ALBERT

Description: thesis

Description: Dada la importancia que revisten los suelos en los procesos que ocurren en la zona crítica (zona de interacción entre agua, suelo, aire, organismos), en este trabajo presentamos la distribución temporal y espacial de una secuencia de paleosuelos arcillosos con carbonatos secundarios (capas de caliches y carbonatos diseminados) en el sector nororiental de la Cuenca de México, particularmente en el valle de Teotihuacán. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en reconstruir la distribución temporal y espacial de la cubierta de suelos del pasado para entender su relación con la estructura actual de suelos y sedimentos en este sector semiárido de la cuenca de México. Con esta información, determinar la participación de estos materiales en la Zona Crítica (ZC). Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un transecto de dirección norte-sur, que inicia en las elevaciones del Cerro Gordo, cruza el valle de Teotihuacán y termina en la Sierra Patlachique, describiendo perfiles de suelo en diferentes posiciones geomorfológicas. El marco cronológico se ha establecido con base en fechamientos de radiocarbono realizados en las capas de caliches. De acuerdo a la cronología, al tipo y grado de pedogénesis, y a los procesos de sedimentación, se han reconocido cuatro unidades. La primera unidad, denominada Paleosuelos del Pleistoceno, fase I (50000 – 20000 años AP), está compuesta de paleosuelos arcillosos, los cuales son Luvisoles crómicos y estágnicos, dependiendo de su posición en el paisaje. Estos paleosuelos muestran tanto carbonatos secundarios diseminados y en fracturas, como capas de caliches. En la segunda unidad, Paleosuelos del Pleistoceno, fase II (20000 –10000 años AP), dominan los sedimentos sobre los suelos; únicamente en el fondo del Valle, se han encontrado Gleysoles cortados por canales aluviales. La unidad, Paleosuelos del Holoceno, fase I (10000 a 1000 años AP) se caracteriza por presentar suelos poligenéticos (Vertisoles), fuertemente modificados por los procesos antrópicos, durante las diversas fases de ocupación pre-hispánica. La última unidad, Suelos del Holoceno, fase II, abarca el último milenio, en donde se destacan procesos de erosión e inestabilidad del paisaje. La tendencia principal en la distribución espacial de los paleosuelos es la siguiente: las unidades antiguas (Luvisoles, capas de caliches y Vertisoles) están sepultadas profundamente en el fondo del valle. Sin embargo, en los taludes y elevaciones montañosas, pueden aparecer cerca o directamente sobre la superficie, siendo incorporados en el manto de suelos actual. Las interrelaciones entre los diferentes paleosuelos a lo largo del transecto estudiado, junto con las observaciones micromorfológicas, apoyan la hipótesis de una relación evolutiva entre los Luvisoles pleistocénicos y los Vertisoles del Holoceno. Consideramos que estas diferentes unidades repercuten en los procesos hidrológicos en el valle y que las capas de caliche formadas en los ambientes pleistocénicos pueden afectar la geoquímica del agua subterránea así como sus firmas isotópicas.

Description: As soils are important elements for the processes involved in the critical zone (the zone of interaction between water, soil, air, and organisms), in this work we present the temporal and spatial distribution of a clayey-paleosol sequence with secondary carbonates (layers of caliche and disseminated carbonates) in the northeast sector of the Mexico Basin, particularly in the Teotihuacan Valley. The goal of this paper is the temporal and spatial reconstruction of the past soil cover to understand its relationship with the present day soils and sediments in this semiarid sector of the Mexico Basin. With this information the involvement of these materials in the critical zone could be determined. To comply with these objectives, a north-south transect was carried out, starting in the Cerro Gordo, crossing the Teotihuacan valley and ending in the Sierra Patlachique, describing soil profiles located in different geomorphological positions. The chronological framework has been established with radiocarbon dates of the caliche layers. According to this chronology, the type and degree of pedogenesis, as well as the sedimentation processes, four units have been recognized. The first unit is named the Pleistocene Paleosols, phase I (50000 – 20000 years BP), and is composed of clayey paleosols, chromic and stagnic Luvisols, depending on their position in the landscape. These paleosols contain pedogenic carbonates, disseminated and in fractures, and caliche layers. In the second unit, the Pleistocene Paleosols, phase II (20000 –10000 years BP), sediments predominate over soils; only in the valley floor some Gleysols are found to be cut by alluvial channels. The unit, Paleosols of the Holocene Paleosols unit, phase I (10000 to 1000 years BP), is characterized by polygenetic soils (Vertisols) strongly modified by anthropic processes during distinct phases of pre-hispanic occupation. The last unit, the Holocene Soils, phase II, covers the last millennium when erosional processes and unstable landscape dominate. The paleosols (Luvisols, caliche layers, and Vertisols) are deeply buried at the bottom of the valley. However, on the slopes and hilltop positions, they can appear close to or directly on the surface, being incorporated in the present day soil mantle. Spatial interrelations of different paleosols along the studied transect together with micromorphological observations support the hypothesis of an evolutionary link between the Pleistocene Luvisols and the Holocene Vertisols. We propose that these different units are involved in the hydrological processes in the valley and that the caliche layers, formed in the Pleistocene environments, can affect the geochemistry of the groundwater as well as its isotopic signatures.

Description: Dieser Band enthält 69 Beiträge zu Themengebieten der Physik der festen Erde, des magnetischen und elektrischen Felds der Erde, der Physik der Meere und der Atmosphäre sowie der Angewandten Geophysik, veröffentlicht durch die Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft in den Jahren 1927.

Description: 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0004.pdf"〉Titelseite〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0005.pdf"〉Referenzspendelmessungen am Salzhorst Oldau-Hambühren (Hann.)〈/a〉〈br〉(Berroth, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0006.pdf"〉Die topographische Korrektion bei Schweremessungen mittels einer Torsionswage〈/a〉〈br〉(Schweydar, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0007.pdf"〉Bemerkungen zu der Untersuchung von Herrn Myrbach, ob Sonnenflecken und Mondphase einen auslösenden Einfluß auf Erdbeben haben〈/a〉〈br〉(Tams, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0008.pdf"〉Beobachtungen bei Sprengungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Angenheister, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0009.pdf"〉Ortsgültige Laufzeitkurven〈/a〉〈br〉(Lutz, C. W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0012.pdf"〉Bodenknalle in Nord-Irland〈/a〉〈br〉(Rohleder, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0013.pdf"〉Luftelektrische Aufgaben der arktischen Forschung〈/a〉〈br〉(Wigand, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0014.pdf"〉Mitteilungen W. Stekloff †〈/a〉〈br〉(Hecker, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0015.pdf"〉Bodenerschütterungen durch Kraftfahrzeuge〈/a〉〈br〉(Essers, E., Kappes, T.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0018.pdf"〉Die neue magnetische Universalwage〈/a〉〈br〉(Haalck, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0020.pdf"〉Einige Bemerkungen zur Möglichkeit der Aufsuchung und Lokalisierung von schlecht oder nicht leitenden Einlagerungen im Untergrund mittels elektrischer Wechselstrommethoden〈/a〉〈br〉(Ambronn, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0021.pdf"〉Schwankungen in der Länge des Tages〈/a〉〈br〉(Schuler, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0022.pdf"〉Bestimmung der Hauptmondtide M〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 in Swinemünde für die Jahre 1898 bis 1907〈/a〉〈br〉(Meissner, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0023.pdf"〉Über eine Verbindung zwischen den mondentägigen und den sonnentägigen Variationen der magnetischen Deklination〈/a〉〈br〉(Egedal, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0024.pdf"〉Über die durchdringenden Erdstrahlungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Bogolavlensky, L. N., Lomakin, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0026.pdf"〉Ergebnisse der Messungen des Potentialgefälles auf der "Maud"-Expedition〈/a〉〈br〉(Sverdrup, H. U.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0027.pdf"〉Eine fortschreitende Lagenänderung der Erdachse〈/a〉〈br〉(Wanach, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0029.pdf"〉Zur experimentellen Seismik. I.〈/a〉〈br〉(Meisser, O., Martin, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0030.pdf"〉Referate〈/a〉〈br〉(Jensen, C.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0031.pdf"〉Seismische Dickenmessungen von Gletschereis〈/a〉〈br〉(Mothes, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0033.pdf"〉Die Zähigkeit des Magmas〈/a〉〈br〉(Meyermann, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0034.pdf"〉Über die größte mögliche Schwankung der Schwereintensität und die Dichte eines engmaschigen Netzes von Pendelstationen〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0036.pdf"〉Über den Einfluß der Elastizität des Pendelstativs auf die Schwingungszeiten zweier gleichzeitig auf demselben Stativ schwingender Pendel〈/a〉〈br〉(Schmehl, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0037.pdf"〉Versuche über die durchdringende Strahlung〈/a〉〈br〉(Büttner, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0038.pdf"〉Über die Intensitätsverteilung im ultravioletten Sonnenspektrum〈/a〉〈br〉(Hoelper, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0040.pdf"〉Referate〈/a〉〈br〉(de Llarena, J. G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0041.pdf"〉Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0042.pdf"〉Diagramme zur Bestimmung der Terrainwirkung für Pendel und Drehwage und zur Bestimmung der Wirkung "zweidimensionaler" Massenanordnungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0044.pdf"〉Schwerkraft und isostatische Kompensation in Japan〈/a〉〈br〉(Heiskanen, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0045.pdf"〉Die Erdkrustendicke nach den Schwereanomalien〈/a〉〈br〉(Heiskanen, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0046.pdf"〉Über den Zusammenhang der Erdbeben mit den Polhöhenschwankungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Kravetz, T. P.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0047.pdf"〉Beitrag zur Theorie des Geschoßknalles〈/a〉〈br〉(Picht, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0048.pdf"〉Blei-Absorptionsmessungen der Höhenstrahlung im Flugzeug〈/a〉〈br〉(Büttner, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0049.pdf"〉Über die Grenze der Anwendbarkeit elektrischer Schürfmethoden mittels Wechselstrom〈/a〉〈br〉(Gibsone, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0050.pdf"〉Ein Beitrag zum Studium der Erdbebennachläufer〈/a〉〈br〉(Schnell, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0051.pdf"〉Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0052.pdf"〉Die Bestimmung von Lage und Ausdehnung einfacher Massenformen unter Verwendung von Gradient und Krümmungsgröße〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0055.pdf"〉Messungen mit der gleichmäßig gedrehten Drehwage und ein neues Rechenverfahren〈/a〉〈br〉(Kilchling, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0056.pdf"〉Der Einfallswinkel des anormalen Luftschalles〈/a〉〈br〉(Meisser, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0057.pdf"〉Die Bestandteile des magnetischen Feldes bei geophysikalischen Bodenuntersuchungen mit Wechselstrom und seine Beeinflussung durch leitende Einlagerungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Heine, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0058.pdf"〉Note on the Accuracy of Spectroscopic Measurements of the Amount of Ozone in the Atmosphere〈/a〉〈br〉(Dobson, G. M. B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0059.pdf"〉Entgegnung an Herrn Dobson〈/a〉〈br〉(Hoelper, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0060.pdf"〉Triftströme bei geschichtetem Wasser〈/a〉〈br〉(Defant, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0061.pdf"〉Verteilung der örtlichen magnetischen Störungen in Europa〈/a〉〈br〉(Nippoldt, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0062.pdf"〉Tagung und Hauptversammlung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft in Frankfurt a. M. vom 26. bis 28. September 1927〈/a〉〈br〉(Schmidt, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0063.pdf"〉Magnetische Störungen über Europa〈/a〉〈br〉(Nippoldt, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0064.pdf"〉Über die Berechnung der Herdtiefe auf Grund der Lage des Inflexionspunktes der 〈i〉P̅〈/i〉-Laufzeitkurve〈/a〉〈br〉(Inglada, V.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0065.pdf"〉Über die Berechnung der Herdtiefe auf Grund der Lage des Inflexionspunktes der 〈i〉P̅〈/i〉-Laufzeitkurve (Bemerkung zur vorstehenden Arbeit von Herrn Prof. V. Inglada)〈/a〉〈br〉(Mohorovičić, S.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0066.pdf"〉Die Bodenunruhe durch Brandung〈/a〉〈br〉(Gutenberg, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0067.pdf"〉Radioaktivitätsmessungen als geophysikalische Aufschlußmethode〈/a〉〈br〉(Müller, F.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0068.pdf"〉Vorträge, gehalten auf der VI. Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft vom 26. bis 28 September 1927 in Frankfurt a. M.〈/a〉〈br〉(Wenzel Pollak, L.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0071.pdf"〉Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Meteorexpedition〈/a〉〈br〉(Defant, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0073.pdf"〉Der gegenwärtige Stand und die Aufgaben der atmosphärischen Polarisationsforschung〈/a〉〈br〉(Jensen, C.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0074.pdf"〉Die seismischen Verhältnisse des offenen Atlantischen Ozeans〈/a〉〈br〉(Tams, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0075.pdf"〉Die Entwicklung des Wellenbegriffes〈/a〉〈br〉(Uller, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0076.pdf"〉Welleninduktion〈/a〉〈br〉(Uller, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0077.pdf"〉Das Klima der Tertiärzeit〈/a〉〈br〉(v. Ihering, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0078.pdf"〉Neue Formeln zur Isostasie〈/a〉〈br〉(Prey, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0079.pdf"〉Der Aufbau der Erdkruste〈/a〉〈br〉(Gutenberg, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0080.pdf"〉Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0081.pdf"〉Über die Prüfung der Isostasie durch Schweremessungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0082.pdf"〉Vorträge, gehalten auf der VI. Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft vom 26. bis 28. September 1927 in Frankfurt a. M.〈/a〉〈br〉(Bartels, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0084.pdf"〉Über die Abhängigkeit der Schwerkraft vom Zwischenmedium〈/a〉〈br〉(Schlomka, T.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0085.pdf"〉Die Schwereverhältnisse auf dem Meere auf Grund der Pendelmessungen von Prof. Vening Meinesz 1926〈/a〉〈br〉(Born, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0086.pdf"〉Autorenverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0087.pdf"〉Sachverzeichis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0088.pdf"〉Geophysikaliche Berichte〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0089.pdf"〉Register der Geophysikalischen Berichte〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0090.pdf"〉Mitgliederverzeichnis der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft nach dem Stande vom 1. März 1927〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0003/LOG_0091.pdf"〉Literaturverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉

Description: research

Description: DGG, DFG, SUB Göttingen

Description: This profile provides an overview of the projected climate parameters and related impacts on different sectors in Cameroon until 2080 under different climate change scenarios (called Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs). RCP2.6 represents a low emissions scenario that aims to keep global warming likely below 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures. RCP6.0 represents a medium to high emissions scenario that is likely to exceed 2 °C. Model projections do not account for effects of future socio-economic impacts unless indicated otherwise.

Description: This profile provides an overview of projected climate parameters and related impacts on different sectors in Senegal until 2080 under different climate change scenarios (called Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs). RCP2.6 represents the low emissions scenario in line with the Paris Agreement; RCP6.0 represents a medium to high emissions scenario. Model projections do not account for effects of future socio-economic impacts.

Description: Burkina Faso has a high socio-economic dependency on agriculture, a sector which is strongly influenced by weather-related factors and increasingly challenged by the impacts of climate change. Currently, only limited information on climate risks and its impacts is available for the agricultural sector in the country. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive climate risk analysis including a thorough evaluation of four potential adaptation strategies that can guide local decision makers on adaptation planning and implementation in Burkina Faso. The impact assessment consists of several steps including climate projections based on two emissions scenarios (SSP3-RCP7.0 and SSP1-RCP2.6), hydro-logical modelling on water availability changes, modelling and comparison of future yields of four widely used crops (maize, sorghum, millet and cowpeas) and an assessment of livestock production under future climate conditions. Based on the projected climate change impacts on agricultural production, four different adapta-tion strategies ((1) Integrated soil fertility ma-nagement (ISFM), (2) irrigation, (3) improved seeds and (4) climate information services (CIS)) suggested and selected by different national stakeholders were analysed regarding their potential to risk mitigation, (cost-)effectiveness and suitability for local conditions. The analyses have been further complemented by expert- and literature-based assessments, semi-structured key informant interviews and two stakeholder work-shops. The results show that the mean daily temperature is on the rise and projected to increase further by 0.6°C (2030) up to 1.1°C (2090) under SSP1-RCP2.6 and by 0.5°C (2030) up to 3.6°C (2090) under SSP3-RCP7.0 in reference to 2004, dependent on future greenhouse gas emissions. Some un-certainty exists for annual precipitation projections, with slight increases until 2050 followed by a slight decrease under SSP1-RCP2.6 and continuous increase under SSP3-RCP7.0 with high year-to-year variability. Projected impacts of cli-mate change on yields vary between regions and show partly opposing trends. Some regions in the north show increasing yields (up to +30% in SSP1-RCP2.6 and up to +20% in SSP3-RCP7.0), while few regions in the south present decreasing yields (down to -30% in SSP1-RCP2.6 and down to -20% in SSP3-RCP7.0). Crop models show that the areas suitable for cowpeas will decrease in Burkina Faso under future climate change conditions while the suitability for maize, millet and sorghum will remain stable. Moreover, the potential to produce multiple crops will become more and more difficult, which limits farmers’ diversification options. Regarding the livestock sector, it seems very likely that the grazing potential will decrease under both climate change scenarios with higher decreases under SSP1-RCP2.6 than under SSP3-RCP7.0. All four adaptation strategies were found to be economically beneficial, can have a high potential for risk mitigation and entail different co-benefits. Particularly, ISFM can be highly recommended for smallholder farmers, resulting in very positive effects for societies and environment. Irrigation and improved seeds have a high potential to improve livelihoods especially in Northern Burkina Faso, but are also complex, costly and support-intensive adaptation strategies. Lastly, CIS can support farmers to make informed decisions and thereby reduce the impact of climate risks. Generally, a combination of different adaptation strategies can entail additional benefits and active stakeholder engagement as well as participatory approaches are needed to ensure the feasibility and long-term sustainability of adaptation strategies. The findings of this study can help to inform national and local adaptation and agricultural development planning and investments in order to strengthen the resilience of the agricultural sector and especially of smallholder farmers against a changing climate.

Description: Niger has a high socio-economic dependency on agriculture which is strongly influenced by weather-related factors and highly vulnerable to climate change. Currently, only limited information on climate risks and its impacts is available for the agricultural sector in the country. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive climate risk analysis including a thorough evaluation of four potential adaptation strategies that can guide local decision makers on adaptation planning and implementation in Niger: (1) agroforestry and farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) of trees, (2) integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), (3) irrigation and (4) improved fodder management for livestock. The impact assessment includes climate projections based on two future emissions scenarios (SSP3-RCP7.0 and SSP1-RCP2.6), hydrological modelling on water availability, modelling and comparison of future yields of four dominant crops (sorghum, millet, maize and cowpeas) and an as-sessment of livestock production under future climate conditions. Based on the projected climate change impacts on agricultural production, the four adaptation strategies suggested by different national stakeholders were analysed regarding their potential to risk mitigation, cost-effectiveness and suitability for local conditions. The analyses have been complemented by expert- and literature-based assessments, semi-structured interviews and two stakeholder workshops. The results show that the mean daily temperature is projected to increase further in Niger, up to +1.3 °C (SSP1-RCP2.6) and +4.2 °C (SSP3-RCP7.0) by 2090, in reference to 2004. The mean annual precipitation sum is also projected to increase until 2050 under both emissions scenarios, with a slight decrease in the interannual variability. In the second half of the century, this trend in precipitation is likely to continue (SSP3-RCP7.0) or decrease slightly (SSP1-RCP2.6), while the year-to-year variability would increase. Greater annual rates of groundwater recharge due to increasing precipitation amounts and higher annual mean river discharge are expected until mid-century. Sorghum yields would decline in general, by 20-50% (SSP1-RCP2.6) or 40-75% (SSP3-RCP7.0) by 2090, compared to 2005. Crop models hinted at an increase in the suitability of sorghum and millet, and no significant change for maize and cowpeas in Niger under both emissions scenarios. In addition, the potential for multiple cropping would de-crease from mid-century, limiting farmers’ diversification options. Regarding the livestock sector, the grazing potential is likely to decrease in the south and increase in the central regions of Niger, under SSP1-RCP2.6, while it is expected to increase in the whole country under SSP3-RCP7.0. All four adaptation strategies were found to be economically beneficial, risk-independent, with a medium to high risk mitigation potential, and can bring about various co-benefits. FMNR practice can be highly recommended, as the upscaling potential is high and the climate resilience of local livelihoods will be strengthened. ISFM can help to improve water use efficiency and benefit from positive environmental and social outcomes. Irrigation has a medium potential to improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers but is also a support-intensive adaptation strategy that needs to be carefully implemented in order to avoid overexploitation of local water resources. Lastly, improved fodder management, especially al-falfa production, contributes to building up resilience of livestock farming systems and affects women and youth employment positively. Gener-ally, a combination of different adaptation strategies can yield additional benefits and active stake-holder engagement as well as participatory ap-proaches are needed to ensure the feasibility and sustainability of adaptation strategies. The findings of this study can help to inform national and local adaptation as well as development planning and investments in order to strengthen the climate resilience of the Nigerien agricultural sector and especially of smallholder farmers.

Description: Madagascar has a high socio-economic dependency on agriculture, a sector which is strongly influenced by weather-related factors and increasingly challenged by the impacts of climate change. Currently, only limited information on climate risks and its impacts is available for the country’s agricultural sector. This study aims to provide a comprehensive climate risk analysis including a thorough evaluation of two potential adaptation strategies that can guide local decision-makers on adaptation planning and implementation in Madagascar. The impact assessment consists of several steps, including climate projections based on three emissions scenarios (SSP1-RCP2.6, SSP3- RCP7.0 and SSP5-RCP8.5 scenario), modelling and comparison of future suitability and yield of three widely used crops (coffee, vanilla, pepper) and an assessment of yield changes in peanut production under future climate conditions. Further, the study outlines gendered challenges and support requirements in national adaptation planning. The simulation results show that Robusta coffee is less sensitive to heat compared to Arabica coffee. The suitable area for Robusta coffee remains almost stable under changing climate conditions, while the suitability of Arabica coffee is projected decrease by 7 % on a national level. Simulation results indicate a slight increase in suitability for vanilla production, particularly in the main growing region Sava, but also in Atsimo Atsinanana, thus safeguarding an important source of income for local farmers and guaranteeing the sustainability of Madagascar´s most valuable export product. Furthermore, climate change is projected to have a rather low impact on the agro-climatic suitability of pepper production. When averaged across Madagascar, the decrease in suitability is less than 1 %, however, there are some noteworthy differences across regions and scenarios. The results for the process-based peanut modelling show that rising temperature and reduced rainfall amounts are likely to decrease peanut yields across Madagascar. However, elevated atmospheric CO2 is projected to offset these negative impacts. The study furthermore evaluated the efficiency of two adaptation strategies, namely the use of locally adapted crop varieties and flexible planting dates. The simulation results suggest that the traditional cultivar Kanety is more suited in future climate change scenarios since yields for Kanety are generally higher than those of the improved variety Fleur 11. Interestingly, opting for flexible planting dates as opposed to a fixed planting date does not result in enhanced yields. This result underlines the importance of regional crop calendars to determine optimal sowing dates. The findings of this study can help to inform national and local adaptation and agricultural development planning and investments in order to strengthen the resilience of the agricultural sector and especially of smallholder farmers against a changing climate in Madagascar.

Description: Cameroon has a high socio-economic dependency on agriculture, a sector which is strongly influenced by weather-related factors and increasingly challenged by the impacts of climate change. Currently, only limited information on climate risks and its impacts is available for the agricultural sector in the country. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive climate risk analysis including a thorough evaluation of three potential adaptation strategies that can guide local decision makers on adaptation planning and implementation in Cameroon. The impact assessment consists of several steps including climate projections based on two emissions scenarios (SSP3-RCP7.0 and SSP1-RCP2.6), assessing land cover changes, modelling and comparing future suitability and yield of three widely used crops (maize, cassava and cocoa) and an assessment of grassland productivity under future climate conditions. Further the study outlines gender-related challenges and opportunities in national adaptation planning. Based on the projected climate change impacts on agricultural production, three different adaptation strategies ((1) Improved varieties, (2) Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) and (3) Agroforestry), that were suggested and selected by different national stakeholders, were analysed regarding their potential to risk mitigation, (cost-) effectiveness and suitability for local conditions. The analyses have been further complemented by expert- and literaturebased assessments, semi-structured key informant interviews and two stakeholder workshops. The results show, that by 2050 mean annual temperature is projected to increase by 1.1 °C under the low emissions scenario and 1.5 °C under the high emissions scenario compared to 2004. Some uncertainty exists for annual precipitation projections, the model ensemble projects an increase in precipitation, which is stronger under the high emissions scenario while also projecting an increase in precipitation intensity. Projected impacts of climate change on agricultural yields vary between regions and show partly opposing trends. Maize yields will decrease in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone by up to 84 % by 2090 under SSP3-RCP7.0 and over 30 % of yield losses for cassava are projected for AEZ I and II by the end of the century under the SSP3-RCP7.0 scenario. Significant positive cassava yield effects are projected in the (Guinean) High Savannah Zone, High Plateau (Western Highlands), and humid Mono- and Bimodal (Rain)forest Zones, respectively, under SSP1-RCP2.6. Crop models show that the areas suitable for maize and cocoa will decrease in Cameroon, especially under SSP3-RCP7.0, while the suitability for cassava will remain relatively stable. Regarding the livestock sector, it seems very likely that the grazing potential will decrease under both climate change scenarios with higher decreases under SSP1-RCP2.6 than under SSP3-RCP7.0. All three adaptation strategies were found to be economically beneficial, to have a high potential for risk mitigation and to entail different co-benefits. Particularly, ISFM can be highly recommended resulting in very positive effects for smallholder farmers, and the environment. Improving seeds has a high potential to improve livelihoods, but this adaptation strategy is also support-intensive. Lastly, agroforestry has a potential to reduce the impact of climate risks on cocoa production, but future climatic suitability needs to be considered. The findings of this study can help to inform national and local adaptation and agricultural development planning and investments in order to strengthen the resilience of the agricultural sector and especially of smallholder farmers against a changing climate in Cameroon.

Description: Latin America is highly exposed to climate change, leading to human mobility patterns. Faced with the lack of specific legal instruments facilitating climate migrants’ protection, human rights-based climate litigation may add to their visibility, as well as address their protection needs. The study aims to investigate how far climate litigation cases in the region deal with the distinct dimensions of human mobility, as well as Latin America’s contribution in terms of human rights arguments. It identifies regional human rights arguments to cope with the current climate crisis that can be raised in litigation cases on the topic, such as the right to a safe climate, the extraterritoriality of human rights obligations and more recently the right not to be forcibly displaced. A categorization of climate litigation addressing the distinct dimensions of human mobility is presented. This categorization is divided according to the degree of consideration of the phenomenon, the type of litigation and the arguments invoked. The study then analyzes specific climate litigation cases associated with human mobility in Latin America and its central arguments. Advances in the consideration of human mobility in climate litigation were noted, as well as Latin America's potential to advance this trend, through new interpretative and argumentative developments and litigation strategies that contextualise human rights in the face of the climate crisis and favour the protection of climate migrants.