ALBERT

Description: lm Zusammenhang mit den hydrographischen Untersuchungen in der Irminger See, welche im Juni 1955 auf dem Fischerei-Forschungsschiff "Anton Dohrn" ausgeführt wurden und deren Ergebnisse in der vorhergehenden Arbeit: Schichtung und Zirkulation in der Irminger See im Juni 1955 von G. Dietrich (1957) niedergelegt sind, wurden auch Untersuchungen über die Verteilung chemischer Faktoren in den verschiedenen Wassermassen angestellt. Das Gebiet der lrminger See ist gerade in dieser Beziehung von besonderem Interesse, weil, wie wir im einzelnen durch die Untersuchungen von G. Böhnecke, E. Hentschel und H. Wattenberg (1930) und G. Böhnecke, B. Føyn und H. Wattenberg (1931) wissen, hier die verschiedenen Wassermassen der Golfstrom-Ausläufer, des nordatlantischen Wassers und des Ostgrönlandstromes aufeinandertreffen und sich in einer großen Anzahl größerer und kleinerer Wirbel mitinander vermischen. Diese bewirken ihrerseits durch mit ihnen gekoppelten Hebungs- und Senkungsbewegungen eine recht verwickelte Verschiebung der Wassermassen in vertikaler Richtung. Die große Ausdehnung des befahrenen Gebietes im Verlauf der etwa 5 wöchigen Untersuchungsdauer gestattete nur, den chemischen Untersuchungen ein ganz weitmaschiges Stationsnetz zugrunde zu legen. Von den insgesamt durchgeführten 140 hydrographischen Stationen konnten daher nur 50 Stationen mit den vollen Tiefenserien chemisch bearbeitet werden. Bei der Wahl der Stationen wurde so verfahren, daß der Untersuchungsraum einigermaßen gleichmäßig durch Meßpunkte aufgeteilt wurde (Abb . 17). Auf Feinheiten im Chemismus der Wasserkörper mußte daher von vornherein verzichtet werden. Das Hauptgewicht liegt vielmehr auf der großräurnigen Verteilung und dem chemischen Aufbau der verschiedenen Wasserkörper im Untersuchungsgebiet. Untersucht wurden: der Phosphat-Gehalt, der Gehalt an gelöstem Sauerstoff sowie die Fluoreszenz und die optische Trübung in mit dem Wasserschöpfer in verschiedenen Tiefen dem Meere entnommenen Wasserproben. Der Phosphat-Gehalt wurde nach der in der Meereskunde seit langem üblichen kolorimetrischen Methode nach G. Denigès {1920) mittels Ammoniummolybdat-Schwefelsaure und Zinnchlorür (K. Kalle, 1934) an 25 ccm messenden Proben mittels des elektrischen Kolorimeters "Elko II" der Fa. C. Zeiß bestimmt. Zur Sauerstoff-Bestimmung diente die gleichfalls seit langem übliche Winkler'sche Methode an 50 ccm Meerwasserproben (K. Kalle, 1939). Die Fluoreszenzstärke wurde an 1 ccm Meerwasserproben nach der vom Verfasser entwickelten Methode (K. Kalle, 1951) mittels des Zeiß'schen Pulfrichphotometer gemessen, während für die optische Trübung der mit dem Farbfilter "S 72" (720 mμ) an 5 cm dicken Wasserschichten gewonnene Extinktionswert diente. Für diesen Zweck wurde wiederum das "Elko II"-Gerät benutzt, weil die Messung mit diesem Gerat nur 20 ccm Wasser benötigt und die Meßgenauigkeit trotz der verhältnismäßig geringen Schichtdicke extrem genau durchführbar ist (Fehlergröße = ± 0,000 2 E)1). Die Meßwerte für den Phosphat- und den Sauerstoff-Gehalt werden zusammen mit den zugehörigen Temperatur- und Salzgehaltswerten im Bulletin Hydrographique 1955 (Kopenhagen) erscheinen. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Fluoreszenzstärke und die optische Trübung sind in Zahlentafel 1 niedergelegt. An je drei Vertikalschnitten durch das Untersuchungsgebiet (A, B, C) (Abb. 1-12), deren Lage aus Abb. 17 hervorgeht, sowie an je 4 Horizontal-Schnitten in den Tiefen-Niveaus von O m, 200 m, 500 m und 1000 m (Abb. 13-16 und 18-28) soll versucht werden, die Verteilung der chemischen Faktoren im Untersuchungsgebiet in großen Zügen deutlich zu machen.

Description: Among some coccids from Indonesia, received from Dr. L. G. E. KALSHOVEN, four large specimens were found which by their well developed ovisac showed some resemblance to Icerya purchasi MASK. After comparing the specimens with the photographs in MORRISON\xe2\x80\x99S Classification of the Margarodidae (1928) it appeared, however, that the wax covering of the body was more alike that of Walkeriana floriger (WALKER).\nThe old pinned specimens were not labelled, but Dr. KALSHOVEN remembered that they had been collected by Prof. ROEPKE on \xe2\x80\x9etjemara\xe2\x80\x9d (Casuarina). Upon inquiry Prof. ROEPKE informed me that in 1910 he had collected a giant coccid on old stems of Casuarina Junghuhniana MIQ. in the Tengger Mts. (East-Java). The specimens were found on trees near the last bend of the road leading to Tosari, a well-known health-resort at an elevation of about 1750 m, where Europeans often used to spend their holidays. Some specimens had been sent to Mr. E. E. GREEN in Ceylon who replied that it was a species of Walkeriana, but that he wanted the larvae for a description of this new species.

Description: In May 1938 I had the opportunity to observe seven living Aplysia depilans in the Zoological Station Naples. Notes on the size and colour were made and different methods of preservation were tried.\nAs one often wonders how much of the original colour pattern has been preserved in museum specimens of Aplysia, it seems important to give the result of the comparison of the living specimens as studied in 1938 and the same specimens after 18 years of preservation, in 1956. The best way of preservation appears to be killing in diluted alcohol as specimen nr. V shows.

Description: 1. In einem kleinen Material aus der Uferzone des Ohrid-See wurden 16 Arten freilebender S\xc3\xbcsswassernematoden aufgefunden ; es werden systematische Bemerkungen zu einigen Arten gemacht. Neochromadora trilineata W. SCHNEIDER, 1943 wird mit Punctodora ohridensis W. SCHNEIDER, 1943 identifiziert, die Gattung Hofmaenneria W. SCHNEIDER, 1940 wird diskutiert und es wird ein Beitrag zur Synonymie von Theristus dubius-setosus (B\xc3\x9cTSCHLI) geliefert. 2. Von den gefundenen Arten wurden 10 schon 1943 von W. SCHNEIDER aus dem Ohrid-See bekannt gemacht. Die f\xc3\xbcr den Ohrid-See neuen Arten sind : Tripyla filicaudata, Dorylaimus intermedius. Chromadorina bioculata, Ethmolaimus pratensis. Paraplectonema pedunculatum, maenneria brachystoma. 3. Der Anteil endemischer Formen an der Nematodenfauna des Ohrid-Sees ist gering. Abgesehen von Ohridia bathybia SCHNEIDER, 1943, deren Verwandtschaft und systematische Stellung unklar sind, ist allein Punctodora ohridensis W. SCHNEIDER, 1943 eine Art, die bisher ausserhalb des Ohrid-Sees nicht beobachtet worden ist.\nEs sind aus dem Ohrid-See keine Nematoden-Arten bekannt, die als marine Relikte angesprochen werden k\xc3\xb6nnten.

Description: The result is given of a complete census of the breeding population of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in the Netherlands, performed during the year 1956. The results of the census of 1950 and 1955 have been published in Beaufortia 5 (45), April 15, 1955: 23\xe2\x80\x9442, and 5 (52), March 24, 1956: 101\xe2\x80\x94115.\nThe result of the census 1956 shows a less alarming picture than that of 1955. The number of nests occupied by pairs increased to 65 (57 in 1955)\xc2\xb9). The number of young fledged increased to 95 (94). However, three newly fledged young perished in the neighbourhood of their nests, so that the ultimate breeding result of the species in 1956 is somewhat less than in 1955. The number of nests on which breeding occurred was higher than in 1955. From 65 (57) nests occupied by a pair of birds breeding occurred in 44 (36) cases. The very unfavourable weather might have influenced the relatively bad results. The storks arrived considerably later than in other years.\nNevertheless the sharp decrease which could be observed after 1950 seems to have come to a stop. The White Stork in the Netherlands lives at the border of its breeding area and population fluctuations have to be considered in this connection as far as even expecting the vanishing of the species from the Netherlands fauna at all. Everything is done at present to prevent the loss of the White Stork from this country. The Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds has started an action for erecting new nesting sites. Well-known investigations in Bavaria have shown the density of the population to increase by this way. It has yielded some results in the Netherlands too. Six new nests have been occupied by pairs or solitary birds and on two of these nests young have been raised of which 7 fledged. In the present paper all nests are renumbered and the numbers of the 1950 census are given in parentheses. Where this number is failing the nest has been occupied after 1950 or 1955. Nests marked by + were occupied by a pair of birds but no young birds were raised. The number of young storks fledged is indicated by a figure. A summary of the results and a comparison with 1950 and 1955 is given in the tables 9, 10, and 11. The number of eggs and young storks which got lost by fighting on the nests and the number of nesting sites lost since 1950 are given on page 192.

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction...............1\nTaxonomic studies.............3\nProvespa...............7\nVespa................10\nBionomics of Oriental and Papuan Vespinae........51\nProvespa...............51\nVespa................52\nHabitat...............52\nFood...............53\nColony foundation, castes, and periodicity.......59\nNest construction.............60\nDuration of life of colonies...........64\nAggressiveness and effect of sting.........66\nEnemies ..............69\nMimicry...............71\nDistribution of Oriental and Papuan Vespinae........72\nLiterature...............80\nIndex................83\nINTRODUCTION\nIt is now more than fifty years ago since R. du Buysson published a monograph of the genus Vespa, a group of wasps which is at present regarded as representing a subfamily consisting of four or five different genera.\nIn the collections used for the preparation of that work, the fauna of the

Description: Differt a speciebus ceteris generis Riveae habitu erecto et praesertim speciei proximae Riveae ornatae sepalis exterioribus margine piano non involute et staminibus circa medium tubi corollae insertis vel paullo inferius.\nIndo-China. Laos, prov. Vientiane, vicinity of Vientiane, c. 200 m alt., in open Dipterocarpaceae monsoon forest, on sandy lateritic soil; erect shrub, 1.50 m high; flowers white with greenish midpetaline bands, fl. Aug. 20, 1953 (rain-season); vernacular name: phi yik; Vidal 2350 (TL, type; fragments in L). A fruiting specimen from the same locality was collected Oct. 8, 1952; Vidal 1120 (TL; fragments in L).

Description: The only record of Thesium in Malaysia was hitherto the Southern Chinese Thesium psilotoides Hance from medium altitudes of the Benguet and Bontoe Mountain Provinces in North Luzon, according to Merrill (Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2, 1923, 115), occurring between 1200 and 1500 m. The same species has also been found in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumba Island, by C. N. A. de Voogd (E. Sumba, 300 m, limestone quarry, De Voogd 1873 (80, L), Dec. 1, 1934, plant pale green, fruit yellow, flower white).\nThe Sumba specimens exactly match the Philippine specimens. Species like this one, with a very short calyx tube, look astonishingly like Halorrhagis, in habit, but possess 5-merous flowers, lack bulbous-based hairs, and show a peculiarly cartilaginous leaf apex.

Description: These fascicles, the first part of a moss flora of Fennoscandia, comprise five (acrocarpous) orders of the Eubryales. All species and a number of forms and varieties have been included. There are clear dichotomous keys to genera and species. Of each species the original literature, the most familiar synonyms, an excellent description with critical remarks on the differences between allied species and original drawings have been given. Ecology and general distribution have been indicated, with special reference to Scandinavia. In addition there is a glossary of technical terms, which is nearly identical to that in Dixon\xe2\x80\x99s famous Student\xe2\x80\x99s Handbook of British Mosses, though less extensive.\nNevertheless it may be doubted whether this book actually fills a need in Scandinavian bryology. It is not suited for \xe2\x80\x9cworkers in all fields of botany, forestry, limnology, etc.\xe2\x80\x9d, as the author suggests, since keys to the families are lacking. Besides, there is the excellent moss flora of Brotherus, Die Laubmoose Fennoscandias, not mentioned in this connection in the preface.

Description: In ons land is Galanthus nivalis L. \xe2\x80\x9evrij algemeen, doch steeds verwilderd\xe2\x80\x9d (Bekn. Schoolflora, 8e druk). Het blijft daarbij in het midden gelaten van hoe lang geleden zulk een verwildering stamt. In sommige gevallen (De Kaagoevers; de omgeving van Leimuidon) is de situatie ter plaatse van die aard, dat men aan een zeer grijs verleden gaat denken. Het begrip verwildering zou dan nog slechts inhouden, dat de plant oorspronkelijk verwilderd is en in deze zin ware het ook van toepassing op sommige andere soorten, die men als regel niet verwilderd noemt. Werkelijke datering is bij ons weten echter nergens mogelijk en daarmee blijft het probleem onopgelost. Wij willen daarom iets meedelen over een vindplaats ten opzichte waarvan althans een vaag vermoeden van datering kan worden uitgesproken.\nIn het dorp Warmond kan men naar het Westen afslaan langs de Kloosterlaan. Even v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r de plaats waar deze zich in een pad door de weilanden verliest, ligt aan de Zuidzijde van de weg een nagenoeg cirkelvormige akker, omringd door een ongewoon diepe sloot waaromheen een ringvormige met struikgewas bezette strook, die wederom door oen sloot omgeven is. Vlak hierbij stond in do late middeleeuwen het mannenklooster Marienhove. De vorm van do akker wekt overigens meer associaties met een burcht, dan met oen klooster on inderdaad werd het klooster (volgens de .gangbare beschrijvingen der Warmondse kastelen en kloosters) in 1413 gesticht \xe2\x80\x9eop een woeste of verlaate plaats, Oud-Tellingen genaamd.\xe2\x80\x9d Door sommigen wordt dit ge\xc3\xafnterpreteerd als een aanwijzing, dat, nog vroeger, het kasteel of tenminste de \xe2\x80\x9ehofstede\xe2\x80\x9d Oud-Teilingen hier stond; anderen projecteren de ligging daarvan enige honderden meters zuidelijker.

Description: Dr. S. J. van Ooststroom vond op 31 Mei 1937 Pleurocladia lacustris A. Braun, een bruinwier, behorende tot de Ectocarpaceae, en v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r noch na die tijd in Nederland gevonden. Het wier groeide overvloedig op de wortels van Bryopteris thelypteris langs de kant van de Nieuwkoopsche plassen. Dr. F. Drouet (Nat. Hist. Mus., Chicago) determineerde de soort. Het materiaal wordt bewaard in het Rijksher \xe2\x80\x93 barium.

Description: In 1929 werd in het kader van het Zuiderzee-onderzoek door Mevr. D.Koopmans-Forstmann en A.N. Koopmans een onderzoek ingesteld naar het voorkomen van Caltha palustris L. in Friesland (Mededeling no. 9 van de Zuiderzee-commissie; N.K.A. 1930).\nUit dat onderzoek bleek dat Caltha in de Westelijke helft van Friesland nagenoeg geheel ontbrak. De grenslijn bleek van Leeuwarden naar Sneek de grens tussen klei en veen te volgen. Uit het noordwestelijke kleigebied werd geen enkel bericht van hot voorkomen van Caltha ontvangen. In het kleigebied ten Zuiden van Sneek (het merengebied) werden enkele voorposten ontdekt n.l. Gaastmeer, Oudega (W.) on verder enkele plaatsen in de omgeving van Woudsend, De vindplaats, die het dichtst de Zuiderzee naderde, was een weiland in de buurt van Takozijl.

Description: Ames, Mrs Oakes C. Schweinfurth, Philip. Orch. Rev. 6\xc2\xb9 (1955) 5-6. Appraisal as a botanical illustrator.\nBabcock, E.B. 1877-1954 G.L. Stebbins, Madrono 13 (1955) 81-83, photogr.

Description: 9th Pacific Science Congress, Bangkok. According to the Preliminary Announcement the Congress will take place Nov. 18- \xe2\x80\x94Dec. 9, 1957. Organising chairman is M.C. Lak Kashemsanta, Dep. of Agriculture, Bangkok. Fifteen general subjects have been entered for contributing papers and discussion, viz: (a) Problems confronting tropical botanical institutions, (b) Vegetation types of the Pacific basin, (1) Tropical, (2) Temperate, (c) Ethnobotany of Thailand and contiguous countries, (d) Vernacular names of Pacific plants. (e) Phycology in the Pacific basin. (f) Algal ecology, with special reference to coral reefs and atolls. (g) Bibliographic problems in the natural sciences in the Pacific. (h) The teaching of botany and the training of botanists in the tropics. (i) Systematics, evolution and distribution of Pacific plants, (j) Botany of medical plants in the Pacific basin, (k) Forest botany in the Pacific basin. (l) Botany of agricultural plants and weeds. (m) Plant ecology in the Pacific. (n) Mycology and phytopathology in the Pacific. (o) Plant physiology in the Pacific.\nBesides, a special symposium on Climate, Vegetation, and Land Utilization in the Humid Tropics, sponsored by Unesco, will be convened by Dr F.R. Fosberg.

Description: Bentham, G. & J.D. Hooker, Genera plantarum.\nCf. W.T. Stearn on its history and dates of publication in J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 3 (1956) 127-132.

Description: Recently a cover and an Index have been distributed belonging to numbers 9-12, so that these can be bound into a second volume.\nThe Foundation suffered a great loss by the passing away of the trustee, Dr E.D. Merrill, Febr. 25, 1956, Dr Merrill took a great interest in promoting the work and we will dearly miss his advice, his help, and the privilege of having access to the colossal store of his knowledge of the Malaysian flora. As a trustee of the Foundation he has been replaced by Mr E.J.H. Corner, F.R.S., Cambridge.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nHardly any group of birds is of a greater interest to the zoogeographer and to the student of evolution and speciation than the family of the Zosteropidae. It was with the fact in mind that no conclusions as regards these fields of investigation could be drawn without the reliable base of a good classification that Stresemann (1931) 1) undertook a revision of the IndoAustralian members of the family.\nStresemann\'s revision is a pioneer work that will long remain the base for any further work in the group. Since 1931, however, 45 further names have been given in the Indo-Australian group of the Zosteropidae, adding two valid species and about 25 valid races to the number already known. Though several partial revisions have greatly elucidated some obscure points in our knowledge in recent years (Mack, 1932; Mayr, 1933; Bartels Jr., 1937; Stresemann, 1939; Mayr, 1944), no comprehensive paper has appeared since 1931.\nMoreover, Stresemann\'s was only a first attempt at classification, being barely more than a check-list of species and races. Now the time seems ripe for giving a full account of every described form, including its life-history, and with particular reference to the great gaps still existing in our knowledge of even the commonest forms.\nOriginally I intended to revise the family as a whole, but at an early stage of the investigations it appeared that Mr. Moreau was reviewing the African group of species. As a consequence, the present work is confined to the non-African members of the family, hence, it covers the same geographic area as Stresemann\'s paper.

Description: Xantolis Raf., Sylv. Tell., 1838, 36 \xe2\x80\x94 Planchonella Pierre, p.p., Not. bot. Sapot., 1890, 34; Dubard, Ann. Mus. col. Mars. 20, 1912, 41; Lam, Ann. Jard. bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 7, 1925, 193; Lam, l.c., s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 8, 1927, 467 \xe2\x80\x94 Sideroxylon L., p.p., Engler, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, 1, 1897, 143 and Nachtrag, 1897, 27 \xe2\x80\x94 Hormogyne DC, p.p., Prodr. 8, 1844, 176 \xe2\x80\x94 Pouteria Aublet sensu Baehni, p.p., Candollea 9, 1942.\nTrees or shrubs, often spiny. Leaves alternate, estipulate, sometimes with the flowers conferted at the tips of brachyblasts, entire, with a marginal nerve, tertiary nervation transverse or reticulate, sparse, slender. Flowers \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x80, 5-merous, solitary or clustered, axillary or sometimes along an axillary shoot, bracts small. Calyx with a short tube and mostly lanceolate lobes, marcescent. Corolla lobes longer than the tube. Stamens generally inserted at the base of the lobes, each with two small tufts of ferruginous hairs on either side of the base of the glabrous filaments, rarely only one hair, anthers sagittate, with prolonged connective, dehiscing extrorsely or slightly lateral. Staminodes petaloid, often long aristate, fimbriate-ciliate along the margin, except in X. racemosa (Dub.) van Royen and X. siamensis (Fletcher) van Royen in which the margin is either dentate or entire. Ovary 5-, rarely 4-celled, densely hirsute, disk absent; style long exsert, ovules inserted halfway up or at the base of the cells, funiculus often long. Fruits drupaceous, 1- or 2-seeded, seeds ellipsoid, laterally compressed, testa crustaceous, scar ovate or linear, as long as seed to 2/3 its length, or small and circular, basal, embryo with copious albumen and foliaceous cotyledons, radicle exserted.

Description: In the present study only those species of the genus Pouteria have been incorporated which are found in the area covered by the Flora Malesiana, as well as those of Australia and western Polynesia.\nThe results of this study could not have been obtained without the kind help of the Directors of the herbaria of Berkeley, Brisbane, Bogor, Florence, Jamaica Plain, Kew, Lae, Leiden, London, Manila, Melbourne, Paris, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney and Z\xc3\xbcrich to whom we express our most sincere thanks.

Description: Trees. Leaves estipulate, alternate, scattered, simple, oblong to obovate, petiolate, tertiary nerves transverse, often numerous, always faint. Inflorescences many-florous, fasciculate on brachyblasts which are inserted in the axils of leaves or their scars, rarely in those of stout petiole-like bracts. Flowers 6(\xe2\x80\x948)-merous. Sepals 6(\xe2\x80\x948), spirally arranged or pseudo-cyclical. Corolla exsert, lobes 6(\xe2\x80\x948), as long as or longer than tube. Stamens 6(\xe2\x80\x948), inserted just or well below the corolla-throat, epipetalous. Staminodes 6(\xe2\x80\x948), episepalous, inserted in the throat. Ovary 6(\xe2\x80\x948)-celled, borne on a short stout gynophore, disk infundibuliform at apex of gynophore, more or less connate with the basal (fertile) part of the ovary, the whole (except style) hispidulous pilose, cells episepalous, ovules one in each cell, inserted in the lower half of the cells, apotropous, micropyle inferior; style short, glabrous, truncate. Fruits unknown.\nType species: Krausella forbesii (Moore) H. J. Lam.

Description: After the revision of Manilkara (Blumea 7, 1953, 401\xe2\x80\x94412) new material became available and enabled the description of a new species.

Description: Vochysia sectio Ciliantha Stafleu, subsectio Ferrugineae Warming. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warming stipulis incrassatis, foliis lanceolatis longe acuminatis, floribus calcari longo modice incurvo, petalo intermedio stamen aequante, stigmate terminali parvo instructis differt.\nHolotypus: \xe2\x80\x9ccoll. unknown\xe2\x80\x9d (comm. D. Allen) in U, fl. 14 Nov. 1953. PERU, Nanay River near Iquitos, altitude 100 m., \xe2\x80\x9cquillo sisa\xe2\x80\x9d, tree more than 100 feet high, on clayey soil about 20 feet above river (Isotypes: US 2104976, Y 47782).

Description: During the year 1948, Mr. W. H. Schuster, Laboratory of Inland Fisheries, Buitenzorg (Bogor), sent samples for determination from coastal saltwater-ponds kept for raising Chanos chanos (bandeng). Cyanophyceae have proved to form an important ingredient of the diet of the bandeng-fry.\nThe cooperation in studying the thick layer of Cyanophyceae on the bottom of the ponds stopped at the end of the year, since difficulties of transport arose. The names of the identified species were published previously (Schuster 1949). The present author wishes to draw attention to the Cyanophyceae communities of two ponds with different vegetation. The data concerning these ponds were received from Mr. Schuster.

Description: After the revision of Burckella (Blumea 6, 1952, 580\xe2\x80\x94593) some new material became available which enabled the description of the fruits of two species. In addition, some details of two more species can now be given.

Description: This is the second and concluding part of a report on the birds of the Netherlands Antilles, the first part dealt with the birds of St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius (Studies fauna Cura\xc3\xa7ao Car. Is. 6, no. 25, 1955, p. 1-82). The present part will give a full account of the birds of Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and Bonaire.\nAccompanied by my wife I stayed in these islands from September 22, 1951 until April 19, 1952, only interrupted by a week\xe2\x80\x99s visit to Venezuela and the period between February 1 and March 14, 1952, when we were working in St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius. Our collection of birds from Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and Bonaire comprizes 986 specimens, representing 103 species, all of which have been deposited in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. Although part of the collection has been prepared in the field by my wife and me, a not unimportant number of collected birds was kept in the freezing rooms of the Abattoir of the Veterinary Service in Cura\xc3\xa7ao (Parera) and Aruba (Oranjestad), from where it was shipped to Holland under deep-freezing temperatures and subsequently prepared by the taxidermists of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. For most valuable help in this matter of preserving our specimens, which considerably facilitated our work in the field, we are greatly indebted to Mr. J. W. M. Diemont, Director, Mr. B. A. Bitter, and other employees of the Veterinary Service of the Netherlands Antilles.

Description: For a long time, investigation of the fauna of Suriname encountered great difficulties. These included: great abundance of species; inaccessibility of the territory concerned; lack of zoologists on the spot, and little interest in Neotropical material on the part of Dutch biologists. Moreover, the practice of this branch of science has depended on the initiative of private individuals, the result being that no definite programme has been followed. Owing to these circumstances investigation of the zoology of Suriname has lagged far behind investigation of its botany and geology.

Description: The zoological collections made by the 1948\xe2\x80\x941949 Surinam Expedition contain about 200 mammals, brought together by the zoologists Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES and Mr. P. H. CREUTZBERG. Though the collection consists mainly of species which had already been reported from Dutch Guiana, it is of considerable value, in the first place on account of the detailed data concerning the localities, biotopes, and biology, and secondly because not only the skins and skulls of the collected specimens have been preserved but as a rule also their complete skeletons.\nThe present paper \xc2\xb9) deals with the Primates; the other groups of mammals will be treated in subsequent publications. Thanks are due to Dr. D. C. GEIJSKES, who is responsible for the notes on the biology of the species. The skeletons of the material dealt with here have recently been studied in the Leiden Museum by Mr. G. E. ERIKSON of Harvard Medical School, Boston, who intends to publish the results of his investigation in the near future.

Description: Mapping of the Paleozoic of the Central Pyrenees by students in geology of Leiden University under the directorship of Prof. Dr L.U. de Sitter started in 1948 with the Arize massif. Since then the survey has shifted first eastwards, 1949 St. Barth\xc3\xa9lemy massif; then westwards, 1950 Salat valley; 1951 Riberot valley (sheet 2); 1952, Garonne valley (sheet 1), and then southwards, 1953 and 1954 Valle de Ar\xc3\xa1n, then south again to the Pallaresa and the S\xc3\xa8gre (1955\xe2\x80\x941957).\nThe survey has been restricted almost exclusively to the Paleozoic because the Mesozoic had been mapped by Casteras (1933) in the north and by Misch (1934), in the south, therefore only the Paleozoic rocks in their nonmetamorphic and metamorphic state have been differentiated on the map, whereas the Mesozoic rock contours except part of the Triassic, have been taken over in a simplified form from the 1 : 80.000 sheet Foix of the Carte g\xc3\xa9ologique de France. Many internal reports and maps have accumulated in the files of the Geological Institute in Leiden of which only a few have been published. Often preliminary surveys have been succeeded by further detailed fieldwork by graduate students, other regions have been worked over again by ourselves so that now a start can be made with a final comprehensive series of maps on a scale 1:50.000 of which Sheet 3, Ari\xc3\xa8ge, France, containing mainly the satellite massifs of Arize, Trois Seigneurs and St. Barth\xc3\xa9lemy (see fig. 1) is the first to be published.

Description: Vom 28. April bis dem 12. Juni unternahmen einige biologische Studenten der Amsterdamer Universit\xc3\xa4t eine zoologische Sammelreise nach Jugoslawien. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurden auch reichlich Mollusken gesammelt, sowohl Meeresmollusken, als auch Land- und S\xc3\xbcsswassermollusken. \xc3\x9cber die marinen und terrestrischen Mollusken soll an anderer Seite berichtet werden. In den folgenden Zeilen werden nur die S\xc3\xbcsswassermollusken ber\xc3\xbccksichtigt, mit Ausnahme der Pisidien, welche von dem Spezialisten dieser Gruppe, Herrn J. G. J. KUIPER, bearbeitet werden sollen. Es handelt sich in meinem Aufsatz also nur um die Gastropoden, die Najaden und die Gattung Dreissena.

Description: Vom Amsterdamer Zo\xc3\xb6logischen Museum wurde im Jahre 1954 eine Sammelreise nach Jugoslawien unternommen, w\xc3\xa4hrend der auch eine Reihe von Cyclopoiden gefischt wurde. F\xc3\xbcr die \xc3\x9cberlassung des Materials zur Bearbeitung m\xc3\xb6chte ich an dieser Stelle besonders Herrn J. H. STOCK meinen besten Dank aussprechen.\nDie Cyclopoiden Jugoslawiens sind bereits fr\xc3\xbcher mehrfach bearbeitet worden (vgl. dazu PETKOVSKI, 1954: 1, 2). Zum Vergleich f\xc3\xbcr die vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden vor allen Dingen Arbeiten KIEFERS und PETKOVSKIS herangezogen. Herrn Dr. T. K. PETKOVSKI m\xc3\xb6chte ich f\xc3\xbcr Ausk\xc3\xbcnfte und Unterst\xc3\xbctzung durch Literatur an dieser Stelle meinen Dank sagen.

Description: P. actius actius Eversm.\nBogdo-ola montes 1 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ex c. Oberth\xc3\xbcr ex c. Groum-Grshimaloi; Borochoro montes 4 \xe2\x99\x82 ; Tianschan orient. 1 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ex c. Groum-Grshimaloi, f. ocelloconjuncta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ex c. Elwes. Hierher geh\xc3\xb6rt auch: Karaschar 1 \xe2\x99\x82, fr\xc3\xbcher bei subsp. caesar Stdgr. aufgef\xc3\xbchrt. subsp. ambrosius Stichel Aksu- Tal, f. fermata Bryk & Eisner 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Holotype. Zugang: Aksu-Tal 1 \xe2\x99\x82, f. ornata n.c. 2 \xe2\x99\x82, f. tripicta + ornata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x80, f. ampliusanalis n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x80.\nDie Diagnose in Parnassiana v.III p. 70 ist dahingehend zu berichtigen, dass die Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgelmitte einiger \xe2\x99\x80 doch schwarz \xc3\xbcberschuppt ist, indessen viel schw\xc3\xa4cher als bei der Nominatform. subsp. caesar Stdgr.\nKourouk-tag, Korla f. albocentrata Bryk & Eisner 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Holotype, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 Allotype. Zugang: Kourouk-tag f. medionigrodivisoocellata n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 mit aberrativ ausgebreiteter Hinterrandsschw\xc3\xa4rze, die fast die ganze Zelle ausf\xc3\xbcllt, das Costalauge ber\xc3\xbchrt und mit den Analflecken zusammenfliesst, f. actinobolus Stgr. 1 \xe2\x99\x80 abg. Verity, Rhop. Pal. T. XII, fig. 17.\nHingewiesen sei auf die bei dieser Unterart dicht bei einander stehenden Zellflecke. subsp. frischi O. Bang-Haas Kanchowfu, Nordabh\xc3\xa4nge Nashi-Pass, f. pura O. Bang-Haas 1 \xe2\x99\x82 Holotype, f. totialbopicta n.c. 1 \xe2\x99\x82 Holotype. subsp. pseudobrutus Bryk & Eisner Mustag-Ata, Yarkend, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 Holotype, f. jambicus Bryk = f. quadripicta

Description: The specimens described in the present paper have been collected by Dr.\nTh. L. Verhoeven at Liang Toge, a cave near Warukia, 1 km south of a hamlet called Lepa, in Manggarai, western Flores. This cave, as well as many others explored in the island by Verhoeven (1952, 1953), contains a Mesolithic flake and blade industry (Van Heekeren, 1957, p. 107). The faunal remains obtained from Liang Toge consist almost exclusively of jaws and bones of large rats, and it is of interest to place these specimens on record as they represent forms that are new to science, different from the one and only giant rat that is still living on Flores, Papagomys armandvillei Jentink).\nThe discovery of new giant rats in a comparatively recent cave deposit such as that of Liang Toge in Flores, which is definitely post-Pleistocene, is not very surprising. The Lesser Sunda Islands are almost a blank as far as prehistoric mammals are concerned, and the first prehistoric fauna of this area to become known, viz., that of Timor, likewise in a Mesolithic context (Sarasin, 1935), proved to contain a distinct genus and species of giant rat, Coryphomys b\xc3\xbchleri Schaub (1937). Like the living Papagomys armandvillei of Flores, the subfossil Timor form belongs to the Muridae with complexly folded molars, subfamily Phloeomyinae (see Simpson, 1945, p. 91). This group, the member genera of which exist for the most part high in the mountains of the remoter islands of the Malay Archipelago, presents the appearance of a relict fauna (Tate, 1936, p. 505). As in other murid groups extending into the area east of Wallace\'s Line, a physiological shift in the direction of giantism is apparent (Tate, l.c., p. 612). Simpson (1945, p. 208) holds the center of murid evolution to have been in the tropical and

Description: I am indebted to the authorities of the Leiden Museum for the opportunity of examining and reporting on the large collection made by the late Dr. E. Jacobson on Simalur island and on its smaller satellite Pulau Babi, in 1913, between the months of January and September.\nThe collection is large enough to enable one to study good series of a number of the forms collected, and to justify the naming of several new races. Some new forms had already been named by Dr. C. A. van der Willigen, who studied the collection several years ago. Whenever possible I adopted Dr. van der Willigen\'s MS names.\nIt is now possible to compare the faunas of Simalur Is., Nias Is., and Enggano Is., but the fauna of the Mentawi islands is unfortunately still very imperfectly known.\nI have to thank Dr. L. A. W. C. Venmans for figures of the radulae of several species of which he has kindly made preparations, and Mrs. van der Feen (n\xc3\xa9e van Benthem Jutting) for helpful notes. Also my thanks are due to Dr. van Regteren Altena for the trouble he has taken in making the collection available to me. And lastly I must record my indebtedness to the late Mr. Wilkins of the British Museum (Natural History) for the three figures of new forms described below, and for other help which he always was ready to give.\nLarge though the collection is, I do not doubt that future collecting will add other forms to the Simalur list. Any conclusions, therefore, made from the present list are subject to reservations.\nThe type-specimens of the new forms described below are in the Leiden Museum.

Description: The present paper is the result of an examination of some type specimens in the Brussels Museum, collected by G. Semper in the Philippines and described by Friedrich Brauer in 1868; it includes also a discussion of one species recorded from these islands by Edm. de S\xc3\xa9lys Longchamps in the last part of his "Synopsis des Agrionines", in 1877. These were rendered accessible to study during my visit to Brussels in June, 1938, by Mons.\nAntoine Ball, at that time entomologist of the Mus\xc3\xa9e Royal d\'Histoire Naturelle. Through his kindness I was permitted afterwards to borrow the types for further study and to keep them for almost twenty years. This enabled me to make comparisons with certain species included in a splendid collection of Philippine dragonflies in the Senckenberg Museum, sent to me on loan in 1938 ; these had been assembled by G. Boettcher, many years in advance, in behalf of the late Dr. F. Ris, whose collection was bequeathed to the Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M.\nOf the six species of Amphicnemis and Teinobasis described by Brauer and de S\xc3\xa9lys, only three were represented in the Boettcher collection, the rest belonging either to undescribed forms, or might prove identical with some species or other recorded by J. G. Needham & M. K. Gyger, in their account (1939) of the Zygoptera of the Philippines.\nJudging by the great number of apparently undescribed species at present available for study, each of the Philippine islands has developed an astonishingly rich and diversified zygopterid fauna. Among the species pertaining to such genera like Drepanosticta, Risiocnemis, Amphicnemis and Teinobasis, several were found to approach each other so closely that detailed descriptions and accurate camera lucida drawings of morphological features are

Description: Some time ago Prof. Dr. W. Weyrauch at Lima, Peru, sent to me specimens of a species of the subfamily Neniinae that proved to be new to science. Already about 70 species of the subfamily have become known from Peru, for an important part discovered by Prof. Weyrauch himself.\nAndinia (Ehrmanniella) flammulata spec. nov. (Figs. 1, 2) Diagnosis. A small, rather fusiform species of the subgenus Ehrmanniella Zilch. The decollated shell is provided with rather irregular fine white striae.\nEspecially below the suture these striae are thickened, strikingly white, and arranged in groups of about 5 to 15 on low nodules. These nodules alternate with brown, quite smooth, malleated patches. At some distance it looks like small white and brown areas running obliquely over the surface of the shell below the suture. Lunella more or less interrupted below the middle. The principal plica is only 1/4 whorl long. The receptaculum seminis and its duct unto the junction with the diverticulum are as long as the diverticulum itself.\nDescription. The shell is decollate, somewhat fusiform, moderately strong, with rather convex whorls of which the penultimate is broadest. Whorls of the decollate shell 4 to 7; some shed tops (juvenile shells) with straight outlines consist of about 10 whorls; sculptured with low, but rather large nodules (which can be taken as corresponding with the upper parts of the obliquely running ribs of Polinski\'s Nenia wagneri1)) below the suture, provided with groups of about 5-15 clear white striae, between these nodules there are brown smooth patches, often running obliquely below the nodules; 1) \xe2\x80\x9ebreite, niedrige, stumpfe und wulstartige Rippen, welche von links oben nach rechts unten verlaufen". the middle and lower parts of each whorl are usually rather irregularly

Description: Of the three Guyanas on the north coast of South America, Suriname is the middle one, lying between French Guyana to the east and British Guyana to the west. The frontiers between these three countries are formed by the Marowijne River (Suriname \xe2\x80\x94 French Guyana) and the Courantyne River (Suriname \xe2\x80\x94 British Guyana).\nIn general the Guyanas are much alike in geographical features \xe2\x80\x94 covered with tropical rain forest for the most part and with savannas and swamps for the rest. The freshwater molluscs live in the large rivers and the bush creeks in the hinterland, and in the swamps, canals and trenches in the more or less cultivated coastal plain.

Description: In 1957 werden de karteringen in twee gescheiden gebieden in de Pyrenee\xc3\xabn voortgezet, verder in een gebied in N.-Leon aansluitend aan het N.-Palenciagebied begonnen en in Galicia eveneens voortgezet.\nIn de Spaanse Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd dit jaar begonnen met gebieden, die uit het Segredal te bereiken zijn en op de duur zullen aansluiten met het Pallaresagebied. In de Franse Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd het onderzoek aan het massief van Aston voortgezet.

Description: The Devonian stratigraphy in the Valle de Ar\xc3\xa1n of the Central Pyrenees, is different from that of its surroundings.\nIn this area a zone of graded greywackes occurs together with a rock type of supposedly littoral facies, in an oblong basin, which has been filled longitudinally by sediments slipping down in turbidity currents from the delta slope in the West, thus building up the graded sediments of the deepest part of this basin.\nThe Hercynian orogeny has folded this area very strongly, developing an intense cleavage. This cleavage together with repeated alternation of sediments of different competency caused the enormous variety of secondary folds with their special tectonical problems.

Description: Het Westelijk gedeelte van de Republiek Columbia (Zuid Amerika) wordt ingenomen door de Cordilleras de los Andes, welke in genoemde republiek uit drie hoofdketens bestaat, t. w. de West Cordillera, de Centrale Cordillera en de Oost Cordillera. Een studie werd gemaakt van een centraal gelegen Strook door de Westelijke en Centrale Cordillera, waartoe drie gebieden geologisch gekaarteerd werden en de structurele concepties in profielen werd weergegeven.\nDe oudste gesteenten, die in de Centrale Cordillera aan de dag komen, bestaan uit een epimetamorfe serie van prasinieten, afgewisseld met grafietschisten; ondergeschikt komen kwartsphyllieten en gneisachtige kwartsschisten voor; voorts werd een aantal inschakelingen van metamorfe diabazen waargenomen. Een tuf-oorsprong voor de prasinieten wordt verondersteld; de metamorfe diabazen zijn waarschijnlijk ge\xc3\xafnterstratifieerde lavas ge\xc3\xabxtrudeerd tijdens dit vulkanisme. Het grondgebergte van de Centrale Cordillera wordt bij wijze van proef vergeleken met de metamorfe gesteenten van Oud-Palaeozoische ouderdom, welke in de Oost Cordillera aan de dag komen.\nEen beschrijving wordt gegeven van de Jura-Triassische formaties, welke de Oostelijke helling van de Centrale Cordillera bedekken en gelegen zijn tussen de R\xc3\xado Coello en R\xc3\xado Cucuana. Monzonieten en granodiorieten werden tijdens de Jura ge\xc3\xafntrudeerd. Een sectie werd gemaakt door het marine Krijt, dat een micro- en macrofauna bevat.\nOp de Westflank is het grondgebergte van de Centrale Cordillera in abnormaal contact met de Diabaas Groep (\xe2\x80\x9eporfyriet formatie\xe2\x80\x9d-Grosse) van Midden tot Boven Cretaceische ouderdom. Deze Diabaas Groep bestaat uit submarine lavas, ge\xc3\xafnterstratifieerd met kiezelleien en cherts. Ingeplooide limnische afzettingen van Paleocene ouderdom liggen discordant op de Diabaas Groep. Een schollenbouw is karakteristiek voor beide flanken van de Centrale Cordillera.\nHet grondgebergte van de West Cordillera wordt hoofdzakelijk gevormd door twee formaties, t. w. de Dagua Groep en de reeds genoemde Diabaas Groep. Eerstgenoemde kan op de volgende wijze in drie series onderverdeeld worden: de onderste serie, bestaande uit phyllitische leien; de middelste serie, bestaande uit fijnzandige gesteenten, afgewisselde door enige kalkhorizonten, voorts leien, die phyllitisch kunnen zijn tengevolge van dislocatie-effecten; de bovenste serie, bestaande uit kiezelleien en zwarte chert. De Dagua Groep wordt concordant bedekt door de Diabaas Groep. Deze bezit dunne inschakelingen van schalies en kiezelleien, waarin een Boven Krijt fauna gevonden werd. Het Cauca bekken is ge\xc3\xafntrudeerd door tonalieten van Boven Krijt tot Onder Tertiaire ouderdom, welke duidelijke thermale contacten teweeg gebracht hebben. Het middengedeelte van de West Cordillera heeft een typische schubstructuur. De Cauca vallei moet niet gezien worden als een tectonische slenk in de gebruikelijke zin van het woord, doch als een neergedrukt, gekanteld blok.\nIn het laatste hoofdstuk worden enige opmerkingen gemaakt over de ontwikkeling van de Andine geosynclinalen.

Description: The relation between orogenic movements and metamorphism is discussed. Schistosity and especially lineations are characteristic for metamorphites of the synkinematic phase. Lineations show a regular pattern. Late-kinematic metamorphism accompanied by different kinds of movement result in irregular rock flowage and rheomorphism. The structures of synkinematic mica-schists, gneisses, amphibolites and marbles are discussed.\nIn the three satellite massifs a series of gneisses and granitic rocks exists which are the products of silica and sodium metasomatism of originally pelitic rocks. The time and duration of the metamorphism determines the final state of the rocks. Synkinematic metamorphism alone gave rise to the garnet-augen-gneisses which, being rather dry, can be classified in the granulite facies. The lower part of these augen-gneisses are converted into schistose (not linear) gneisses and granites by post-kinematic feldspathisation. At the same time many anhydrous minerals are replaced by hydrous ones. Late-kinematic feldspathisation without a preceding synkinematic feldspar phase, leads to the formation of migmatites (sillimanitegneisses), and by continuing metamorphism to quartz-diorites. The transitional rocks between the garnet-augen-gneisses and the migmatites are the granitic biotite-muscovite-gneisses. Rheomorphism and mobilization of tho quartz-diorites is an important feature and probably leads finally to the intrusive biotite-granodiorites.\nThe muscovite-granites and gneisses which in part are also synkinematic, show a strong late phase of microclinization, due to potash metasomatism, originating from the underlying migmatites. In the mica-schists also, a syn- and post-kinematic phase of metamorphism can be detected.\nThe biotite-granodiorites show a different texture compared with the quartz-diorites of the migmatite-series. Their age is younger than the last phase of metamorphism, since the biotite-granodiorites did not participate in a late stage of muscovitisation, which is characteristic for most of the metamorphic rocks. These granodiorites are considered as intrusive magmatic bodies, originating from deeper levels, where continuing rheomorphism has lead to complete liquefaction.\nChemical analyses showed that the migmatites and the basal gneisses are enriched in silica, sodium and some calcium. Aluminium, iron, some magnesium, and titanium are removed. The quartz-diorites lost part of their potash. The muscovite-granites and gneisses show a strong enrichment in silica, sodium and potash. Aluminium, iron and magnesium are expelled.\nCharacteristic for the synkinematic phase is abundance of anhydrous minerals which suggest metasomatism in a dry state. Post-kinematic metasomatism goes together with introduction of water. The behaviour of water is considered to be responsible for the structural difference between syn- and post-kinematic rocks.\nFinally the repartition of the various gneisses in the three satellite massifs is discussed.

Description: In 1956 werden de karteringen in de Pyrenee\xc3\xabn, N.-Palencia (Asturi\xc3\xab) en Galici\xc3\xab voortgezet. Geen nieuwe gebieden werden in het onderzoek betrokken, die niet direct aansloten bij die van vorige jaren.\nIn de Pyrenee\xc3\xabn werd als nieuw werk voornamelijk uitgegaan van de kartering in het zuidelijk gedeelte van de Noguera Pallaresa tussen Llavorsi en Pobla de Segur. De Flamisell en de Ma\xc3\xb1anet werden in het onderzoek betrokken. Bovendien werd door Dr. Zwart en de Heer Allaart samen met de Heer Verspijck de metamorfe zone rond de Ari\xc3\xa8ge opnieuw in studie genomen.

Description: The northern part of the contact aureole of the biotite-granite of Qu\xc3\xa9rigut contains limestones and dolomites, which have been metamorphosed over a distance of about 100 to 150 metres. Further, a wide innermost border zone of the igneous body is characterized by the development of some hornblende and the occurrence of many dark inclusions, as well as aplitic and porphyritic dikes. A narrow outermost border zone of the granite is conspicuous by a much larger proportion of hornblende and accessories, the development of clinopyroxene in the immediate vicinity of the contact, and finally by a heterogeneous texture. Scarce localities where comparatively fresh granite is in direct contact with the dolomitic country rock, revealed the presence of a narrow zone of silicate skarn, developed exactly at the junction. Adjoining the skarn, the granite of the outermost border zone shows a very narrow and highly modified border facies over a distance of a few mm. to 5 cm., the so-called transition zone. Three types of this zone are distinguished: a prehnite-rich type, a clinozoisite- and zoisite-rich type and a grossularbearing one.\nThough the contact is very irregular, the zone of the silicate skarns follows all its curves and is remarkably constant in width (4\xe2\x80\x947 cm.). The adjoining country rock being almost pure dolomitic marble, the zone of the silicate skarns has apparently been formed by extensive metasomatism over a very limited distance. Within the skarn zone itself, a zonal structure is also apparent, with six different mineral assemblages, the spinel-xanthophyllite zone being the most conspicuous. Since the skarn consists mainly of a diopsidic clinopyroxene, it is broadly speaking a silicated dolomite. According to the mineralogical composition of the different zones, however, a certain amount of iron and aluminium has also been introduced by diffusion from the adjacent granitic magma, the proportion of both elements diminishing towards the marble. Among the various earlier and later minerals observed in the skarns, a thulite-like clinozoisite, amesite and diaspore may also be mentioned.\nAlternating layers of pure and impure limestones and dolomites, making up the bulk of the country rock, have been subjected to thermal metamorphism and partly also to pneumatolytic action. The pure limestones and dolomites were recrystallized to pure marbles. Impure limestones were transformed into calcite marbles with varying proportion of contact minerals, such as clinozoisite-epidote, prehnite, diopside, grossular, idocrase and wollastonite. Pure and impure quartzitic layers and lenses intercalated between the earlier limestones are now calc-silicate hornfelses, composed mainly of the minerals just mentioned. The impure dolomites were converted into dolomitic marbles with magnesium-rich minerals such as forsterite, phlogopite and spinel, while pneumatolytic action superimposed on the thermal metamorphism partly transformed the forsterite into clinohumite. Besides these four widespread minerals, chondrodite, humite and fluoborite have been found locally. Some of the spinels display two different colours within the same crystal. All steps in the progressive alteration of spinel into hydrotalcite are visible.\nOf the more than sixty minerals encountered in the rocks of the contact aureole and the border zone of the granite (listed on p. 255), six are probably new for France, viz. amesite, fluoborite, hydrotalcite, manasseite, xanthophyllite and a thulite-like clinozoisite. The alteration phenomena of some of the earlier minerals are of special interest and we may mention here that of spinel into diaspore, hydrotalcite and two types of amesite; of xanthophyllite into a. o. amesite, prehnite and clinozoisite; and finally of biotite into a. o. pumpellyite and garnet. Comparative studies of rocks from several other areas revealed similar alteration phenomena. The secondary garnet of a peculiar, flat, lenticular shape is probably of hydrothermal origin and appears to be a quite common mineral which has apparently hitherto been confused with other minerals such as zoisite.\nFinally, two new localities of clintonite have been found, one in Spain (Serran\xc3\xada de Ronda) and the other in the U.S.A. (Franklin).

Description: DE PYCNOGONIDEN-\nFAMILIE AUSTRODECIDAE\nToen mij, in 1954, uit Oslo een verzameling Pycnogonida van de \xe2\x80\x9eNorwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan da Cunda 1937\xe2\x80\x941938\xe2\x80\x9c ter bewerking werd opgezonden, kon ik niet vermoeden dat deze kleine collectie aanleiding zou geven tot een uitgebreide revisie van een gehele familie. In het Noorse materiaal van Tristan da Cunha bevond zich evenwel \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n Austrodecus soort, die sterk geleek op een reeds beschreven vorm van de Antarctische Austrodecus glaciale. Om geheel zeker te zijn van de determinatie vroeg ik enig vergelijkingsmateriaal van deze vorm ter leen aan het British Museum (Natural History) te London. Tot mijn verrassing bleek niet alleen het materiaal van Tristan da Cunha tot een andere soort te behoren, doch bleek ook het Antarctische materiaal veel minder uniform te zijn dan ik had verwacht. Dr. Isabella Gordon, conservatrix van de afdeling Pycnogonida in het British Museum, zond mij desgevraagd welwillend het gehele, zeer grote materiaal op, verzameld tijdens de Discovery Expedition en de British \xe2\x80\x93 Australian \xe2\x80\x93 New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition. Het bleek nu al spoedig dat een algehele revisie van de familie Austrodecidae nodig was. Hiertoe werd van een aanzienlijk aantal instituten materiaal geleend, zodat ik van alle soorten exemplaren onder ogen kreeg. Alle soorten zijn beschreven of opnieuw beschreven en afgebeeld (pags. 33\xe2\x80\x9477) en hun verschilmerken opnieuw op hun waarde onderzocht (pags. 26\xe2\x80\x9427). Naast deze biosystematische revisie, werd veel aandacht besteed aan de waarschijnlijke wijze van ontstaan van de soorten der Austrodecidae.\nTegenwoordig wordt meer en meer aangenomen dat geographische isolatie \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n der belangrijkste factoren is bij het soortvormingsproces. Bij op het land levende organismen is reeds bij herhaling aangetoond dat de morphologische en genetische samenstelling der populaties die tezamen een soort vormen, varieert met de landstreek door die populaties bewoond. Indien de soort in zijn areaal zeer continu verspreid is, uit zulke geographische variatie zich meestal in geleidelijke veranderingen in de morphologische en genetische samenstelling. Is daarentegen de verspreiding discontinu, bijvoorbeeld doordat ge\xc3\xafsoleerde populaties van een soort op eilanden voorkomen, dan kunnen er sprongsgewijze veranderingen aantoonbaar zijn. In het algemeen worden zulke afwijkende populaties ondersoorten genoemd. Als zo\xe2\x80\x99n ondersoort het contact met de overige populaties verliest, zal zij, door toedoen van allerlei processen zoals mutatie, selectie, adaptatie, \xe2\x80\x9egenetic drift\xe2\x80\x9c ..., haar eigen weg gaan. In de loop van de tijd zal zij zodanige verschillen met de oorspronkelijke soort gaan ontwikkelen, dat zij als een aparte soort dient te worden opgevat. Behalve morphologische verschillen zijn er dan ook genetische verschillen ontwikkeld, zodat kruisingen tussen de oorspronkelijke soort en de daarvan afgeleide niet meer mogelijk zijn.\nDit proces nu wordt soortvorming door geographische isolatie, of ook wel geographische speciatie, genoemd. Bij zeedieren, die in den regel meer continu verspreid zijn dan landdieren, treedt isolatie zoveel moeilijker op. Soortvorming door geographische isolatie is daarom slechts zelden aangetoond bij zeedieren. Het is derhalve interessant dat werd gevonden dat deze wijze van soortvorming bij de zeespin-familie Austrodecidae een zeer belangrijke rol heeft gespeeld. Zoals bekend, geschiedt geographische speciatie in twee stappen. Tijdens de eerste stap valt de aanvankelijk continu verspreide soort uiteen in een aantal ge\xc3\xafsoleerde populaties. Als geen uitwisseling van genenmateriaal tussen deze populaties plaatsvindt, zullen deze populaties van elkaar divergeren, tot ondersoorten worden en daarna tot soorten. Tijdens de tweede stap kunnen sommige van deze allopatrische populaties weer in elkaars verspreidingsgebied terecht komen, doch zij zullen hier naast elkaar kunnen blijven voortbestaan omdat zij tijdens hun geographische isolatie tevens een voortplantingsisolatie hebben verkregen. De Pycnogoniden-familie Austrodecidae nu, levert een aantal fraaie voorbeelden van beide stappen (pags. 10\xe2\x80\x9414). Als mogelijke redenen waarom de soortvorming door middel van geographische isolatie in deze familie zo actief is (is geweest), worden o.a. aangewezen: de merkwaardige geographische en klimatologische condities in de zuidelijke zee\xc3\xabn (pags. 20\xe2\x80\x9421), de zeer gespecialiseerde morphologische bouw der Austrodecidae, die waarschijnlijk met een gespecialiseerde levenswijze gecorreleerd is (pag. 19) en de afwijkende voortplanting (pag. 19). De familie Austrodecidae omvatte v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r de revisie slechts vijf soorten, waarvan er \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n met drie (onbenoemde) varieteiten. N\xc3\xa1 de revisie is dit aantal uitgebreid tot 17 zekere soorten en een viertal onzekere. De verspreiding dezer soorten is nogal merkwaardig: een aantal bewoont de Antarctische wateren (het Antarctische continent, South Georgia), terwijl verscheidene andere de, eveneens koude, wateren der Antiboreale zone (Vuurland, Patagoni\xc3\xab, Falkland eilanden, Macquarie eiland, Campbell en Auckland eilanden, Prince Edward eilanden, Tristan da Cunha en Gough eiland enz.) bewonen. Via de eilanden-reeks ten oosten van Australi\xc3\xab (Macquarie eiland, Campbell en Auckland eilanden, Nieuw Zeeland) dringen een niet onbelangrijk aantal soorten naar het noorden door tot ver in de warm-gematigde zone.\nHet is in dit verspreidingspatroon opvallend, dat de heden ten dage door de Austrodecidae bewoonde kusten onderling sterke klimatologische verschillen vertonen en vaak door grote afstanden van elkaar gescheiden zijn. Bij nadere beschouwing valt het echter tevens op, dat vrijwel al deze kusten volgens de theorie van de Drift der Continenten vroeger \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n kustlijn zouden hebben gevormd (pag. 25). Vergelijken wij de kaarten die A. Wegener heeft vervaardigd ter illustratie van de drifttheorie (fig. 10) dan zien wij dat practisch het gehele huidige verspreidingsgebied van de Austrodecidae, van Patagoni\xc3\xab in het westen tot Nieuw Zeeland in het oosten, deel uitmaakte van de continue zuidelijke kustlijn van Pangaea, het oercontinent voordat de continenten uit elkander geweken waren. De verspreiding van de Austrodecidae kan dus met de theorie van de Drift der Continenten goed in overeenstemming geacht worden.

Description: Mme PRUVOT-FOL, 1933, p. 400, established the subgenus Tullia for Aplysia juliana QUOY et GAIMARD, and 1934, p. 41 added other species of Aplysia with a distinct sucking disk at the end of the foot. Living animals have been figured and their variation has been described by BABA 1937a, p. 211, and 1949, p. 24 and 125 as Tethys and Aplysia sibogae. In a recent paper, PILSBRY, 1951, beautifully figured and described the living animals as Aplysia (subgen. nov. Metaplysia) badistes nov. spec. He points to the fact (verified in our preserved animals) that the anterior part of the foot-sole also tends to form a sucking disk. However, it is not separated by a (more or less distinct) groove from the rest of the foot (see PILSBRY\xe2\x80\x99S fig. 4) as is the posterior disk.\nIn 1955 a paper was published by MACNAE, who considers that at least five species of the subgenus Tullia belong to one species, ENGEL having suggested this identity when he had the pleasure of seeing Dr. MACNAE in Amsterdam and discussing his old notes on Tullia with him. We agree with him that most specimens of the subgenus Tullia belong to one species, viz. juliana (syn.? sorex). We only accept some Tullia\xe2\x80\x99s (cf. p. 22) as separate species. MACNAE gives valuable remarks on the living animals, their \xe2\x80\x9dprogression in the way of a looper caterpillar\xe2\x80\x9d and the appearance of the sole of the foot. He observed that the sucking disk is visible only when the animal is \xe2\x80\x9dlooping\xe2\x80\x9d, and sometimes (not always !) after preservation. Is is probable that the posterior disk is distinct only in specimens which were preserved while the posterior pedal glands were in a state of active secretion. \xc2\xb9)

Description: ZMA.\xc2\xb9) 100273, holotype. Longueur totale 49 mm. Longueur \xc3\xa9talon 45 mm. Longueur de la t\xc3\xaate 9 mm. Hauteur 10 mm. D 95. A 82. C 12. V 4. S? Mx IV. En centi\xc3\xa8mes de la longueur \xc3\xa9talon: t\xc3\xaate 20; hauteur 22. En centi\xc3\xa8mes de la longueur de la t\xc3\xaate: \xc5\x93il 11; uropt\xc3\xa9rygie 44. L\xe2\x80\x99aire nasale z\xc3\xa9nithale est enti\xc3\xa8rement squameuse; peut-\xc3\xaatre en est-il de m\xc3\xaame pour l\xe2\x80\x99aire nasale nadirale, bien qu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 un fort grossissement (X80) il m\xe2\x80\x99ait \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 possible d\xe2\x80\x99y apercevoir quelques s\xc3\xa9ries de papilles \xc3\xa9pidermiques(\xc2\xb2) A l\xe2\x80\x99exception de la r\xc3\xa9gion c\xc3\xa9phalique, la pholidose z\xc3\xa9nithale est presque enti\xc3\xa8rement d\xc3\xa9truite. L\xe2\x80\x99individu est enti\xc3\xa8rement d\xc3\xa9color\xc3\xa9, \xc3\xa0 part le p\xc3\xa9ritoine, dont la pigmentation m\xc3\xa9lanique reste discernable. Etymologie: fallax, trompeur.\nSiboga, station 256, parages des \xc3\xaeles Kei, 5\xc2\xb0 26\xe2\x80\x99 6\xe2\x80\x9d S, 132\xc2\xb0 32\xe2\x80\x99 5\xe2\x80\x9d E, 397 m., vase.

Description: In the spring of 1954, from April 28 to June 14, six members of the scientific staff of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam made a collecting trip to Yugoslavia. The primary purpose of this journey was collecting for the Museum, animals from that part of Europe being only poorly represented. At the same time, it was the intention to collect large series at as many localities as possible for the study of geographical variation. Collecting activities were restricted to certain animal groups, according to the personal interest and collecting experience of the participants. Therefore, the collections chiefly consist of invertebrates: (Macro) Lepidoptera, Arachnoidea, Isopoda, Mollusca, and aquatic microfauna (Copepoda, Amphipoda, Nematoda, Hydrachnidae, Halacaridae).\nThe results of the expedition will be published under the collective title \xe2\x80\x9cZoological results of a collecting journey to Yugoslavia, 1954\xe2\x80\x9d, and will appear successively in Beaufortia.

Description: An investigation was made in order to ascertain the mode of variation of length and breadth of eggs of the black-headed gull (Larus r. ridibundus) from a colony on the northeastern side of the island of Texel in the Netherlands. The colony can be divided into two ecologically different areas. A difference could be shown in the measurements of eggs collected in these areas. Two possible explanations of this coincidence are given.\nMethods of egg collecting and measuring are discussed, and data and tables of the findings during 1950, 1951 and 1952 are furnished. On account of the flood and disaster of 1953 the investigation was broken off before its completion. The fact that mean measurements and weights must be used with due caution is emphasized.

Description: Von seilen des Zoologischen Museums in Amsterdam wurde im Jahre 1954 eine Exkursion gemacht nach Jugoslavien. Zum Ergebnis geh\xc3\xb6rte auch eine kleine Sammlung Wassermilben. Diese Milben waren mir freundlichst von Herrn J. H. STOCK, Zoologisches Museum, Amsterdam, zur Bearbeitung \xc3\xbcberreicht worden. Folgende Arten habe ich in der Sammlung feststellen k\xc3\xb6nnen: Stat. 14. Forelia curvipalpis, \xe2\x99\x80 . . . . . . 2 St\xc3\xbcck Mideopsis crassipes, \xe2\x99\x80 . . . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Arrenurus albator. \xe2\x99\x80 . . . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Stat. 15. Forelia curvipalpis, Nymphe . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Mideopsis crassipes. Stat. 16. \xe2\x99\x82, \xe2\x99\x80 . . . . . . 2 St\xc3\xbcck Forelia curvipalpis, Nymphe . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Lebertia inaequalis, Stat. 74. Nymphe . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Limnesia undulata, \xe2\x99\x82, \xe2\x99\x80, Ei . . . . 3 St\xc3\xbcck Neumania vernalis var., ?, \xe2\x99\x82 . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Brachypoda versicolor, \xe2\x99\x80, Ei . . . 13 St\xc3\xbcck Stat. 75a. Lebertia inaequalis, Nymphe . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Stat. 75b. Lebertia inaequalis, \xe2\x99\x80 . . . . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck Stat. 77. Lebertia inaequalis. \xe2\x99\x82, Nymphe . . 3 St\xc3\xbcck Brachypoda versicolor, \xe2\x99\x80, Ei . . . 1 St\xc3\xbcck

Description: From August 16 till September 1, 1955, Dr. H. C. Bl\xc3\xb6te, Mr. J. J. Barkman, and the present author were the leaders of an excursion of students in biology of the University at Leiden to Central France. For some two weeks the party was hospitably lodged in the "Station Biologique" in the village Besse-en-Chandesse (d\xc3\xa9partement Puy de D\xc3\xb4me), 30 km S.S.W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Thanks to the generosity of Prof. R. Hovasse and Dr. L.\nOlivier, we could stay in this biological institute, which belongs to the University at Clermont-Ferrand.\nDuring the excursion the author paid special attention to the collecting of land and freshwater Mollusca. The very dry and hot weather during our stay was one of the main difficulties in carrying the project into execution; moreover, the region has a rather poor malacofauna as a result of the nearly complete absence of lime in the soil.\nThe climate of the here discussed part of Auvergne, the massif of the Monts Dore, is typically Atlantic; the region has a considerable amount of rainfall (1150\xe2\x80\x942500 mm per annum). The highlands are situated at the northwestern border of the Massif Central, representing an area completely exposed to the northern and western winds of the Atlantic Ocean. The warmest month is August with an average temperature of 14.80 C.\nThe Massif Central is of volcanic origin; it consists mainly of metamorphous granite, formed during the Lower Carboniferous, on which beds of lava and volcanic ashes were deposited during the Tertiary. The cones of four extinguished volcanoes rise from a slightly undulating table-land of a height of about 1000 m; the highest of these mountains, the Puy de Sancy, attains a height of 1866 m. Mineral sources are the only remains of volcanic

Description: From Mr. A. Werner, collector and animal dealer at Munich, Germany, the Leiden Museum received a collection of 1012 well preserved specimens of fishes from Stanley Pool (L\xc3\xa9opoldville), Belgian Congo. As several species proved to be new for this locality and are not mentioned in Poll\'s paper on the fishes from Stanley Pool (1939), the following publication was considered worth while. Moreover, a new Synodontid species, Synodontis werneri, is described.\nIn the present report, the various species are recorded in the same order as in Poll\'s account. The name of the locality, being always the same, is omitted further on.\nProtopterus dolloi Boulenger 2 ex., January 1956, 76-91 mm.\nBoth specimens are juvenile and have the tail slightly mutilated. Scales in 90-98 transverse rows between occiput and vent, 42-44 around the body. The rather stout limbs are short, the anterior pair about 4.5 in head, the posterior pair 5/5 and 4/2 in head, the small specimen having the longest posterior limbs. The three external gills are small, 1-1.5 eye-diameter. The distance from origin of dorsal fin to occiput is about 1.5 times the distance to vent.\nThe colouration is wholly dark.\nProtopterus spec. 57 ex., August 1955, 33-47 mm.\nThese juvenile specimens appear to belong to a second species, but a definite identification seems inadvisable on account of lack of sufficient comparative material.\nThe following data can be given: head 4-4.5 in head and trunk; dorsal