The period described in this paper is part of an important era in the history of our zoo, a period of reconstruction, rebuilding and, of increasing the collection. This period will last another 10-15 years or so as at that time the really old and worn-out buildings will have been replaced and appropriate facilities for the veterinarian will have been achieved. At the same time this period has seen great advances in veterinary care. The Cap-Chur pistol in use in our zoo since 1960 made injection possible of any animal at any time. The increasing arsenal of therapeutics and the international contacts by way of the international symposia on diseases of zoo animals have contributed largely to a better medical care of zoo animals. Thus prevention of diseases is becoming more and more important. In our opinion the effective disinfectant halamid (Chloraminum) plays an important r\xc3\xb4le in this respect.

Description: Da\xc3\x9f eine Tiergruppe pelagischer Anpassung, wie die Zahnwale, in den mit dem Ozean nur mittelbar, via Nordsee, in Verbindung stehenden K\xc3\xbcstenmeeren Schwedens eine weit bescheidenere Rolle spielt als an der atlantischen K\xc3\xbcste Europas, ist nat\xc3\xbcrlich und vorauszusetzen. Von 23 europ\xc3\xa4ischen Arten sind f\xc3\xbcr Schweden bis jetzt nur 14, die meisten als seltene Irrg\xc3\xa4ste, festgestellt worden. Desto mehr man sich dabei l\xc3\xa4ngs der K\xc3\xbcste von der Nordsee entfernt, desto geringer wird die Anzahl. Schon an der Westk\xc3\xbcste sinkt sie von 14 im Skagerrak bis nur 9 Arten im Kattegatt. In der Ostsee hat man an der S\xc3\xbcdk\xc3\xbcste zuerst noch 8, an der Ostk\xc3\xbcste 4 und im Bottnischen Meerbusen endlich nur 2 (Abb. 1).\nAls heimische, zu allen Jahreszeiten \xc3\xb6fters antreffbare Bewohner kann man f\xc3\xbcr die Westk\xc3\xbcste nur zwei Arten nennen \xe2\x80\x94 den ziemlich h\xc3\xa4ufigen Schweinswal (Phocaena phocoena) und den weit selteneren Langfinnendelphin ( Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Das gro\xc3\x9fe Brackwassergebiet der Ostsee hat nur den Schweinswal allein heimisch. Der gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fte Teil seines Bestandes verl\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9ft jedoch in der Regel dieses Gebiet f\xc3\xbcr die Winterzeit. Seine Wanderz\xc3\xbcge von und zu der Ostsee sind den K\xc3\xbcstenbewohnern, besonders der \xc3\x96resundgegend und der S\xc3\xbcdk\xc3\xbcste seit altem wohlbekannt und wurden an dazu geeigneten Stellen, wie Ravlunda an der Ostk\xc3\xbcste von Schonen (LINNAEUS, 1751) oder Torekov und die Laholmbucht im S\xc3\xbcdostteil des Kattegattes (NILSSON, 1847), noch im vorigen Jahrhundert zum Fang dieser Kleinwale ausgenutzt (Abb. 2). Im Gegensatz zu der herbstlichen Schweinswalsjagd in den d\xc3\xa4nischen Sunden geschah dies hier haupts\xc3\xa4chlich w\xc3\xa4hrend der Fr\xc3\xbcjahrwanderung der Tiere.

Description: L\xe2\x80\x99A. d\xc3\xa9crit ou cite 47 esp\xc3\xa8ces de Poissons characo\xc3\xafdes r\xc3\xa9cemment r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9s par M. H. P. Pijpers au Surinam.\nQuatre formes nouvelles pour la science sont d\xc3\xa9crites: Moenkhausia surinamensis, Moenkhausia georgiae, Moenkhausia hemigrammoides et Curimatus esperanzae pijpersi; deux autres avaient \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 d\xc3\xa9crites dans des notes ant\xc3\xa9rieures: Hemibrycon surinamensis et Hyphessobrycon georgettae; deux enfin sont signal\xc3\xa9es comme \xc3\xa9tant des formes nouvelles qui seront nomm\xc3\xa9es \xc3\xa0 partir d\xe2\x80\x99un mat\xc3\xa9riel plus abondant: elles appartiennent respectivement aux genres Myleus et Hemiodopsis (Hemiodus auct.).\nHemigrammus lunatus, Jobertina eleotrioides et Parodon guyanensis sont nouveaux pour la faune du Surinam.\nLa synonymie Hemigrammus orthus = Hyphessobrycon bellotti est sugg\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9e.\nDes cl\xc3\xa9s de d\xc3\xa9termination sont propos\xc3\xa9es pour les groupes suivants: groupe doceana du genre Moenkhausia, esp\xc3\xa8ces des Guyanes du genre Creatochanes, Stethaprionidi et ssp. de Poptella orbicularis.\nCertains sujets sont plus particuli\xc3\xa8rement discut\xc3\xa9s: valeur taxonomique et \xc3\xa9volution de la ligne lat\xc3\xa9rale, ssp. de Moenkhausia lepidura et de Poptella orbicularis, biom\xc3\xa9trie et \xc3\xa9cotaxonomie de Gasteropelecus sternicla et de Carnegiella strigata, et revue du sous-genre Hemiodopsis.

Description: 1. In Whales variations in the thickness of the baleen plates are supposed to give an insight into certain cyclical processes in the life of the animal. To a certain extent, by means of these variations, it is possible to reach conclusions about the age of the animal and/or about its recent period of life.\nIn order to get a better insight in the significance of the variations in thickness of the baleen plate, researches are made in the histogenesis of the baleen plate of Fin Whales and Blue Whales, caught in the Antarctic waters. The variations in thickness are caused by variations in thickness of the cortex of the baleen plate. 2. The \xe2\x80\x9croot\xe2\x80\x9d of the baleen plate consists of the following parts: the corium wall, the epithelium that covers the corium wall, the cortex and the epithelium of the gum. 3. In the epithelium of the gum arched bands of varying width are visible. These bands run into the outer layer of the cortex. There is a correlation between the width of these bands and the height of the thickenings of the cortex, in which they end. These bands are not present in the epithelium that covers the corium wall. In both epithelia corium papillae are found. On the top of each papilla a row of spherical cells is formed. In the epithelium that covers the corium wall these rows of spherical cells all run into the cortex and there they cannot be distinguished from the surrounding cornified material. This is also correct for the very few rows of spherical cells originating from the corium papillae near the base of the corium wall. These rows run into the first band of flattened cells of the gum. They become flattened with the cells of the stratum spinosum of the gum in this band, forming the very first layer of the cortex. The other rows of spherical cells in the gum, even those immediately adjacent to the cortex, all run parallel to each other and to the outer surface of the cortex. They never run into the cortex. This shows clearly that the cell material of the gum forms the first and outer layer of the cortex of a baleen plate near the base of the corium wall. Cell material of the gum is not added to the cortex in any other place. 4. The cortex of a baleen plate is formed by two epithelia, the epithelium of the gum and the epithelium that covers the corium wall. Variations in the thickness of the cortex and consequently of the baleen plate, which are visible as peaks and hollows in the record, are only formed by variations in the addition of material by the epithelium of the gum. 5. One of the functions of the epithelium that covers the corium wall is that it serves as a layer by which the cortex slides from the corium wall. The long range and gradual increase in thickness of the baleen plate, and consequently also of the cortex, is mainly a result of the addition of material to the inner side of the cortex by this epithelium. 6. It is shown that the peaks and hollows are instantaneous formations, resulting from increased mitotic activity in the epithelium of the gum. These extra thickenings are only formed at a special point at the very first origin of the cortex. So the \xe2\x80\x9cgrowth periods\xe2\x80\x9d in which the records of baleen plates can be divided, by means of the \xe2\x80\x9cregular\xe2\x80\x9d occurrence of peaks and hollows, are conclusive in age determination. 7. The variations in thickness of the cortical layer of the baleen plate visible as peaks in the records, are probably caused by changes in the physiological balance of the Fin Whale. These changes are of comparatively short duration. They may e.g. be caused by the mitotic stimulating activity of hormones, produced by the ovaries during ovulation. Owing to such a stimulus more material is added to both sides of the cortex. This is visible as a thickening only on the outer surface because here all the extra material is added at one point, whereas to the inner side of the cortex material is added along the whole length. 8. The cells of the stratum spinosum in the \xe2\x80\x9croot\xe2\x80\x9d of the baleen plate maintain their mutual contact in the desmosomes. These structures are always visible in all microscopic sections of the various parts of this stratum. 9. The coarse tonofibrils run through the cells from the desmosomes in one part of the cell wall to the desmosomes in another, mostly opposite, part. 10. The tonofibrils are not present in all cells of the stratum spinosum of the gum and nowhere in the stratum spinosum of the epithelium between the corium wall and the cortex. 11. The presence of tonofibrils in the stratum spinosum of the gum of the Fin Whale and the Blue Whale is most probably caused by shrinkage of the cells, e.g. under the influence of the fixing fluid. The main direction of this shrinkage of the cells and the direction in which the tonofibrils run, is determined by forces that work on the cells in the epithelium, caused by mitotic activity.

Description: An occipito-parietal skull fragment of a male specimen of Odobenus antverpiensis (Rutten, 1907), from the mouth of the River Scheldt (Netherlands) is described and figured. The animal lived probably about the transition Scaldisian-Merxemian (Pliocene-Pleistocene). It lived in coastal marine surroundings rich in shell-bearing molluscs and is not necessarily an indication of cool conditions.

Description: Keeping and breeding animals which are threatened with extinction in their natural habitat, should be one of the most important tasks of zoological gardens today. Efforts should be focussed on finding the zootechnical solution of problems which will arise inevitably, especially if rare species, or those that have the reputation of being difficult to keep or to breed, are concerned.\nThe Orang-Utan ( Pongo pygmaeus (Hoppius)) has been kept in Zoos for more than a century. As a matter of fact this species was on exhibition regularly in the Zoos of the Netherlands during the nineteenth century. Orang-Utans were, a hundred years ago, much more common in the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam and Rotterdam than Chimpanzees. Longevity records however were very poor indeed. Hundreds and hundreds of these apes must have been imported on Dutch ships to keep up a regular stock. This is not surprising, because the least knowledge of the basic needs of these apes was lacking. Unsuitable food, lack of medicine and the wrong opinion that tropical animals should be kept in overheated quarters, caused the death of innumerable animals. The direct cause of death was either intestinal trouble or Tuberculosis. Under these circumstances breeding could not be expected. The first female Orang-Utan which came to a Zoo with its baby, the famous Buschi in Dresden Zoo, caused quite a sensation. But even in recent times the breeding of apes proved to be difficult. With better zoo-technical knowledge, Chimpanzees can be bred regularly. Orang-Utan and Gorilla however maintained the reputation of being difficult breeders. The first Zoo that started breeding Orangs regularly was Philadelphia. Afterwards several other Zoos, among which the Royal Rotterdam Zoo, succeeded in building up a breeding group. The Rotterdam Zoo was the first in breeding a second generation.

Description: On 22-VII-1960 I caught some specimens of Salamandra salamandra fastuosa Schreiber between Lago Ercina and Lago Enol, \xc2\xb1 1000 m above Covadonga (Picos de Europa, Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). On 14-VIII-1961 from one of the salamanders two young were born (length 40 and 45 mm). Only one specimen showed traces of gills \xc2\xb1 1.5 mm long, both specimens were in all other characters completely metamorphosed, also the colour pattern resembled the typical fastuosa-pattern, i.e. longitudinal yellow stripes almost without interruption (see fig. 1). The 15th of August two more young were born, both with gills, the smallest specimen (35 mm) in the form of a normal larva (fig. 2) with gills of \xc2\xb1 4 mm and with a normal larval coloration. One day later a fifth young was born, also purely larval in form and colour. The last one was completely metamorphosed on 3-X-1961. Freytag mentions 2-3 months for the larval period, so the development of the young fastuosa which were not discernable from normal larvae, took only a relatively short time. No more than 5 young were born.\nIn March 1967 the same female deposited \xc2\xb1 30 unfertilized eggs in the water of the paludarium. The difference between the small litter and the large number of eggs (in large specimens 70 or more larvae may be born) suggests a same kind of pregnancy as in Salamandra atra, in which only two completely metamorphosed young are born, which are fed before birth with the other eggs.

Description: 1. Bei der Geburt behalten die Weibchen von Myotis myotis und Eptesicus serotinus die typische H\xc3\xa4ngelage der Flederm\xc3\xa4use, den Kopf nach unten, bei. Sie heften sich jedoch auch mit den Krallen an der Unterlage fest, wodurch der K\xc3\xb6rper ggf. die Schr\xc3\xa4glage des Daches bekommt. Hierbei kr\xc3\xbcmmen sie den Schwanz bogenf\xc3\xb6rmig. 2. Das ausgesto\xc3\x9fene Junge klettert zwischen dem K\xc3\xb6rper der Mutter und der Unterlage am K\xc3\xb6rper derselben zur Brustzitze und saugt sich fest. 3. Es wird von der Mutter eifrig beleckt. Durch seitliches H\xc3\xa4ngen des Hinterteiles seines K\xc3\xb6rpers rei\xc3\x9ft das Junge die Nabelschnur ab, wozu oft l\xc3\xa4ngere Zeit und heftiges Zerren notwendig ist. 4. Die vertrocknete Nabelschnur rei\xc3\x9ft an der Placenta ab. Diese wird kurz darauf ausgesto\xc3\x9fen und von der Mutter aufgefressen. 5. Beim Belecken des Jungen bei\xc3\x9ft die Mutter die Nabelschnur an diesem ab. Sie f\xc3\xa4llt zu Boden und wird zwischen den Kotkr\xc3\xbcmchen gefunden. 6. Die L\xc3\xa4nge der Nabelschnur l\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9ft einen R\xc3\xbcckschlu\xc3\x9f auf die Dauer der Abrei\xc3\x9fbewegung und auf ein \xc3\xa4hnliches Verhalten anderer Arten bei der Geburt zu. 7. Bei einer Totgeburt sucht das Alttier sich dieser durch Umherklettern zu entbinden, gelingt dies nicht, so bei\xc3\x9ft sie die Nabelschnur bei sich ab.

Description: Herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes completely scandent or only the branches so. Leaves alternate, variable in size and shape on adventitious growth, normal growth and short shoots; nodes swollen or not, with sheathing ocreae, these ciliate in some genera; petioles arising from base of the ocreae or well above the base. Inflorescence terminal or axillary (in Antigonon terminating in a branched tendril), spicate, racemose, or paniculate, flowers solitary or clustered, perfect, functionally or completely unisexual (if the latter, plant usually completely dioecious), bracteate, borne on short or long pedicels which may be articulated at the middle or below the flower, these with ocreolae. Perianth usually with a hypanthium, the perianth lobes 4\xe2\x80\x949, imbricate, in 1 or 2 series, equal or the inner or outer series strikingly unequal. Stamens 5\xe2\x80\x949, filaments free or variously united. Ovary superior, usually trigonous or compressed; styles 2 or 3; stigmas capitate or elongate; ovary 1-celled, ovule 1. Fruit an achene, trigonous or compressed, surrounded by the persistent perianth which may be fleshy or dry, enlarged or not, the perianth lobes in fruit coronate or imbricate, or elongated into wing-like structures, often brightly coloured. Seed 1, embryo with plane cotyledons, these often convolute in a farinous, ruminate or uniform endosperm. Over 800 species in about 32 genera; mostly of temperate distribution primarily in the northern hemisphere.

Description: Aquatic herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or verticellate, simple. Stipules present. Flowers axillary, solitary, glomerate or fascicled, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3\xe2\x80\x945, free or shortly connate, imbricate, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, free, imbricate, persistent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, persistent; the filaments often dilated; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 3\xe2\x80\x945- celled, 3\xe2\x80\x945-carpelled; styles 3\xe2\x80\x945, free, short, persistent; stigmas capitate. Ovules numerous in 2 or more rows on each of the axillary placentas. Fruit a small septicidal capsule. Seeds many, small. Endosperm scanty or wanting. Embryo straight or curved. About 40 species in 2 genera in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions.

Description: Trees, shrubs, or herbs with orange or reddish juice. Leaves alternate, palmatilobed to palmately compound. Stipules deciduous. Inflorescence consisting of racemes or panicles. Flowers large, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens numerous; filaments free or connate at the base, equal or unequal; anthers 2-celled, opening by apical pores or slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 3\xe2\x80\x945-carpelled; style 1; stigma minute, 3\xe2\x80\x945-dentate. Ovules numerous on 3\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas; placentas often intruding and then the ovary falsely or basally 3\xe2\x80\x945-celled. Fruit a capsule, 3\xe2\x80\x945-valved. Seeds numerous, reniform or rarely globose, hairy or glabrous. Embryo curved. Endosperm copious, oily. About 25 species in 3 genera of tropical distribution, often in arid areas.

Description: Shrubs, trees or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, sessile, simple, often scale-like or needle-shaped. Stipules wanting. Flowers solitary or in spikes or racemes, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free or united at base. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x945, free or nearly so, imbricate. Stamens 4 to many; filaments usually free, rarely somewhat united; anthers extrorse, versatile, with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas; styles 3\xe2\x80\x945, free or sometimes stigmas sessile. Ovules numerous. Disk usually present. Fruit a 1-celled or incompletely 3\xe2\x80\x944-celled capsule. Seeds bearded, rarely winged. Endosperm scanty or wanting. Embryo straight. About 100 species in 4 genera, in temperate and sub-tropical regions, often in saline habitats.

Description: Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, often distichous, coriaceous or chartaceous, simple. Stipules caducous, rarely foliaceous or persistent. Inflorescence consisting of axillary clusters or terminal or axillary cymes; pedicels usually articulate near the base. Bracts and bracteoles small, scale-like. Flowers generally hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Sepals 2\xe2\x80\x9415, free, imbricate. Petals wanting or when present imbricate, usually equal in number to the sepals, with or without an opposite basal scale. Receptacle often with appendages (disc). Stamens generally numerous and often in bundles opposite the petals or equal in number to the sepals; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, opening with longitudinal dehiscence, often attenuate or with glandular appendages. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style one or as many as the carpels (2\xe2\x80\x9410), free or united; stigma of various form. Ovules numerous on 2\xe2\x80\x9410 parietal, often much intruding placentas. Fruit a berry or a loculicidal (or rarely indehiscent) capsule. Seeds often with an aril. Embryo straight. Endosperm copious. About 850 species in 84 genera in the tropics and the subtropics.

Description: Trees or shrubs, containing a resinous sap, sometimes epiphytic. Leaves opposite, generally decussate, rarely alternate or whorled. Stipules wanting. Flowers dioecious, polygamous or hermaphrodite, actinomorphous or nearly so, terminal or axillary, sometimes solitary or clustered, sometimes in fewflowered cymes. Sepals 2\xe2\x80\x9410. Petals 2\xe2\x80\x946, rarely indefinite, contorted or overlapping. Male flowers: stamens numerous, rarely definite; filaments free or connate in various degree, sometimes united into a fleshy mass; anthers varying in form, number and dehiscence, the connective often produced beyond the anthers and sometimes glandular; ovary rudimentary or wanting. Female and hermaphrodite flowers: staminodes and stamens surrounding the ovary; number of stamens and staminodes smaller than in the corresponding male flower; ovary superior, one- to many-celled; ovules one to many in each cell on axile or rarely parietal placentas; styles usually connate or wanting; stigmas large, as many as the cells of the ovary; fruit usually fleshy-leathery, a capsule with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence or a berry; seeds often with a fleshy aril or strophiole; endosperm wanting. About 400 species in 35 genera in the tropics.

Description: Glabrous trees or rarely shrubs, with aromatic bark. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately veined, with pellucid dots. Stipules wanting. Inflorescence consisting of axillary or terminal cymes or racemes. Flowers hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Sepals 3\xe2\x80\x945, imbricate. Petals 4\xe2\x80\x9412, free or basically united, imbricate. Stamens 20 or less; filaments united into a tube; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence, extrorse. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 2\xe2\x80\x945 carpellate; style short and thick; stigma 2\xe2\x80\x946-lobed. Ovules horizontal or ascending, 2 to numerous on 2\xe2\x80\x945 parietal placentas. Fruit a berry. Seeds 2 to many, shining, hard and brittle. Embryo straight or slightly curved. Endosperm copious, oily and fleshy. Ten species in 5 genera in tropical and subtropical America, Madagascar and tropical Africa.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nThe genus Metrocoris Mayr comprises a small, distinct group of waterstriders, mainly inhabiting the Old World tropics. They are to be found on the surface of mountain streams and pools in the jungle. In general they are apterous, but in most species a small percentage of the individuals may have fully developed wings.\nThe species have been little collected and are generally rare in collections.\nThe specimens in early collections are often either single females with eggs, or one male and one female \xe2\x80\x94 generally with copulatory organs still partly extended \xe2\x80\x94 which fact may suggest that it is very difficult to catch specimens, except when they are less quick or attentive.\nAn extensive description of the genus was given by Matsuda (1960: 302-304). Keys to the genus are to be found in the paper by Kenaga (1941: 170) and that by Hungerford & Matsuda (1960b: 7).\nWhen studying the material of these insects in the Leiden Museum, I found that the structures of the male genitalia supply useful characters for distinguishing between the species. Within the species these organs appear to be constant.\nDissections were made by clearing the posterior abdominal segments in KOH (10%) for approximately 12 hours. The dissections were mounted in "terebinthina laricina" on glass slides of 9 by 14 mm, which were then fastened on the same pin as the specimen. This has the great advantage of keeping specimen and dissection together.\nIt soon became evident that this study would be impossible without the examination of the material preserved in other museums. Upon my request

Description: INTRODUCTION\nThe present report deals with a collection of Hydroids from the Zoological Museum, Munich, German Federal Republic (Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, M\xc3\xbcnchen), collected during various expeditions in the Caribbean region. I have thought it advisable to include in this report an annotated checklist of all Hydroids that in the course of time have been recorded from the Caribbean region. The geographical boundaries of that region are discussed below.\nI want to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. W. Engelhardt and Dr. H.\nFechter of the Zoological Museum, Munich, who have placed the valuable material at my disposal. All the material is now preserved in the Zoological Museum, Munich; some duplicates are present in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands.\n\nLIST OF THE SPECIES\nFamily Halocordylidae. \xe2\x80\x94 Halocordyle disticha (Goldfuss, 1820).\nFamily Clavidae. \xe2\x80\x94 Turritopsis nutricula (McCrady, 1856).\nFamily Bougainvilliidae. \xe2\x80\x94 Garveia humilis (Allman, 1877).\nFamily Eudendriidae. \xe2\x80\x94 Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882.\nFamily Haleciidae. \xe2\x80\x94 Halecium reflexum Stechow, 1919.\nFamily Campanulariidae. \xe2\x80\x94 Campanularia (Clytia) noliformis McCrady, 1858; Campanularia (Clytia) cylindrica (L. Agassis, 1862) ; Laomedea (Phialidium) pelagica (Van Breemen, 1905) ; Laomedea (Phialidium) tottoni Leloup, 1935 ; Laomedea (Obelia) bicuspidata (Clarke, 1875) ; Laomedea (Obelia) longicyatha (Allman, 1877) ; Laomedea (Obelia) congdoni Hargitt, 1909.\nFamily Campanulinidae. \xe2\x80\x94 Cuspidella humilis Hincks, 1866.

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 3\nHistory.................... 4\nMaterial.................... 6\nMethods.................... 8\nTaxonomic morphology................ 9\nTaxonomy................... 14\nThe genus Dysdercus................ 18\nKey to the American species.............. 19\nThe Dysdercus mimus group............. 23\nThe Dysdercus jamaicensis group............ 42\nThe Dysdercus flavolimbatus group............ 60\nThe Dysdercus maurus group............. 93\nThe Dysdercus albofasciatus group............ 144\nThe Dysdercus fernaldi group............. 157\nInfrageneric relationships............... 170\nHost plants................... 183\nNatural enemies.................. 189\nColour patterns and mimicry.............. 192\nAppendix : External morphology of Dysdercus.......... 199\nLiterature................... 202\nIndex to the species; survey of type status and type locations.....214\nINTRODUCTION\nBugs of the genus Dysdercus are often serious pests of cotton. In piercing the bolls, they introduce micro-organisms which cause boll rot or a discolo-

Description: INTRODUCTION\nIn the past, many authors emphasized the great variability in the morphology of the members of the genus Gammarus. At the same time, such "varieties" were distributed in waters ranging from entirely fresh to purely marine. Both ideas, the morphological variability and the great salinity tolerance, have not been substantiated by more modern investigations. The descriptive and experimental work, first of all that of Sexton, has shown that the morphological characters of the various forms are very stable, at least at a given stage of maturity, and that very slight details suffice for their characterization. These closely related forms are intersterile (Spooner, 1947, 1951 ; Kinne, 1954; Wautier & Roux, 1959) and behave ecologically different (e.g. Spooner, 1947; Segerstr\xc3\xa5le, 1947; Kinne, 1954). Because of their intersterility and since the distribution areas overlap (cf. Segerstr\xc3\xa5le, 1947, fig. 6; Nijssen, 1963), most authors now follow Kinne, 1954, in considering the "forms" of Gammarus good species. The idea that the specific characters (more in particular, the "hairiness") would be brought forward through environmental factors, such as salinity, was disproved by Spooner (1947), who showed that the characteristic formation of the cuticular structures was independent of the salinity, and genetically determined.\nSexton (many papers), but especially Spooner (1947), Segerstr\xc3\xa5le (1947), and Kinne (1954) have done excellent work in straightening the taxonomic status of the marine and brackish water species of Gammarus of the Atlantic coasts of Europe. Their work chiefly, clarified the morphology and ecology of Gammarus duebeni Lilljeborg, 1851 and of a number of forms previously confused under the name of G. locusta (Linnaeus, 1758). The

Description: De hieronder volgende gegevens zijn gebaseerd op twee belangrijke zendingen insecten-materiaal van Terschelling, die beide in 1967 werden bijeengebracht. In de eerste plaats betrof dit het materiaal dat door vier preparateurs van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden was buitgemaakt tijdens een verzamel-excursie van 5-19 juli. De deelnemers waren de heren : C. van Heijningen (leider), Ph. Pronk, W. Planjer en M. J. Delfos.\nZij verzamelden in verschillende terreinen van het eiland en maakten op 12 juli ook een dagtocht naar Vlieland. In totaal werden 5372 insecten gevangen, behorende tot de volgende orden: Orthoptera 40, Dermaptera 1, Odonata 110, Heteroptera 455, Psocoptera 2, Neuroptera 39, Trichoptera 10, Lepidoptera 144, Diptera 2309, Coleoptera 917, Hymenoptera 1345. Hiervan zijn thans de Odonata, Neuroptera en Trichoptera bewerkt.\nDe tweede belangrijke zending van Terschelling was afkomstig van de heer G. Dijkstra Hzn., die met de vanglamp van mei tot september bij het Biologisch Station verzamelde en door bemiddeling van het Rivon te Zeist mij de hierin gevangen Neuroptera en Trichoptera welwillend ter beschikking stelde.\nHierin kwamen voor: Neuroptera 3 en Trichoptera 81 exemplaren.\nTenslotte bleken in de collectie van het Museum te Leiden enige Trichoptera aanwezig te zijn van het eiland Schiermonnikoog, verzameld op licht door Prof. Dr. J. van der Vecht in augustus 1962. Uit deze vondsten kwamen zoveel nieuwe gegevens voor de Wadden-eilanden tevoorschijn dat het verantwoord leek deze gegevens door publicatie voor de faunistiek vast te leggen. Ter documentatie wordt het materiaal van genoemde orden in de collectie van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden bewaard.\nGaarne betuig ik mijn welgemeende dank aan allen die hieraan hebben mee-

Description: In de laatste jaren werden in de omgeving van Vlissingen een drietal interessante teratologische afwijkingen van Carcinus maenas gevonden. De drie exemplaren die hier besproken worden bevinden zich nu in de verzameling van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden. \xce\xb9. Atrophie van de linkerhelft van een thoracaal segment (fig. ia). \xe2\x80\x94 Bij een mannetje met een carapax breedte van 35 mm (R.M.N.H. reg. no.\nCrust. D. 21200), verzameld aan de Nolledijk te Vlissingen op 3 October 1964, ontbreekt aan de linkerzijde van de thorax een segmenthelft. Van deze segmenthelft en de erop ingeplante looppoot ontbreekt ieder spoor ; het voorgaande en volgende segment sluiten volkomen tegen elkaar aan. De rechterhelft van het lichaam van de krab is normaal gebouwd. Een vergelijking met de normale lichaamshelft laat zien dat het ontbrekende gedeelte waarschijnlijk van het segment is dat het derde paar pereiopoden ( = tweede paar looppoten) draagt. De segmenten van de tweede en vierde pereiopoden, vooral die van de tweede, zijn hier meer uitgegroeid dan in de rechterhelft, zodat beide helften toch ongeveer even lang zijn en het lichaam geen kromgegroeide maar een vrij normale indruk maakt.\nEen soortgelijke afwijking wordt door Henry (1966) beschreven van Asellus cavaticus Leydig. Hier was de rechterhelft van het segment dat de zevende pereiopoden draagt niet ontwikkeld; het lichaam vertoonde hier wel een duidelijke knik. 2. Deformatie van de rechter schaarpoot (fig. ib). \xe2\x80\x94 Een mannetje met een carapax breedte van 44 mm (R.M.N.H. reg. no. Crust. D. 23016), gevangen aan de Nolledijk te Vlissingen op 2 juli 1966, heeft het ischium van de rechter schaarpoot duidelijk vergroot en gevorkt. De buitenste arm van de

Description: In de jaren 1942-1949 werd door een aantal Nederlandse biologen een onderzoek ingesteld naar de samenstelling van de kassenfauna van ons land, zulks ter vergelijking met resultaten op dit gebied verkregen in andere landen. Het onderzoek resulteerde in een aantal artikelen over verschillende diergroepen, gepubliceerd in diverse tijdschriften. Hoewel deze artikelen als serie bedoeld waren, werden zij (met uitzondering van Meeuse, 1943, en Van Ooststroom, 1944) nooit als zodanig genummerd, zodat het moeilijk is een overzicht te krijgen van wat destijds gevonden werd.\nOm deze reden is onderstaande korte bibliografie samengesteld die zich beperkt tot de artikelen door de medewerkers in de onderzoekperiode geschreven. De artikelen zijn gerangschikt naar verschijningsdatum. Commentaar, correcties en aanvullingen zijn aan de lijst toegevoegd.\n\nLIJST VAN PUBLICATIES OVER DE KASSENFAUNA VAN NEDERLAND\n(1943-1949) 1. MEEUSE, A. D. J., 1943. Tropische organismen als kasadventieven. \xe2\x80\x94 De Natuur, 63: 71-79, fig. 1-9.\nDit artikel bevat ook enkele gegevens over de adventieve kassen flora. In een voetnoot wordt de volgende ondertitel vermeld: \xe2\x80\x9eBijdrage tot de kennis van de adventieve flora en fauna van onze warme kassen II". Door een samenloop van omstandigheden (papierschaarste in de oorlog, tijdelijk stopzetten van de publicatie, overlijden van Thijsse) is het eerste artikel, dat in De Levende Natuur zou verschijnen, nooit gepubliceerd. 2. OOSTSTROOM, S. J. VAN, 1944. Sciopus exul Parent (Dipt., Dolichopod.) in den Leidschen Hortus. \xe2\x80\x94 Ent. Ber., 11: 196.\nDit artikel vermeldt in een voetnoot dezelfde ondertitel als de publicatie van Meeuse, gevolgd door het nummer III.

Description: Inleiding Bij het determineren van zeepokken materiaal dat zich in de collectie van het Delta Instituut bevindt, stuitte ik op een aantal exemplaren die afweken van de vijf voor Nederland bekende autochthone soorten. Deze zeepokken werden op 18 januari 1962 in het P.Z.E.M.-kanaal te Vlissingen verzameld onder leiding van Dr. C. den Hartog, die destijds aan het Delta Instituut verbonden was. Op 18 maart 1965 ben ik zelf ter plaatse gaan kijken en vond toen levende exemplaren van deze zeepok. Prof. Dr. L. B. Holthuis determineerde dit materiaal en dat van 18 januari 1962 als Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin. Voor zover wij hebben kunnen nagaan is deze soort tot nog toe in ons land alleen aangetroffen als begroeiing op wanden van zeeschepen of op drijvende voorwerpen (Holthuis, 1961).\nBeschrijving van de Nederlandse vindplaats Het \xe2\x80\x9eP.Z.E.M.-kanaal" ligt op het terrein van de Provinciale Zeeuwse Electriciteits Maatschappij (P.Z.E.M.) te Vlissingen. De breedte van het kanaal is ongeveer 3 \xc3\xa0 4 meter. De zijwanden zijn bekleed met betontegels, die hier als het voor zeepokken benodigde harde substraat funktioneren. De stroomsnelheid van het water in dit kanaal is vrij aanzienlijk, zodat er steeds vers water langs de pokken stroomt. Dit water wordt voordat het in het kanaal terecht komt, als koelwater in de electriciteitscentrale gebruikt. De temperatuur van het water is daardoor hoger dan die van \xe2\x80\x9enormaal" kanaalwater. Sinds twee jaar meten wij regelmatig de temperatuur van dit water.\nHet water is in het gehele kanaal gemiddeld 6 \xc3\xa0 7\xc2\xb0 C warmer dan in het kanaal door Walcheren, gemeten ter hoogte van Middelburg. In de zomer loopt de temperatuur in het kanaal op tot boven 26\xc2\xb0 C. De laagste water-

Description: Sous le nom de Neevea repens, Batters (1900) d\xc3\xa9crivit une petite Algue rouge microscopique et endozo\xc3\xafque r\xc3\xa9colt\xc3\xa9e par J. T. Neeve \xc3\xa0 Deal (Kent). Cette Algue vivait dans un Bryozoaire ( (Flustra foliacea) formant, associ\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 1\xe2\x80\x99 Erythropeltis discigera Schmitz var. flustrae Batt., de petites taches roses \xc3\xa0 peine perceptibles.\nBatters consid\xc3\xa9ra cette algue comme le repr\xc3\xa9sentant d\xe2\x80\x99un genre nouveau qu\xe2\x80\x99il rapprocha d\xe2\x80\x99une part des Goniotrichum et d\xe2\x80\x99autre part des Erythropeltis. S\xe2\x80\x99il ressemble au premier par sa reproduction, qui se manifeste par la lib\xc3\xa9ration de cellules isol\xc3\xa9es hors de l\xe2\x80\x99enveloppe g\xc3\xa9latineuse du thalle, il en diff\xc3\xa8re par sa morphologie et sa situation endozo\xc3\xafque. La disposition des cellules en disque tr\xc3\xa8s irr\xc3\xa9gulier \xc3\xa9loigne \xc3\xa9galement le genre Neevea des Erythropeltis.

Description: This taxonomic revision includes all Ochnaceae from South and Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. A much wider species concept is applied than in most previous works: 20 species in 10 genera are accepted for the area treated, whereas 199 specific synonyms are listed. A few taxa have been accepted at infra specific level among which Brackenridgea palustris ssp. kjellbergii Kanis is new. It is shown that some old specific names have been overlooked in the past and that the traditional concepts of some species have not been in accordance with the original concepts. All names, currently used for Asiatic species of Ochna L. and Gomphia Schreb. are no longer accepted here, O. jabotapita L. and G. serrata (Gaertn.) Kanis being the correct names for the respective type species. O. fascicularis Blanco is made the type of a distinct section Notochnella (v. Tiegh.) Kanis in the genus Brackenridgea A. Gray. A short history of the taxonomy is given and a partly new suprageneric subdivision of the Ochnaceae is subsequently proposed. Two subfamilies are recognised: the Ochnoideae comprising the tribes Ochneae and Elvasieae Rchb., and the Sauvagesoideae Lindl. including the tribes Sauvagesieae, Euthemideae Planch., and Lophireae Rchb. The Ochneae are newly subdivided in the subtribes Ochninae and Ouratinae (v. Tiegh.) Kanis, and the Sauvagesieae in the subtribes Sauvagesinae and Luxemburginae (Planch.) Kanis.* Some general remarks are made about morphological characters in the family, including some new characters of the pollen. An attempt is made towards a better understanding of the inflorescence types. It is assumed that the genera Ochna and Gomphia migrated from Africa into Asia. Other genera in Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands are regarded as long established, because of the more or less relict-like nature of their areas.

Description: This is a difficult book on account of the very wide range and complexity of its subject-matter, made more difficult by the fact that the author has not taken the trouble to arrange his writing so as to present a clear sequence of ideas; also he often uses needlessly complex sentences, some made more difficult to understand by careless proof-reading. After a first attempt to read the book through, my mind was quite confused; it was only on a second reading, by referring backwards and forwards to different chapters, that I began to have some understanding of its basic ideas. So if in this review I do not do it justice, I feel that the author will be at least in part to blame.\nProf. Meeuse has made an attempt to interpret the floral morphology of flowering plants in terms of a new typology. Fie objects to the old typology of carpels and the way in which a great range of different floral structures were interpreted in terms of that typology; but he proceeds to provide a new strait-jacket of his own into which all the same structures must be fitted. He condemns the old morphology as \xe2\x80\x98preconceived\xe2\x80\x99, and frequently uses this adjective to discredit the ideas of others. But all his own theoretical ideas must have been conceived in his own mind before he could apply them in detail and give expression to them in the present book; they are therefore also pre-conceived. He should think again what he means by this word.

Description: The Malvaceae have always enjoyed a vivid interest from botanists, in particular on account of the fact that many species have showy flowers and are appreciated as ornamentals throughout the world. In addition many species are of outstanding economical value, e.g. in the genera Gossypium and Hibiscus. Finally several species are weeds which have been dispersed by human agency far beyond their original areas of distribution and thus have had more chance to attract the attention of collectors.\nThe wide variability of most species has offered annoying difficulties to botanists when trying to delimitate these species or their infraspecific taxa, resulting into an alarming accumulation of names. Despite the often painstaking studies by many botanists, either on the whole family in a restricted area, or of certain genera throughout the world, there is still a great deal of work to be done and no revision of the family has ever been made for the Malesian area.

Description: The following notes refer to the typification of the two oldest species names applied in the genus Gelidium, including also comments on other related topics. Gelidium is probably the most confused genus, both nomenclaturally and taxonomically, of the Rhodophyta. This investigation began in an attempt to determine the correct names to be applied to the British species of the genus, but it was soon discovered that a much wider geographical consideration was necessary. I would like to take this opportunity to pay tribute to the help and assistance which has been afforded by Dr. J. Th. Koster in this and other investigations, over a period of many years.\nExtreme ecological and seasonal polymorphism are the principal causes of the present situation in the genus Gelidium. Extensive fieldwork over the past seventeen years has given some indication of the limits of taxa (Dixon, 1958, 1966), in so far as the European representatives are concerned. The nomenclatural problems are, however, still largely untouched. The purpose of the present paper is to examine critically the typification of the two oldest epithets referred to the genus Gelidium. These are: 1. cartilagineum, based on Fucus cartilagineus Linnaeus (1753), 2. corneum, based on Fucus corneus Hudson (1762).

Description: In the course of a revision of the Malesian genera included by Radlkofer (Pfl. Reich Heft 98, 1932) in the Sapindaceae-Aphanieae and Lepisantheae, attention had to be paid to the genus Phoenicimon Ridl. Ridley described it in the Sapindaceae and expressed its supposed relationships more precisely by giving it the number 7A, between 7 Lepisanthes and 8 Otophora, and by adding the note \xe2\x80\x98Apparently most nearly allied to Otophora .... \xe2\x80\x99 A study of both syntypes of Phoenicimon rubiginosus Ridl., the only species, and of some more specimens revealed its true identity as a species of Glycosmis in the Rutaceae. This identification was confirmed by Dr. C. G. G. J. van Steenis and by Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink.

Description: In the Flora Malesiana area recent authors have distinguished the following genera in the Lindsaea group of ferns: Isoloma J. Smith, Lindsaea Dryander (often misspelled \xe2\x80\x9cLindsaya\xe2\x80\x9d; see Copeland 1947, p. 53, and Kramer 1957a, p. 156), Odontosoria Fee, Protolindsaya Copeland, Schizoloma Gaudichaud (or Schizolegnia Alston), Sphenomeris Maxon, Tapeinidium (Presl) C. Christensen, and Xyropteris Kramer. In my account of the American species (Kramer 1957a) I included the Asiatic genus Schizolepton Fee in the Lindsaea group, on Copeland\xe2\x80\x99s authority, without sufficiently looking into the matter. Holttum (1958) has shown since that its affinities are with Syngramma and has subsequently (1960) combined it with Taenitis, although Pichi-Sermolli (1966) denies any close affinity of the two last-named genera.\nAs stated before (Kramer 1957a, 1967) I am convinced that Schizoloma cannot be maintained as a distinct genus and prefer to treat it as a section of Lindsaea. With regard to Isoloma I have reached the same conclusion, as explained below. Odontosoria sensu stricto does not occur in Asia. Xyropteris is still monotypical, as originally described (Kramer 1957b), and Tapeinidium, including Protolindsaya, as correctly stated by Christensen (1934), forms the subject of a separate paper (Kramer 1968). The notes in the present paper can thus be restricted to Lindsaea and Sphenomeris.

Description: In order to test the applicability of the telome and the classic theories to the nature of stamens a study was made of flowers in Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae with respect to their ultimate form, their development, and the vascular course of their androecia. The customary dissecting, clearing, and microtomy techniques were used. A chapter on the interpretation of the vascular bundle course in floral morphology has been added.\nIn each flower the stamens are considered to be arranged in five groups, which may be fused more or less laterally. The groups have a three-trace vascular system the laterals of which may be commissural. Only a few Tiliaceae have ten groups.\nWhereas in most Tiliaceae and Elaeocarpaceae the groups are antesepalous, in Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, and Sterculiaceae they are either antesepalous, antepetalous, or intermediate, depending on the variation of a spiral growth in the floral apex. If there is no such growth the groups are antepetalous. Spiral growth is revealed by an oblique course of the vascular bundle traces and the asymmetrical form of the petals and stamen groups.\nThe stamen groups may have many stamens (Tiliaceae) or bear fewer stamens in a fan-like arrangement, in which case they are called either staminal lobes (Malvaceae and Bombacaceae) or, if they are less welldeveloped, phalanges (Sterculiaceae and many Elaeocarpaceae). Since they have their own group primordia, which show a certain phyllotaxis, the stamen groups are considered to be individual in nature. Moreover, in Bombax and allied genera and in some Malvaceae the apical regions of the staminal lobes originate free and are phyllomic in appearance.\nThree parts can be distinguished in each stamen group: one median upper and two lateral outer parts, corresponding with the three-trace vascular system. The upper part is often formed by a few stamens in Tiliaceae and by a single stamen or a staminodial part in Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae; in Malvaceae it is reduced. Judging by the sub-group primordia, here called staminal buttresses, the lateral parts are considered to have a certain individuality; in some Malvaceae and very markedly so in Pachira spp. the staminal buttresses arise on the staminal lobes to form the lateral parts of the stamen groups. The parts have many stamens, arranged spatially (in Tiliaceae and Pachira spp.), or fewer stamens occurring as simple rows (mainly in Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae). Between the two an intergradated series of forms can be found, e.g., in Bombax and allied genera and in some Malvaceae. In some cases the lateral parts are formed by a single stamen or even a single theca.\nThe position of the carpels depends upon the position of the stamen groups. The carpels alternate with those regions of the stamen groups the development of which is the most advanced when the carpel primordia arise.\nThe parts of the groups as well as the groups as a whole may formerly have been freer but they have been reduced by congenital fusion and partial incorporation in the main floral axis. Evidence for this interpretation is provided by some Tiliaceae with ten freer stamen groups that may be visible either when mature (Mollia speciosa) or only in an early phase of development (Colona spp.). In Mollia speciosa the antepetalous groups are collaterally double, so that they may be regarded as the lateral parts of triple arrangements. In the Colona spp. the antepetalous groups are obscured during ontogeny by secondary receptacular growth. Moreover, if at the same time reduction occurs in the median line of these groups, their lateral parts are assimilated by the adjoining antesepalous groups. What can happen during ontogeny (postgenitally) may equally well happen (congenitally) before the primordia become visible externally.\nThe stamens may represent slightly flattened syntelomic structures. Depending on the time the division process begins, in Malvaceae and Bombacaceae a monothecous stamen primordium can be more or less deeply divided, forming two equal halves with facing xylem. In Malvaceae this dividing process may operate up to three times in succession; the products of the division are all arranged in one plane. Still further divisions may occur in Adansonia digitata and Durio spp.; in that case the results are arranged spatially, though in Durio not in an adaxial median direction. The mesomes occur either free, especially in Durio, or fused. This successive pairing of mesomes cannot be explained by connation of stamens. Under the influence of reduction superficial division gives rise to a bithecous stamen. Partitioned pollen sacs can be considered as due to imperfect division. The nature of several kinds of sterile extensions has been discussed. In Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae the stamens of many species are resupinate.\nIn some species the lateral margins of the staminal lobes form only a few sessile thecae (Matisieae). In still others (Fremontia californica, Chorisia and Ceiba spp.) each margin immediately forms a single continuous theca each, the primordial staminal lobes being distinctly foliar in appearance. In this way each entire staminal lobe forms a single flattened bithecous stamen with a sterile apical part and a three-trace vascular system. It is precisely these characteristics that the classic theory regards as primitive in stamens. Moreover, it follows that in Mahales bithecous stamens can be structures of two different ranks.\nConsequently in the androecia of this group of taxa a series of transitions exists between more branched and more foliar formations. In this series reduction operates by the loss of parts, by congenital fusion, by incorporation and by flattening. The androecial parts are neither fully stachyosporous nor fully phyllosporous; they are transitory between the two.

Description: Although the Indonesian Archipelago is phycologically rather well-known, information about the freshwater algae in New Guinea is very scanty. There are only a few papers, e.g. by Bernard (1910) and Cholnoky (1963), but these give only a glimpse of the phycocoenoses of the New Guinea lakes, especially those of the high mountains. Many of these lakes have been mentioned in travel books, and some seem to be promising localities for freshwater algae.\nThe biogeographical relations between Malesian and Australian regions have been much discussed. A number of biogeographers have attempted to unravel the complex of transition in this part of the world. Phytogeographers often accept the Torres Strait as a boundary between the Malesian and the Australian floras. This is only true in a general statistical way; the flora of the dry savannahs of the southern lowland shows a great similarity to that of northern Australia, while the high-mountain flora shows distinct affinities with both the northern temperate Asiatic flora and the temperate South Pacific flora. Zoogeographers, however, include New Guinea mostly in the Australian region because of the existence of a land-bridge between Australia and New Guinea during past geological epochs (see fig. 11\xe2\x80\x945, in Knight, 1965). In this connection the character and relations of the freshwater algal flora of New Guinea is of some interest. It has been shown by Scott & Prescott (1958) that the freshwater algal flora of northern Australia is closely related to that of the Indo-Malayan region.

Description: This is the first of an intended series of papers on the family Thelypteridaceae, especially in the Old World, based on studies made in preparation for an account of the family for Flora Malesiana. At a later stage I will give a formal statement of the characters of the family, but here I must point out that a former statement of mine (Holttum, 1947, p. 130) needs to be modified as regards characters of scales and hairs.\nScales. These may bear either marginal or superficial unicellular hairs, or both, or perhaps in rare cases none; the hairs may be acicular, or capitate, or spherical and glandular.

Description: In the eyes of most aquarists plants have merely a decorative function in the aquarium. Several aquarists, however, have made the plants the subject of their special interest, and it is for these people that Professor De Wit actually wrote his book. In order to make it easier for them he has not followed the usual systematic arrangement of the species but has arranged the species according to their habit. The following growthforms are dealt with successively: 1. Plants freely floating on the surface; 2. Submerged but freely floating plants; 3. Rooting plants with rosettes of filiform, linear, or ribbon-shaped leaves; 4. Plants with leaf-rosettes on the bottom; 5. Rooting plants with floating leaves; 6. Plants with creeping stems and erect leaves; and 7. Plants with erect leaf-bearing stems.\nThere are, however, many species that can be classified in more than one of these vague categories, e.g. Elisma natans, Potamogeton octandrus, many species of Sagittaria and Echinodorus, and all Ceratophyllum species. Two species, Wolffiella floridana and Riccia fluitans, are erroneously classified as plants floating on the surface; they are submerged pleustophytes.

Description: When revising the acrostichoid genera Bolbitis and Egenolfia from the Old World for my thesis, I came across Acrostichum neglectum F. M. Bail. This species, which was successively transferred to the genera Leptochilus and Campium, has the essential characters of a blechnoid fern. On account of the differences found between A. neglectum and the other blechnoid ferns, it seems necessary to create a new genus to accommodate it, a point of view shared by Prof. Holttum, who gave me valuable advice for this study.\nI am indebted to Mr L. S. Smith of the Botanic Museum and Herbarium, Brisbane, for the loan of the collections of this species, to Mr J. H. Kern, who kindly helped me with the preparation of the English text, and to Prof. van Steenis for supervising the MS.

Description: Cultural and caryological investigations on Sphacelaria furcigera from Hoek van Holland give evidence of a slightly heteromorphic diplohaplontic life-history in this species. A relatively slender (13.5\xe2\x80\x9431 \xce\xbc) haploid gametophytic phase alternates with a more robust (19\xe2\x80\x9441 \xce\xbc) diploid sporophytic phase. Female gametophytes form plurilocular macrogametangia at 12\xcb\x9a C and 4\xcb\x9a C, male gametophytes form plurilocular microgametangia at 12\xcb\x9a C and 4\xcb\x9a C. Zygotes of female macrogametes and male microgametes grow into diploid sporophytes which form unilocular meiotosporangia at 4\xcb\x9a C. Meiosis takes place in the initials of these sporangia. About 50 % of the spores produced by them grow into male gametophytes, about 50 % into female gametophytes. Propagules are formed at higher temperatures, i.e. at 12\xcb\x9a C and 20\xc2\xb0 C. In nature gametangia are formed during the winter half of the year, and propagules during the summer half of the year. Female gametes can develop parthenogenetically into new female gametophytes, but also into haploid plants forming unilocular zoidangia instead of plurilocular macrozoidangia. Such plants are repeatedly formed and represent dead ends in the life-history of S. furcigera. The result of our investigations are summarized in fig. 4. Sphacelaria britannica Sauv. and S. saxatilis (Kuck.) Kuck. ex Sauv. are synonyms of S. furcigera K\xc3\xbctz.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Icacinaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in \xe2\x80\x98Flora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x99 in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. Being connected closely with the Icacinaceae of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and with Australia and the Pacific on the other side, and in part even with those of Africa inch Madagascar, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too, without, however, to perform a complete revision of all Icacinaceae in these parts of the world. This was the less necessary, as R. A. Howard (1940\xe2\x80\x9442) already has revised part of the genera concerned. The elaboration of the family in several local treatments has much contributed to our knowledge of the family for Africa.\nOf the genera formerly included in Asiatic-Malesian Icacinaceae Leucocorema Ridl. has been transferred to Trichadenia Thwait., Matpania Gagnep. to Bouea Meisn., and Petitastira Ridl. to Dichapetalum Thou.

Description: Fimbristylis ovata (Burm .\xc6\x92.) Kern, comb. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Carex ovata Burm. \xc6\x92. Fl. Ind. (1768) 194; K\xc3\xbck., Pfl. Reich, Heft 38 (1909) 103. \xe2\x80\x94 Cyperus monostachyos L., Mant. 2 (1771) 180. \xe2\x80\x94 Abildgaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl, En. Plant. 2 (1806) 296. \xe2\x80\x94 Fimbristylis monostachya (L.) Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. (1848; 61. \xe2\x80\x94 Iriha monostachya (L.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 751.\nBurman\xe2\x80\x99s description of his Carex ovata is very short: \xe2\x80\x98Spica terminali ovata feminea. Missa ex Java\xe2\x80\x99. Raymond, M\xc3\xa9m. Jard. Bot. Montr\xc3\xa9al no 23 (1959) 78, suggested that the neglected name might be the correct one for Carex tricephala Boeck. (1875), the only Carex species of the area that would fit Burman\xe2\x80\x99s description. To me this supposition seemed unlikely, as Carex tricephala is a very rare species not known to occur in Java. Merrill, Philip. J. Sc. 19 (1921) 341, already suspected that Burman\xe2\x80\x99s plant does not belong in Carex, but perhaps in Eleocharis or possibly in Fimbristylis.

Description: This is a complete revision of this Central and S. American genus, well-known for its cultivated species. The main body consists of a taxonomic revision (text in German, descriptions in Latin); 39 species are keyed out, only one is new, there are I new combination and several new varieties, the latter mostly based on former species; a number of former species have been recognized as hybrids. Localities are very accurately given, often latitude and longitude are added. General chapters include ecology, pollination, palynology (by Dr. Punt), phytochemistry (by Dr. Hegnauer & Dr. Kubitzki), and chromosomes. At the end natural hybrids and those found in gardens are listed, concluded by a listed evaluation of taxa and cultivars found in cultivation. The author concludes that the genus is very homogeneous, also in pollen and chromosomes. This appears also from easy hybridization in which at least 10 species are involved, in culture sometimes even species which are in nature geographically isolated. And hybrids have at least in certain cases proved to be fertile. Even triple hybrids have been found. Because of the very large amount of material studied the species populations and their ranges have become rather clear and hybridization occurs where populations come into contact. From this the author deduces his opinion about the hybrid status of certain specimens. In one biotope only one species occurs and the species are hence replacing either geographically or ecologically. This is obviously comparable to the situation in the genus Geum.

Description: The genus Epilobium (Onagraceae) comprises about 200 species, but is best represented at relatively high latitudes. Only eight species of the genus occur in Malesia, but they are interesting phytogeographically and shed considerable light on the overall patterns of differentiation in the genus. Further, it is of particular interest to review this assemblage of species for the following reasons. The only comprehensive treatment of the genus Epilobium is that of Carl Haussknecht, who in 1884 published his Monographie der Gattung Epilobium. At the time Haussknecht wrote, not a single collection of the genus had been made in Malesia, although three of the eight species in the area had been described from material obtained elsewhere. There has been no attempt to review the species of Epilobium found in Malesia as a whole or in any of its subdivisions, although of course new species have been described from the area from time to time.\nOf the eight species of Epilobium found in Malesia, four are endemic to the area. All of these endemic species are found in New Guinea, but one (E. prostratum) also occurs in Celebes and Central Ceram. As might be expected, this is the species which occurs at the lowest elevations in New Guinea, and is the least restricted to alpine grasslands, occurring also in moist, disturbed areas that are moderately shaded, as on roadbanks and along streams. This group of four New Guinea species shows evident affinities with some of those found in the Australasian region. Thus there are four groups of the genus currently recognized as occurring in New Zealand and Australia, all essentially endemic to the Australasian area [Allan, Fl. N. Zealand 1 (1961) 254\xe2\x80\x94281]. Three of the New Guinea species \xe2\x80\x94 E. detznerianum, E. hooglandii, and E. prostratum \xe2\x80\x94 belong to the group Microphyllae, the fourth \xe2\x80\x94 E. keysseri \xe2\x80\x94 to the group Similes. Another species of Australia and New Zealand, E. cinereum, ranges northward to east Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands (and is also shown in this paper to be introduced in the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and Hawaii).

Description: BORNEO. Sarawak: Ulu Tubau, Bintulu, skeletal sandy clay soil on steep hillside by sandstone rocks, Nyabau formation, mixed Dipterocarp forest, c. 350 m., Ashton S 18439 (L); base of Bt Naoung, Ulu Muput Kanan, Anap, sandstone rocks in shade, Biban formation, common, 600 m., Oct. II, 1963. Ashton S 19360 (L). West Borneo: Sanggau, am Ufer eines B\xc3\xa4chleins, felsig, zwischen Baumwurzeln und Steinen, Juni 23, 1964, A. Elsener 26 (L).

Description: In chapter I the systematical position of Gaertnera is discussed and arguments are given for its arrangement in the Rubiaceae-Psychotrieae as well as the characters by which it can be distinguished from Psychotria. In chapter 2, section a, the morphology is explained of the various types of inflorescence and their derivation. It appeared that in most species the inflorescence is fairly characteristic. In G. vaginans, however, it gradingly varies from widely paniculate to condensed and from very profuse to depauperate. Section b offers new interesting data on the three types of flowers, bisexual and heterostylic, bisexual and homostylic, and unisexual-dioecious. Each individual plant carries only one kind of flowers. These kinds of flowers have within the genus also a distinct geographical significance: bisexual-heterodistylic flowers are peculiar to all Ceylonese and African species, possibly also to the Madagascan ones, whereas all Indo-Malesian species are dioecious, G. vaginans excepted. G. vaginans possesses in Africa and Ceylon bisexual-heterodistylic flowers, in Indo-Malesia dioecious flowers, and in some local Bornean populations bisexual flowers without heterodistylism. Section b contains further an evaluation of distinctive characters of other floral parts. Section c, on fruit and seed, shows the great uniformity of these in all species, except those of the Madagascan area. Sections d and e deal with the bracts and stipular sheath and their structure. Section f is devoted to the leaf, the size of which is hardly of specific value, but the indument does. On poor sandy soils and on ridges and summits leaves appear smaller and thicker.\nChapter 3 embraces a discussion of the distribution; one species, G. vaginans, is covering the entire range of the genus, from West Africa to Borneo, included Madagascar. The greatest species density is found in Madagascar and the Mascarenes where all species, except G. vaginans, are endemic. Ceylon has 4 endemic species of which two may prove to be races of one. In Malaya and Borneo 7 endemic species occur, whilst G. vaginans covers all this area including also scattered localities in Thailand and Indochina. All Malesian, Ceylonese, and presumably all African species are mutually related and share with the omnipresent G. vaginans the same kind of fruit. Most of the Madagascan species, however, are different in this respect and this leads to the view that the Madagascan area is probably the primary distributional centre. From this centre G. vaginans emanated which must be the ancestral species of all others outside the Madagascan area. The likeliness of this assumption is derived from the fact that its range is enormous and its plasticity greatest among all other species. The fact that its floral dimorphism from Ceylon westward to Africa is opposed to its dioecism in Indo-Malesia, leads to the view that the former part of the area is more ancient than the latter, and that the proportionally youngest extension of the genus was from Ceylon eastward towards continental Asia and Malesia, in which a secondary centre of speciation was formed.\nThe special part comprises the taxonomical treatment with a key to and descriptions of 12 species, among which 2 are new ( G. fractiflexa and G. globigera from Borneo). A fairly large number of names has been reduced, 6 to G. oblanceolata, 14 to G. vaginans among which several from continental Asia and one from Africa; they are both rather variable species and in the first a new variety, in the latter a new subspecies is recognized.\nG. divaricata from Ceylon which was mostly reduced to varietal rank is reinstated as a species. The widest spread and commonest species was mostly called G. koenigii but its proper name is G. vaginans as already recognized by Merrill in 1921.\nAmong the excluded taxa there are several new reductions, mostly to Psychotria: G. australiana C. T. White, G. rufinervis Stapf, and G. violascens Ridl. are all Psychotrias, but pending a revision of the latter genus I have refrained from making recombinations as they may easily appear to be superfluous. G. lasianthoides C. E. C. Fischer is reduced to Psychotria rhinocerotis Bl.; G. hongkongensis Seem, is a Randia.

Description: The ascigerous and conidial states of Plectosphaerella cucumeris Klebahn are redescribed. Perithecia were readily obtained only in four out of several thousand cultures. The species is homothallic. The correct name of the ascigerous state is considered to be Plectosphaerella cucumeris Klebahn; Nectria septomyxa Wollenweber is rejected, because it is based on a bitunicate ascomycete Sphaerella solani Ellis & Everh., for which the new combination Didymella solani (Ellis & Everh.) W. Gams & Gerlagh is proposed. For the identification of the conidial state the need for a \xe2\x80\x98Hochkultur\xe2\x80\x99 is emphasized. It is renamed Fusarium tabacinum (Beyma) W. Gams.\nA compilation of data has been made for the frequency of occurrence of the fungus in arable soils. The most significant observations on pathogenicity reported in the literature refer to tobacco and pansies. Own pathogenicity tests with potatoes, cucumbers, wheat, and rape were not successful. The most significant biological activities reported were xylan decomposition and steroid transformations.

Description: The hyphal elements in the hymenium of the mature ascocarp do not provide a reliable means of distinguishing an ascohymenial ascocarp from an ascostroma. The nature of these hyphal elements is determined by neither their shape nor their tips but solely by their origin. Furthermore, since it has not yet been proved that there is any relation between the structure of the ascus and the type of development of the ascocarp, the kind of ascus is of relatively little value as a means of determining the developmental type of the ascocarp. Moreover, it is often practically impossible to decide whether an ascus is bitunicate or not. The author does not know of any other feature that is a reliable indicator of the true nature of the ascocarp. Therefore, he sees no other means of determining the group to which the ascocarp is to be referred except to study its mode of development.

Description: Plasmodiophora diplantherae (F. & W.) Iv. Cook is a specific parasite on species of the sea-grass genus Halodule. It had been recorded only from its type locality in the West Indies, but from a recent study of extensive herbarium material it has proved to be a widely distributed pantropic species.

Description: The generic name Pellicularia Cooke is rejected as a nomen confusum. Genera and species commonly associated with Pellicularia\xe2\x80\x99 are reviewed. Koleroga Donk is regarded as a synonym of Ceratobasidium Rogers. Two new combinations are made: Oliveonia atrata (Bres.) comb. nov. and Thanatephorus sterigmaticus (Bourd.) comb. nov.\nThe genera dealt with are divided among the Tulasnellaceae and the Corticiaceae, the family Ceratobasidiaceae being regarded as superfluous. The subclasses Heterobasidiomycetes and Homobasidiomycetes are not recognised, as it is impossible to suggest characters by which they may consistently be delimited. The characters normally used for delimiting these subclasses are, however, still regarded as of great importance for separating lower taxonomic categories.\nGeneric diagnoses, keys to species and nomenclators of species are provided.

Description: The first edition of the present book, entitled \xe2\x80\x9cBritish cup fungi and their allies,\xe2\x80\x9d was welcomed among others with the words \xe2\x80\x9c. . . the only reasonably complete synthesis of modern thought on Ascomycete classification known to this reviewer.\xe2\x80\x9d (Korf in Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 16: III. 1962). These words have lost nothing of their truth and could have been written with equal justification to greet the second edition; for it continues to be the best general book we have on Ascomycete taxonomy. But is it the kind of book that leaves nothing to be desired? Certainly not. The following may seem, and probably will be considered by some, to be mere details, but I have yet to meet the author who would maintain that details do not matter.\nDate of publication. \xe2\x80\x94 Through no fault of the author the date of publication has been printed as 22.IV. 1968. However, the publisher personally intimated that the first copies were delivered on the 10th of May, 1968.

Description: Clitocybe cystidiosa, Neoclitocybe membranacea, N. lifotama, Hydropus xanthosarx, Xerocomus microsporus, Pulveroboletus paspali and the genus Hiatulopsis are described as new; the new combinations Clitocybe subtilis (Berk.) Sing. & Grinl., Hydropus funebris (Speg.) Sing., Hiatulopsis amara (Beeli) Sing. & Grinl. are proposed. A key to the species of Neoclitocybe and another to the sections Mycenoides and Irrorati of Hydropus are given. Chaetocalathus niduliformis, Gyrodon intermedins, Xerocomus alliaceus, and Boletellus obscurecoccineus are redescribed. Hiatulopsis forms axially symmetric spores on autobasidia.

Description: The paper presents a study of fifty-one species of agarics which have been collected within the tropical regions of Africa, particularly Uganda. Typestudies are made of species described by Beeli, Bresadola, Hennings, and Patouillard. The following eleven species are described as new: Agaricus exilis, Clitocybe hydrophora, Coprinus africanus, Crinipellis calderi, Galerina makereriensis, Marasmiellus roseotinctus, Marasmius bubalinus, Melanoleuca tropicalis, Pluteus brunneisucus, Psathyrella glandispora. One new variety is proposed: Conocybe ochracea var. africana. The following nomina nova are proposed: Clitocybe torrendii and Xerulina deseynesiana. New combinations are made in the following genera: Agaricus (1), Crinipellis (1), Cystoderma (1), Gymnopilus (1), Hohenbuehelia (1), Limacella (1), Macrolepiota (1), and Marasmiellus (1).

Description: Description of the new vegetation on a strip of heath-land in \xe2\x80\x9cHet Gooi\xe2\x80\x9d (prov. N. Holland) disturbed by the construction of a gas-main.

Description: A list of new localities of rare and interesting species found in the Netherlands mainly during 1964.

Description: This book, written by two distinguished American mycologists, provides an elaborate account of the morphology and biology of all known thermophilic fungi. The authors do this in a most readable form. The book is divided into three parts. Part I includes a brief introduction and a description of the methods used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles. More than half of the book consists of Part II, that deals with the occurrence, morphology, cultural characteristics, taxonomy and temperature relations of the investigated fungi. Fifteen taxa are described, including four new species and three new varieties of existing species. A short diagnosis is given of every described species. Illustrations in the form of good line drawings are provided for all species. Macroscopic features of three species are illustrated by excellent colour plates. Part III is devoted to general biology and practical importance of thermophilic fungi. While this book was in the press, several new reports of thermophilic fungi came to the attention of the authors. A short account of these fungi with their references is given in the Addenda.\nThere are a few debatable points in this very useful monograph, especially in the chapters dealing with taxonomy and nomenclature. For instance it seems rather doubtful to me that the fungus described as Torula thermophila really belongs to Torula. In the description of Thermoascus thermophilus two different species are mixed up. For the perfect stage of Penicillium duponti the authors use erroneously the invalid name Talaromyces duponti (Griffon et Maublanc) Apinis. Nevertheless this is a most notable book. Its greatest value, however, lies in the very clear descriptions, while the many references at the end of the book make this an excellent reference book. The treatment is a practical and useful one. The book is well produced on good quality paper. In view of the steadily increasing interest in thermophilic fungi there can be no question of the wide usefulness of this book.

Description: Ophioglossum vulgatum in westelijk Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Op de z.g. Plaat ten zuiden van Oostburg bij Bakkersdam, die ongeveer 10 jaar geleden werd afgegraven, heeft zich een \xe2\x80\x9eexplosie\xe2\x80\x9d van enige duizenden planten van Orchis incarnata en O. praetermissa (soort + vari\xc3\xabteit) gevestigd. Twee jaar geleden vond ik daartussen enkele planten van Orchis militaris. Er bleek dit jaar nu ook een vrij rijke populatie van Ophioglossum vulgatum voor te komen.

Description: A summary will be given at the end of part 2 of this paper.

Description: Atlas van de Nederlandse bladmossen, door J. LANDWEHR, met medewerking van Dr. J. J. BARKMAN. Bibl. van de Kon. Ned. Natuurhistorische Ver., uitgave no. 15, Amsterdam, 1966, 504 p., 394 platen met ongeveer 4500 detailtekeningen, 38 figuren. Prijs \xc6\x92 29.50 voor niet-leden en \xc6\x92 24.50 voor leden van de K.N.N.V.\nReeds lang bestaat bij de Nederlandse belangstellenden voor de mossenstudie de behoefte aan een boek met illustraties, dat naast de Mossentabel van Margadant kan worden gebruikt. Dank zij het lofwaardig initiatief en het doorzettingsvermogen van de heer Landwehr, en de medewerking van Dr. Barkman en de K.N.N.V. beschikken wij thans voor de bladmossen over zo\xe2\x80\x99n plaatwerk. Zoals Barkman schrijft in zijn \xe2\x80\x9eten geleide\xe2\x80\x9d is dit een uniek werk, dat de vergelijking met buitenlandse uitgaven glansrijk kan doorstaan. Het enige werk, dat zich hiermee zou kunnen meten is de nog lang niet volledige serie uitstekende afleveringen over Bryophyten in de Flore g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale de Belgique, die merkwaardig genoeg niet wordt genoemd bij de op p. 28 opgesomde literatuur.

Description: Sterfte van de duindoorn op Voorne. Nadat er eerst insectenschade was geweest, waarvan een deel der struiken zich herstelde, bleken vele exemplaren aangetast door Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth. (brief Planteziektenkundige Dienst, Boskoop, d.d. 9 juli 1965). Deze ziekte heerste ook reeds in een kwekerij waar zaailingen van Hippophae rhamnoides stonden, die echter niet tot de inlandse subsp. maritima behoren. De verwante Elaeagnus is ook vatbaar voor Verticillium.

Description: The occurrence of Ranunculus auricomus L. s.l. along and near the \xe2\x80\x9cHollandse IJssel\xe2\x80\x9d appears to be correlated with the former sphere of influence of the tidal river.

Description: About 1919 cuttings of the North-American poison-ivy, Rhus radicans L., were planted to consolidate a dike between two lakes in the southwestern part of Friesland, Morra and Vogelhoek. The species has completely established itself there, and at present as a real liana, it covers nearly the whole dike and its willow-vegetation over a distance of about 500 m. To some extent the poisonous plant means a danger to the inhabitants of the neighbouring villages, especially to the children, who go there swimming and picking blackberries. Some cases of an obstinate eczema have already occurred. Parents warn their children against the \xe2\x80\x9cpoisonous trees\xe2\x80\x9d of Vogelhoek!

Description: A form of Veronica hederifolia L. s. lat., clearly distinguishable from the well-known form of arable land and occurring in the Netherlands in woods, thickets or sometimes along roads is most possibly identical with V. sublobata M. Fischer. Knowledge of the chromosome number of the Dutch material is necessary for a decisive judgment.

Description: The Zuideindigerwiede is a lake in the north-western part of the province of Overijssel (The Netherlands). The eastern part shows a succession of nymphaeids and helophytes. This series is exposed to the prevailing winds. The western part shows a succession of stratiotids, hydrocharids and pleustophytes and of \xe2\x80\x98sapropelophytes\xe2\x80\x99. In both cases there is an increase in vegetational structure, especially in the number of growth forms. Secundarily, a zonation of Ceratophyllum demersum may establish itself before the Stratiotes-zonation and a zonation of Calla palustris develops as a fringe around the floating islands. When \xe2\x80\x98isolation\xe2\x80\x99 of small masses of water occurs, a vegetation rich in Utricularia vulgaris may develop in places where the water is shallow and Stratiotes has died off. The second series proceeds more rapidly than the first, the sapropelium being deposited along the western shoreline by an undercurrent, caused by the dash of waves against the opposite bank. Special attention is focussed on several interesting species, such as Azolla caroliniana and Calla palustris. Generally the succession series exhibits the same trends in other lakes in the Netherlands. In more extreme situations only a part of the series is developed, and in the most extreme case only the elode\xc3\xafd-phases occur. The submerged stages of nymphaeids, helophytes and stratiotids show \xe2\x80\x99transitions\xe2\x80\x99 to elodeids in an ecological sense.

Description: In the tidal fresh water area of the Biesbosch propagation and dispersal of Callha palustris L. is largely effected by drifting spider-like young plants consisting of a solid centre and a number of thickened roots. These plants originate from the rooting nodes of fallen erect stems which decay in the mud, an unusual manner of vegetative propagation.

Description: The author mentions a number of interesting plants, found in the immediate neighbourhood of his home in the town of Leyden. They are mainly adventitious species that partly have been introduced with dune sand used for the laying out of streets, partly with thrown-away birdseed or with goods for the warehouse of a neighbouring grocery shop. Some other species have escaped from cultivation.

Description: A new list of localities of plant species found especially in old countryseats (\xe2\x80\x9cstinsen\xe2\x80\x9d) in the Netherlands province of Friesland.

Description: Scleranthus polycarpos L. appears to be indigenous in the Netherlands. In contradistinction to its close ally S. annuus, which is almost exclusively a weed in cultivated ground on sandy soil, S. polycarpos occurs in more natural habitats.

Description: SCHMEIL-FITSCHEN, Flora von Deutschland und seinen angrenzenden Gebieten. 81. Auflage von W. Rauh & K. Senghas. 516 S., 1103 Abb. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg, 1968 \xe2\x80\x94 DM. 16,80. Van de algemeen bekende flora van Schmeil-Fitschen waarvan thans twee afzonderlijke bewerkingen verschijnen, nl. \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n in West-Duitsland en \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n in de D.D.R. ontvingen wij de 81e druk van de Westduitse uitgave, de eerste volledige nieuwe bewerking van deze flora sedert de 70e druk van 1960.\nNiettegenstaande de omvang van het boek van 549 tot 516 pagina\xe2\x80\x99s werd gereduceerd geeft deze druk toch heel wat meer dan de diverse voorafgaande, dank zij de toepassing van een kleiner, doch toch nog zeer duidelijk lettertype. Zo werden o.a. hoofdstukken toegevoegd over de indeling van het plantenrijk, over nomenclatuur en over de in recente tijd in Duitsland en de aangrenzende gebieden verschenen flora\xe2\x80\x99s. Vergelijken wij de determineertabellen van deze druk met die der voorafgaande, dan blijkt dat de bewerkers daarin vele verbeteringen hebben aangebracht. Bovendien is het aantal behandelde infraspecifische taxa uitgebreid en zijn de gegevens over het binnen het gebied van de flora voorkomen der soorten aanzienlijk aangevuld. Dit laatste was vooral nodig omdat de flora thans een veel groter gebied omvat dan vroeger het geval was, nl. behalve Duitsland ook Denemarken, Nederland, Belgi\xc3\xab, Luxemburg, de Elzas (incl. de Vogezen), de randgebergten van Bohemen en ten slotte de Oostenrijkse landen Vorarlberg, Tirol en Salzburg. Zwitserland werd niet in zijn geheel opgenomen. De bewerkers argumenteren dit door erop te wijzen dat van laatstgenoemd land een goede flora in de Duitse taal bestaat, wat in de eerstgenoemde landen niet het geval is met uitzondering van Oostenrijk. Hiervan bestaat echter al sedert jaren geen kleine handige flora meer, zodat het verantwoord scheen ook de genoemde Oostenrijkse gebieden op te nemen. Opname van de flora van geheel Oostenrijk zou het boek te omvangrijk hebben gemaakt.

Description: Flore de la Belgique, du Nord de la France et des R\xc3\xa9gions voisines, onder redactie van W. MULLENDERS, bewerkt door J. E. DE LANGHE, L. DELVOSALLE, J. DUVIGNEAUD, J. LAMBINON, A. LAWALR\xc3\x89E, W. MULLENDERS en C. VANDEN BERGHEN. Ed. Desoer, Li\xc3\xa8ge, 1967, 749 pag., 14 fig. Prijs 420 Belg. fr.\nDeze onlangs verschenen nieuwe flora van Belgi\xc3\xab, die zonder twijfel ook voor de Nederlandse floristen van groot belang is, zal in de volgende aflevering van Gorteria worden besproken.

Description: The author gives a survey of the recent and former distribution of Leucojum aestivum L. in the Netherlands and Belgium. R: recent localities; +: former localities; A: localities, where L. aestivum was planted or where it was unintentionally introduced with reed-sods.

Description: Sagittaria sagittifolia in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. In de \xe2\x80\x9eLijst van openbare en bedektbloeiende vaatplanten in Zeeland\xe2\x80\x9d door A. WALRAVEN (in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ser. 2, deel 3, 1878, p. 134) wordt deze zoutmijdende soort opgegeven voor Oost Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. Hoewel ik vele jaren in de ook daar spaarzame, zoete wateren heb gezocht, heb ik de soort noch daar, noch ergens anders in Zeeland, ooit teruggevonden. Bijzonder verheugend was het daarom, dat in 1966 tijdens de excursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek van Nederland pijlkruid bleek te groeien in een slechts enkele jaren geleden gegraven brede afwateringssloot in het ruilverkavelingsgebied ten zuidwesten van de Everdamse dijk tussen Zuiddorpe en Zwartenhoek.

Description: Lycopodium clavatum L. in de Haarlemmerhout? Bij het doorzien van het materiaal van Lycopodium clavatum in het Rijksherbarium in verband met het gereedmaken van een verspreidingskaartje van deze soort voor de serie kaartjes, die wij hopen binnen niet te lange tijd te kunnen gaan publiceren, vonden wij een plant, waarvan de vindplaats nogal uit de toon valt. Alle aanwezige exemplaren van genoemde soort zijn nl. gevonden in het Drentse, Gelderse, Subcentreurope en Kempense district en in Zuid-Limburg. Deze plant echter werd verzameld in de Haarlemmerhout en wel door L. H. Buse samen met H. D. Gildemeester Buse, hoogstwaarschijnlijk v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r 1845, daar Buse tot omstreeks dat jaar in Haarlem woonde en in de omgeving daarvan botaniseerde. Etikettenverwisseling is wel uitgesloten, daar het bijgevoegde etiket in de hand van L. H. Buse de naam L. clavatum draagt en bovendien de notitie \xe2\x80\x9eHaarlemmer Hout, sporadice\xe2\x80\x9d vermeldt. Is iemand iets bekend van andere vondsten van deze soort bij Haarlem of wellicht elders in het Duindistrict?

Description: In Eastern Flevoland, a newly reclaimed IJssellake polder, the plant migration was studied along two roads (length 26 and 22 km). Along these roads which were built in the period 1958\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9965, 66 plant species were found, 19 out of which belonged to the wild vegetation which established itself shortly after reclamation in 1957. These plants reached the new land by water (first migration phase) and by wind (second migration phase). In this study, these plants are called \xe2\x80\x9cearly immigrants\xe2\x80\x9d. After the gradual reclamation of the land by man, a third migration took place. 37 species along the studied roads were disseminated in this last phase (group II, table 1). Most of these \xe2\x80\x9clate immigrants\xe2\x80\x9d are poorly disseminated by wind (table 2 and 3) and are mainly transported by man. There are quickly and slowly migrating species (fig. 2). A negative correlation was found between the number of late immigrants and the distance to the \xe2\x80\x9cold land\xe2\x80\x9d (fig. 3). The seeds of late immigrants are transported by man with the seedmixture used for the roadsides. More important is the transport of seeds caused by the traffic (a big difference was found in the number of late immigrants of the mainroad I and the secondary road Ia \xe2\x80\x94 table 4). It is evident that both accessibility and habitat selection play an important role in the floristic composition of the studied roadsides, as was confirmed by the results of a sowing experiment (table 5).

Description: FLORA EUROPAEA, Volume 2, Rosaceae to Umbelliferae, edited by T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters, D. A. Webb, with the assistance of P. W. Ball, A. O. Chater, I. K. Ferguson. XXVII + 455 p., 5 maps, University Press, Cambridge, 1968 \xe2\x80\x94 \xc2\xa3 77s.\nVan het eerste deel van deze flora van Europa gaf ik een vrij uitvoerige bespreking in het tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Botanische Vereniging, de Acta Botanica Neerlandica en wel in deel 14, afl. 2, 1965, p. 258\xe2\x80\x94260. Voor die lezers van Gorteria, die niet gemakkelijk over dit tijdschrift kunnen beschikken volgt hier wat ik in hoofdzaak destijds over deze flora schreef:

Description: The author mentions Plantago major L. subsp. pleiosperma Pilger (P. intermedia auct., non Gilib.; W. Koch, in Ber. Schw. Bot. Ges. 37, 1928, p. 45) for the first time in the Netherlands. This taxon can be distinguished from subsp. P. major subsp. major major as follows: Leaves with (3\xe2\x80\x94)5\xe2\x80\x949 nerves, usually rather broadly ovate, (1 1/3\xe2\x80\x94) 1\xc2\xbd (\xe2\x80\x942) times as long as broad, usually with an obtuse apex and a rounded base, abruptly narrowed into the petiole, usually entire and sparsely hairy. Lid of the fruit usually completely exceeding the sepals. Seeds rather large, 4\xe2\x80\x9415, on the average 8\xe2\x80\x949 in a fruit. Ecology: A plant of trodden places, usually not in natural habitats. Faithful taxon of Lolio-Plantaginetum, also, but less often in Polygono-Coronopion and Agropyro-Rumicion crispi.\nP. major subsp. pleiosperma Leaves with 3\xe2\x80\x945(\xe2\x80\x947) nerves, usually narrower to about elliptic, (1\xc2\xbd\xe2\x80\x94) 1 2/3\xe2\x80\x942 (\xe2\x80\x942 1/3) times as long as broad, usually with a more or less acute apex and a cuneate base, gradually narrowed into the petiole, usually more or less undulate-dentate, especially towards the base, and moderately hairy. Lower part of the lid of the fruit covered by the tips of the sepals. Seeds rather small, (12\xe2\x80\x94)14\xe2\x80\x9422(\xe2\x80\x9426), on the average 17\xe2\x80\x9418 in a fruit. Ecology: No plant of trodden places, more often in natural habitats. Faithful taxon of Nanocyperion flavescentis, also in Agropyro-Rumicion crispi and Bidention.

Description: This paper contains a list of new localities of Carex sylvatica Huds. in the \xe2\x80\x9cFluviatiele district\xe2\x80\x9d of the Netherlands to show that this species is not so rare there as was originally thought by Dutch botanists.

Description: Acquisitions to the adventitious flora of the Netherlands, mainly found in 1965. 1. Vicia pseudocracca Bertol., a native of the Mediterranean region, was found on a railway-yard in the harbour of Rotterdam. 2. Verbascum macrocarpum Boiss., from S.W. Asia, occurred as a weed in a garden at Oude Pekela, prov. Groningen, most probably introduced with seeds for the kitchen-garden. 3. Linaria origanifolia (L.) DC., a native of the western part of the Mediterranean region, was found as an alien in the dunes near Oostvoorne, prov. S. Holland. 4. Scrophularia peregrina L., a native of the same region, was found along a roadside near Leiden. 5. Picris sprengeriana (L.) Poir., also from the Mediterranean region, occurred on a railway-yard in Rotterdam-harbour. 6. Eragrostis multicaulis Steud. from eastern Asia was found under similar circumstances as no. 5. It was growing there in abundance. 7. In the same locality two specimens of the E. African Beckeropsis cf. petiolaris (Hochst.) Fig. & De Not. were found. 8. A number of plants escaped from cultivation are enumerated.

Description: The author discusses the various kinds of rarity in plantgeography.

Description: Corydalis claviculata (L.) DC., commonly known as a summer-annual, can also appear as a facultative winter-annual, especially in mild winters.

Description: As a supplement to the paper of HILLEGERS in Gorteria 4 (9), 1969, p. 161\xe2\x80\x94165, the present author mentions a locality of Gagea lutea in the dune-area near Haarlem.\nOf many species growing especially in old countryseats (\xe2\x80\x9cstinsen\xe2\x80\x9d) the factor \xe2\x80\x9cformer cultivation\xe2\x80\x9d was thought to be the most important one for the occurrence of these species in the Netherlands. The author points out that the ecological factors up till now are practically neglected, but that they are of great importance. It is possible that many of these species are really native in many countryseats.

Description: Leucojum aestivum L. in Belgi\xc3\xab teruggevonden. De heer E. van Rompaey deelt mij mede, dat Dr. Delvosalle (Brussel) op 26 maart 1966 Leucojum aestivum heeft teruggevonden te Esquelmes (Hen.). In het artikel over de verspreiding van deze soort in Nederland en Belgi\xc3\xab (Gorteria 2, no. 10, p. 121\xe2\x80\x94128) is van deze vindplaats vermeld, dat de soort daar thans is verdwenen. In Belgi\xc3\xab komt Leucojum aestivum nu dus nog met zekerheid voor langs de Kleine Nete bij Emblem en langs de Schelde bij Esquelmes.

Description: In the present paper some aids to the identification of the mints are given. This identification is very complicated indeed, because the species show a great variability, and because hybridization frequently occurs in the genus. In a survey some important, general features of the hybrids are given, e.g. the way in which they differ from the species: their reduced fertility, the occurrence of dwarf pollen and degeneration of the \xe2\x99\x82 and \xe2\x99\x80 haploid fase, their \xe2\x80\x9chybrid vigour\xe2\x80\x9d (heterosis), their variability (which is still much greater than that of the species), and in this connection the \xe2\x80\x9ccompound segregation\xe2\x80\x9d of the seed.\nSecondly the paper contains a key for the identification of the Dutch species and hybrids, which key may also be useful for a larger part of Europe.\nIn a third survey the main characters of the species and their hybrids are recounted, to check the identification. Of those mints which are very rare or perhaps extinct in Holland, some localities are mentioned.

Description: The author introduces a new character to distinguish Polypodium vulgare L., P. australe F\xc3\xa9e, P. interjectum Shivas, and specimens more or less intermediate between P. interjectum and P. vulgare. They can be identified with the aid of fig. 1. The dark part represents the green mesophyll; the narrow white margin of the segments is hyaline. Fig. 1, a: P. vulgare L.; 1, b: P. interjectum Shivas; 1, c: P. australe F\xc3\xa9e; 1, d: intermediate form between P. interjectum and P. vulgare.

Description: Two records of Geranium phaeum L., one near Eelde (prov. Drente), the other near Wedde (prov. Groningen), both as a relic of former cultivation.

Description: Up to a few years ago the \xe2\x80\x9cGroote Meer\xe2\x80\x9d in Ossendrecht (south of Bergen op Zoom, prov. N.-Brabant) was known as the largest and soundest Littorellion-pool in the Netherlands. In consequence of withdrawal of water for a neighbouring water-company the pool was drained during extreme long periods in summer. Moreover a supply of reclamation water intensified the disturbance of the vegetation. Lobelia dortmanna, Iso\xc3\xabtes tenella, Luronium natans, and Sparganium angustifolium vanished. Sphagna diminished. In the Littorella-vegetation on the banks, in the zone of mud deposit, Agropyro-Rumicion crispi and Bidention-communities developed. In the lower zone with less mud deposit, communities of the Nanocyperion flavescentis settled. Meanwhile the waterlevel was raised by unrefined water rich in minerals, pumped up from the depth. The problem is now how to aim at the stabilization of the rhythmical dynamic which is characteristic of the ecology of the pool.

Description: Short description of the flora of a park near the castle of Rossum (prov. Gelderland); this flora much resembles that of several old country-seats (\xe2\x80\x9cstinsen\xe2\x80\x9d) in the province of Friesland.

Description: Chrysosplenium op Voorne. Als aanvulling op de beschouwingen van Dr. V. Westhoff in Gorteria 2, no. 7, p. 73\xe2\x80\x9477 kan ik het volgende vermelden. In de kwekerij van de firma Van Tubergen te Haarlem is Chrysosplenium alternifolium een onkruid in de bakken waar varens gekweekt worden en andere soorten, die koelte en vocht verlangen. Waarschijnlijk is de soort meegekomen met in het wild verzamelde varens uit het buitenland. Met het fijne zaad heeft zij zich daar uitgezaaid op de kluiten van vaste planten. Ook in de tuin van de fam. Verhagen te Rockanje is Chrysosplenium een onkruid. Er is daar een waterloopje en er staan alle mogelijke planten, die het wegschoffelen bemoeilijken, zodat de plant zich overal in het vochtige gedeelte van de tuin verspreidt. In mijn eigen tuin, onder minder gunstige omstandigheden voor de soort, is de plant achteruitgegaan en vrijwel verdwenen.\nHoe de plant in de tuin van de fam. Verhagen is gekomen is niet met zekerheid bekend. Wijlen Dr. Verhagen verzamelde veel op zijn reizen, maar ook kunnen planten meegekomen zijn met materiaal van de firma Van Tubergen.

Description: In the course of the revision of the Asian species of the genus Adenia Forsk. (tropical and subtropical Africa, tropical S.E. Asia, Malay Archipelago, N. Australia) it appeared that two valid old epithets have been overlooked which should have priority. Consequently the fairly well established names of two Adenias, Adenia palmata (Lamk.) Engler and Adenia nicobarica (Kurz) King have to be changed into the following names, with which the synonomy and short annotations are given: Adenia hondala (Gaertner) de Wilde, comb. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Granadilla hondala Gaertner, De Fruct. II (1791) 480, t. 180 f. 10. \xe2\x80\x94 Passiflora itondala Steudel, Nom. ed. I (1821) 595, nom. illeg., errore. \xe2\x80\x94 Passiflora hondala Steudel, Nom. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 275. \xe2\x80\x94 Lectotype: Herman s.n. (L, apparently lost), Ceylon. Bryonia palmata Linn\xc3\xa9, Sp. Pl. 1 (1753) 1012; ibid. 2 (1763) 1438. \xe2\x80\x94 [\xe2\x80\x98Hondala Allahonda, Clematis indica ..., Bryonia Zeylanica folio quinquepartito ....\xe2\x80\x99 etc., Herman, Mus. Zeyl. (1717) 25, 41, 62. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x98Bryonia Zeylanica folio quinquepartito ....\xe2\x80\x99 etc., Burman, Thes. Zeyl. (1737) 49. \xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x98 Bryonia foliis palmatis ....\xe2\x80\x99 etc., Linn\xc3\xa9, Fl. Zeyl. (1748) 167.] \xe2\x80\x94 Lectotype : Herman s.n. (BMP), Ceylon (not seen). Convolvulus paniculatus ; (non L.) var. \xc3\x9f Burman \xc6\x92., Fl. Ind. (1768) 45, p.p. \xe2\x80\x94 Convolvulus paniculatus (inon L.) var. \xce\xb2 Modecca Persoon, Syst. Veg. ed. 15 (1797) 209. \xe2\x80\x94 Modecca tuberosa Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 49; Fl. Ind. (1832) 134. \xe2\x80\x94 [\xe2\x80\x98Modecca\xe2\x80\x99 Rheede, Hort. Mai. 8 (1688) 39, t. 20. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x98Passiflora spuria bryonoides quinquefido folio Malabarensi\xe2\x80\x99 Plukenet, Almag. (1720) 283. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x98Modecca fructu majore .... etc. Linn\xc3\xa9, Fl. Zeyl. (1748) 230 p.p.]. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Rheede\xe2\x80\x99s description and figure. [\xe2\x80\x98Palmodecca\xe2\x80\x99 Rheede, Hort. Mal. 8 (1688) 41, t. 21. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x98Passiflora spuria bryonoides Malabarensis folio trifido et quinquefido\xe2\x80\x99 Plukenet, Almag. (1720) 283. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Rheede\xe2\x80\x99s description and figure.]. [\xe2\x80\x98Motta-Modecca\xe2\x80\x99 Rheede, Hort. Mal. 8 (1688) 43, t. 22. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x98 \xe2\x80\x98Passiflora spuria bryonoides Malabarensis, foliis variis scissis, fructo diverso\xe2\x80\x99 Plukenet, Almag. (1720) 283. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Rheede\xe2\x80\x99s description and figure.]. Modecca palmata Lamk., Encycl. Meth. IV (1797) 209. \xe2\x80\x94 Adenia palmata (Lamk.) Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 14 (1892) 375. \xe2\x80\x94 Syntypes: Rheede\xe2\x80\x99s descriptions and t. 20, 21, and 22. Modecca integrifolia Lamk., Encycl. Meth. IV (1797) 209. \xe2\x80\x94 Modecca palmata Lamk. var. integrifolia (Lamk.) Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. II, 1 (1855) 703. \xe2\x80\x94 [\xe2\x80\x98Orela-Modecca\xe2\x80\x99 Rheede, Hort. Mai. 8 (1688) 45, t. 23.]. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Rheede\xe2\x80\x99s description and figure. From the above it is obvious that the oldest epithet, namely that of Bryonia palmata L. (1753) cannot be conveyed to Adenia on account of the heterotypic synonym Adenia palmata (Lamk.) Engler. Bryonia palmata L. is ultimately based on the descriptions of Herman (1717) and Burman (1737). Herman\xe2\x80\x99s plant is to be expected in the Herman Herbarium in the British Museum, but according to Trimen (1888, 1894\xc2\xb9)) the specimen in Herman\xe2\x80\x99s herbarium representing Bryonia palmata L. is no Adenia. As far as could be traced through the care of Prof. Mi\xc3\xa8ge, the only specimen in the Geneva herbarium existent of the present species in the Burman Herbarium is annotated: \xe2\x80\x98J. Burmann, no 179, Ceylam 1773\xe2\x80\x99 and therefore cannot have served as type. There is certainly no Adenia among the photographs of Bryonia in the Linnean Herbarium. Gaertner\xe2\x80\x99s protologue comprises besides the description, a figure, and the citation of the seeds in the Ley den herbarium (not seen by me), the reference to Herman\xe2\x80\x99s Musaeum Zeylanicum (1717) p. 41. As long as cannot be proved that the seeds which served for Gaertner\xe2\x80\x99s description of Granadilla hondala are taken from the same specimen that was used by Linnaeus for the description of Bryonia palmata, Gaertner\xe2\x80\x99s name is legitimate (compare art. 63 of the Code) and should be used. Adenia penangiana (Wall, ex G. Don) de Wilde, comb. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Passiflora penangiana Wall. Cat. 1233, nom. nud.; G. Don, Gen. Syst. Gard. Bot. III (1834) 55. \xe2\x80\x94 Anthactinia penangiana (Wall.) Roemer, Syn. Mon. II Pepon. (1846) 192. \xe2\x80\x94 Disemma penangiana (Wall.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bot. 1, 1 (1855) 700. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Wallich, Cat. 1233 (K), Penang. Modecca nicobarica Kurz, in Trimen, J. Bot. 13 (1875) 326. \xe2\x80\x94 Adenia nicobarica (Kurz) King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 71, 2 (1903) 52. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Kurz s.n. (K?), Katchall, Nicobar Isl. (not seen). Adenia parvifolia Pierre ex Gagnepain, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 25 (1919) 127. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Pierre 4498 (P, iso- seen from E), Thailand. Adenia angustisepala Craib, Kew Bull. (1930) 406. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Kerr 12812 (K), (not seen). Adenia linearis Craib, Kew Bull. (1930) 407. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Kerr 13725 (K), (not seen). Adenia nicobarica (Kurz) King var. obliqua Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 1 (1931) 747. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Kerr 15242 (K?), (not seen). Adenia parvifolia Pierre ex Gagnepain var. insularis Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 1 (1931) 748. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Kerr 12950 (K), (not seen). Adenia parvifolia Pierre ex Gagnepain var. nervosa Craib, Fl. Siam. En. 1 (1931) 748. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Kerr 14384 (K), (not seen). Adenia catharinae Merrill, Contrib. Am. Arb. 8 (1934) IIo, t. 7. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: W.N. & C. M. Bangham 729 (A), Sumatra. Passiflora penangiana Wall., was validated by G. Don in 1834. Don\xe2\x80\x99s description is fairly brief, but there is no doubt that the type-specimen ( Wallich no 1233, from Penang, in K), belongs to the present species which is generally known as Adenia nicobarica. Recently Dr. M. Jacobs examined on my request the type, containing several leaves with the typical peltate blade-base bearing a single gland. Passiflora penangiana Wall, was already placed in the synonomy of Modecca nicobarica Kurz by M. T. Masters in Hook \xc6\x92., Fl. Br. Ind. 2 (1879) 603, who stated that Wallich\xe2\x80\x99s specimen evidently belongs to that species.

Description: Ramuli 8 mm crassi, novelli dense ferrugineo-tomentelli, vetustiores glabrescentes. Petiolus 8 cm longus; petioluli 1\xe2\x80\x942 mm longi; foliola alterna vel rarius (sub)opposita, ovato-oblonga vel -lanceolata, 5\xe2\x80\x9410 cm longa, 1\xc2\xbe\xe2\x80\x943 cm lata, subtus in nervorum axillis breviter barbata, supra in costa tomentella, ceterum glabra, basi decurrentia, apice subcaudato-acuminata, acumine acuto, costa supra prominula, nervis primariis utrinque c. 15, subcurvatis, in superiore dimidio foliolorum tantum arcuato-anastomosantibus, subtus prominulis, intermediis nervis primariis \xc2\xb1 parallelis. Thyrsi usque ad 17 cm longi, ut ramuli novelli tomentelli; pedunculi 2\xe2\x80\x943\xc2\xbd cm longi; pedicelli 1\xe2\x80\x942 mm longi. Sepala late ovata vel late obovata, 2\xc2\xbd mm longa, 2\xc2\xbc mm lata, ut videtur haud petaloidea, intus subdense adpresse pubescentia, integra. Petala per 1\xc2\xbc mm unguiculata, lamina transverse semi-elliptica, 1 mm longa, 1\xc2\xbd mm lata, ad marginem unguis lanata, ceterum dense ciliata, intus (unguie lamina densius) lanata; squama lamina dimidio brevior, biloba, lanata. Discus 5-lobatus, lobis annuli forma, profunde excavatis, parte centrum floris spectante dense pilosa excepta glabris. Stamina 8; filamenta 2 mm longa, in parte 2/3 inferiore subdense lanata; antherae \xc2\xbe mm longae, glabrae. Pistillodium pyriforme, 1\xc2\xbd X 1 mm, dense adpresse pilosum.\nBORNEO. Sarawak: Baram Distr., G. Api, Melinau Gorge, c. 200 m, fl. 15-7-1961, Anderson 4626 (L).- E. Borneo: E. Kutei, Sg. Menubar, Sangkulirang, 15 m, st. 13-6-1951, Kostermans FRI. bb. 34689 (L) vern. laras; Mt Medadam N. of Sangkulirang, 400 m, fr. 9-8-1957, Kostermans 13428 (L); Berau, Mt Njapa on Kelai River, 100 m, fr. 17-10-1963, Kostermans 21330 (L). \xe2\x80\x94 Sabah: Mt Kinabalu, Koung, 500 m, fl. 8-5-1933, Carr SF. 27276 (SING) Typus.

Description: An Araliaceous plant from Subansiri District was found on a critical study to be Merrilliopanax Li, a genus founded on Dendropanax listeri King (in Journ. Asia. Soc. Bengal 67,2: 294,1898) from Assam. In a revision of the Araliaceae of China, Li (Sargentia 2: 62\xe2\x80\x9465, 1942) showed that Dendropanax listeri King, with its paniculate inflorescence, 2-celled ovary, and 2 stylar arms did not fit within the generic characters of Dendropanax Decaisne & Planch, and erected the new genus Merrilliopanax. Apart from the type species M. listeri (King) Li, he described a new species, M. chinensis, from Yunnan, China. The Subansiri plant was found to be distinct from both the earlier described species and is now described as a new species.

Description: This bulky volume treats not less than c. 100 families, among which large families as the Araliaceae, Saxifragaceae (split in several families), Flacourtiaceae, Urticaceae, Moraceae, Proteaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and the Malvales families. This is a very large achievement, as it covers c. 2000 genera. Naturally, Hutchinson keeps to his narrow family concept and has here even extended this. Also several genera have been split, and a small revolution has occurred with Schefflera sunk in others have been reinstated, e.g. and Capparis; ; also sometimes old generic names long Osmoxylum against Boerlagiodendron.\nIn the introduction the author states that the Cleomoideae will be segregated from the Capparaceae and be inserted next to the Cruciferae as a separate family, as they belong to the \xe2\x80\x98Herbacae\xe2\x80\x99; most of us regard the Cruciferae as a derived, specialized, largely temperate offshoot of the Capparaceae.

Description: Zollinger, Plantae Javanicae n. 1254, collected \xe2\x80\x98in sylvis umbrosis M. Pulusari\xe2\x80\x99, and distributed as Carex indica L., is a mixture of two related but clearly distinct Carices both belonging in Section Indicae. This was already known to Steudel, who worked up Zollinger\xe2\x80\x99s Cyperaceae and described part of the 1254 collection as a new species in his Synopsis (16, p. 207): \xe2\x80\x98Carex commixta. Steud. Radice valide fibrosa; culmo triquetro glabro laevi toto fere vaginato et foliato (3-pedali), basi vaginis efoliatis brevibus ovato-lanceolatis et foliiferis vestito; foliis lanceolatis elongatis latis (ultra pedalibus, 4\xe2\x80\x947\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x99 latis) striatis pallidis subglaucescentibus margine scaberrimis ; paniculis axillaribus et terminali, omnibus pedunculatis simplicibus; radiis remotis alternis distiche iterum remotiuscule spiculatis; spiculis sessilibus a basi floriferis, subteretibus acutis basi bracteolis 1\xe2\x80\x942 setaceis munitis ; squamis pallidis oblongis striatulis nervo medio in mucronem extenuato ; fructu lanceolato scabrato squamam aequante. Cum Carici indica commixta in Hrbro Zoll. Mor. nr. 1254. Carici Horsfieldii Boott videtur affinis. Java.\xe2\x80\x99 Before he published this new species, Steudel must have informed Zollinger about it, for in the latter\xe2\x80\x99s Verzeichniss (17, p. 60), issued earlier than Steudel\xe2\x80\x99s Synopsis, H(erbarium normale) 1254 is still mentioned as Carex indica L., but Carex commixta, here published as a nomen nudum, is given a new number: \xe2\x80\x98HZ (= Herb, propr. Zoll.) 1502, ex Pr. Bandong.\xe2\x80\x99 The original description of Carex commixta is almost literally and without comment copied in Miquel\xe2\x80\x99s Flora Indiae Batavae (8, p. 349), but the name is not accounted for in Koorders\xe2\x80\x99s Exkursionsflora (5) nor in the emergency edition of Backer\xe2\x80\x99s Flora van Java (1). In K\xc3\xbckenthal\xe2\x80\x99s Carex-monograph (7, p. 273) it is cited in the synonymy of Carex horsfieldii Boott. To Nelmes (10, p. 267) the very immature specimen of Zollinger 1254 in the Z\xc3\xbcrich Herbarium, which appears to be a form of the polymorphous Carex rafflesiana Boott, seemed to be the plant described as Carex commixta, so that the broad-leaved specimen of this number in the British Museum must have been misidentified by Steudel as Carex indica. Consequently Nelmes referred Carex commixta to the synonymy of C. rafflesiana (10, p. 290), and maintained the name C. blepharolepis Nelmes for the broad-leaved plant. The last name was published in 1946 (9, p. 18 in nota) with the short diagnosis: \xe2\x80\x98afinis C. spatiosae Boott, sed squamis femineis brevioribus glabris, utriculis brevioribus, praecipue differt. Type: Van Steenis 5457. Priangan, Java.\xe2\x80\x99 To me, on the contrary, it seemed diat Steudel\xe2\x80\x99s description fits rather the specimen in the British Museum than Carex rafflesiana, which has linear leaves. Broad, lanceolate leaves are but seldom found in Carex, and they are extremely rare in Indocarices. Besides, the said specimen is characterized by its short, ovate-lanceolate cataphylls at the stembase, the pale-glaucescent leaves, the open inflorescence, and the pale glumes, characters mentioned in the description, but not to be found in C. rafflesiana. I supposed that Steudel, after having separated the specimens with broad leaves from those with linear ones, considered the former a new species and took the latter for C. indica (see his description of this species, l.c.). My supposition was confirmed by the three specimens of Zollinger 1254 in the Paris Herbarium. One of them is a narrow-leaved, immature plant labelled in Zollinger\xe2\x80\x99s handwriting: \xe2\x80\x981254. E.B. Im Schatten des Waldes auf dem Pulusari bis oben. Cyperaceae. An = V 43\xe2\x80\x98. This is indeed Carex rafflesiana Boott. The two broad-leaved specimens belong to what Nelmes described as Carex blepharolepis. One of them was determined by Spach as Carex spatiosa Boott, the other one (fig. 1), originally forming part of Steudel\xe2\x80\x99s private herbarium, bears a label in Steudel\xe2\x80\x99s handwriting: \xe2\x80\x98Carex commixta Steud. Carici indica erat adjecta. Carici Horsfieldii Boott videtur maxime affinis. \xe2\x80\x94 Ego nec C. indicam nec C. commixtam possideo cum utriusque unicum adsit specimen. St.\xe2\x80\x99 This was probably a personal information to Zollinger, who added the new number of his Verzeichniss (1502 Z) and presented Steudel with the specimen which is undoubtedly the holotype of Carex commixta. An error must have crept into Steudel\xe2\x80\x99s statement that the leaves are 4\xe2\x80\x947 lines wide, for actually they are about 1\xc2\xbd \xe2\x80\x93 2\xc2\xbd cm (14-7\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x99?) wide. This error may have led Nelmes to take the narrow-leaved specimens of Zollinger 1254 for Carex commixta. Boeckeler (2, p. 349), like Spach, determined the broad-leaved Zollinger specimen in the Berlin Herbarium (1284 is obviously a printer\xe2\x80\x99s error for 1254) as Carex spatiosa Boott. Steudel\xe2\x80\x99s name was either unknown to him or \xe2\x80\x94 what is more likely \xe2\x80\x94 deliberately omitted. This determination is perfectly justifiable. Boott\xe2\x80\x99s type specimen of Carex spatiosa, Gaudichaud 67 from Indo-China in the Paris Herbarium, the description (3, p. 86), and the excellent plate 246 accompanying the description, leave no doubt that Carex commixta, if not conspecific with C. spatiosa, is very near to it. The name Carex spatiosa for a Javan Carex turns up again in Clarke\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x98List of the Carices of Malaya\xe2\x80\x99 (4, p. 12). The record is based on a Kurz specimen in the Kew Herbarium, which is certainly conspecific with Carex commixta. Clarke distinguished it from typical C. spatiosa as \xe2\x80\x98var. bogorensis; utriculis ovoideis; rostro cum \xc2\xbd \xe2\x80\x94 2/3 parte utriculi aequilongo, scabro.\xe2\x80\x99 Remains therefore the question whether the Javan Carex commixta (1855) and the Indo-Chinese C. spatiosa (1860) are specifically distinct. Comparison of Nelmes\xe2\x80\x99s long and very detailed description of C. spatiosa (12, p. III) with that of C. blepharolepis (10, p. 265) results in no other noteworthy differences than the following: in the former the glumes are said to be about 2 mm long, adpressed-hispidulous, ciliolate-erose round the apex, and the utricles 5\xe2\x80\x946 mm long inclusive of the 2\xe2\x80\x943 mm long beak; in the latter the glumes are described as being 2\xe2\x80\x943 mm long (see, however, the original diagnosis!), ciliolate-erose especially at the apex, and the utricles 4\xe2\x80\x945 mm long inclusive of the 1\xc2\xbd \xe2\x80\x942 mm long beak. In the Indo-Chinese collections at my disposal I find the utricles on the whole, but not always, slightly longer than in the Malesian plants mainly because of the slenderer beak, and the glumes usually somewhat more hairy. Evaluation of those slight differences is of course subjective; to my mind there is no reason whatever to accept C. C. commixta and C. spatiosa as specifically or even varietally distinct. Recently Raymond (15, p. 255 f. 1) described Carex smitinandii from N. Thailand, \xe2\x80\x98close to C. spatiosa Boott and C. balansae Franch. of French Indo-China, both bearing wide leaves and an open panicle.\xe2\x80\x99 In the Leyden isotype ( Smitinand 7046), which is obviously better developed than the holotype, I fail to see noticeable differences with the Malesian specimens of Carex commixta. In the Malesian plants the utricles are 4\xe2\x80\x945 mm long, in Smitinand 7046 about 4 mm, not 3 mm as was stated in the original description (see, however, his f. 1). I have not seen Carex chuniana Wang & Tang, C. humbertii Wang & Tang, and C. hypolytrifolia Koyama, which are all referred to the synonymy of C. spatiosa Boott by Raymond (14, p. 40). As to C. hypolytrifolia, I doubt whether this reduction is right. From Koyama\xe2\x80\x99s description I might infer that it belongs in Sect. Mapaniifoliae and is either C. helferi Boeck. or a closely allied species. Carex commixta appears to be a rare species of primary\xe2\x80\x94and less frequently secondaryforests, known from Hainan, Burma, N. Thailand, Tonkin, Annam, S. Sumatra, and W. Java. For an enumeration of the collections see Nelmes (10, 11, 12) and Raymond (14, 15)Carex commixta Steud., Syn. 2 (1855) 207. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Java: Zollinger Pl. Jan. 1254 p.p. typ. (= HZ 1502) (P). C. spatiosa Boott, Illustr. 2 (1860) 86, t. 246. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Indo-China: Gaudichaud 67 (P). C. spatiosa Boott var. bogorensis C. B. Clarke, Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot 37 (1904) 12. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Java: Kurz s.n. (K). C. blepharolepis Nelmes, Kew Bull. 1946, p. 18 in nota. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Java: Van Steenis 5457 (BO, K, L). C. smitinandii Raym., Dansk Bot. Arkiv 23 (1965) 255, f. 1. \xe2\x80\x94 Type: Thailand: Smitinand 7046 (BKF, n.v.; isotype in L).

Description: In table I on page 6 of this volume the names of some taxa have been misspelled. Subfamily Sauvagesoideae Lindl. should read Sauvagesioideae Lindl. The subtribal names Sauvagesinae and Luxemburginae (Planch.) Kanis should be changed to Sauvagesiinae and Luxemburgiinae (Planch.) Kanis respectively. The orthographic errors mentioned have been made consistently throughout the text.\nIn the same table the new subtribe Ouratinae (v. Tiegh.) Kanis was proposed with an incorrect reference to tribus Ourateae (non Engl.) v. Tiegh. (1902). The name Ourateae was introduced by Engler (Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. Akad. 37, 1874, 20) to indicate the tribe that should be called Ochneae, as Ochna L. should be considered the type genus of the family and lower taxa to which it belongs (cf. Art. 19: 3 of the present Code). Engler\xe2\x80\x99s name was invalid, although he gave a Latin description (cf. Art. 32: 2 of the present Code). Van Tieghem correctly used the name Ourateae for a smaller tribe, segregated from his Ochneae. This should be considered as a new name, as he made a new description without reference to Engler\xe2\x80\x99s. The new subtribe is based on the tribe Ourateae v. Tiegh. in Morot, J. Bot. 16 (1902) 33.

Description: In zahlreichen Arbeiten dienten Algen als Objekte f\xc3\xbcr das Studium von Regenerationsvorg\xc3\xa4ngen und Erscheinungen der Polarit\xc3\xa4t. Dagegen ist \xe2\x80\x94 von Chara abgesehen \xe2\x80\x94 \xc3\xbcber das normale Wachstum, den zeitlichen Ablauf von Teilung und Streckung der Zellen und die Entstehungsgeschichte des typischen Thallus nur wenig bekannt. F\xc3\xbcr solche Untersuchungen bietet sich die Kultur von Algen im Laboratorium an. Formen von einfachem Aufbau sind hervorragend geeignet, um Wachstumsvorg\xc3\xa4nge in ihrer Abh\xc3\xa4ngigkeit von den sie beeinflussenden Faktoren zu erforschen. Das interkalare Wachstum wurde an der monosiphonen, mehrkernigen Urospora wormskioldii studiert (Kornmann 1966). Die Entstehung eines verzweigten monosiphonen Thallus aus einer vielkernigen Apikalzelle konnte an dem Beispiel von Acrosiphonia verfolgt werden (1965). Spongomorpha aeruginosa ist \xc3\xa4usserlich gleichartig aufgebaut, hat aber einkernige Zellen und stellt damit das einfachste Muster eines solchen Thallus dar.

Description: Alangium LAMK.\xe2\x80\x94M. M. J. van Balgooy, Pac. Plant Areas 2: map 72.\nComplete; Old World, also incl. Indo-Malesia, E. Australia, Pacific (Solomons, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji); delineated except in Africa and Madagascar, localities indicated only in the Pacific, species density; monograph.