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  • 1
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    Erratum: Dynamic analysis of track nonlinear energy sinks subjected to simple and stochastice excitations (2020)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-28
    Print ISSN: 0098-8847
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9845
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 2
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    Measurement of sand creep on a flat sand bed using a high-speed digital camera: Mesoscopic features of creeping grains (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-15
    Description: The characterisation of aeolian sand creep motion remains incomplete. In this study, a top-view imaging system was constructed in a wind tunnel experiment to record sand creep motion on a flat sand bed. In addition, a set of ‘mesoscopic’ parameters was defined based on the creep trajectory that was reconstructed by a particle tracking algorithm. Statistical results show that the parameters representing the lifespan of the creep motion follow a lognormal distribution, whereas those representing the sideways grain motion deviate from the lognormal distribution. As the wind velocity increases, the sideways motion is strengthened and the lifespan of the creep motion is shortened, indicating a stronger transition from creep to saltation. Furthermore, under a ‘pure rolling’ hypothesis, the creep trajectory can be transformed into two numbers of rolling cycles from the perspectives of space and time. The ratio of the two numbers is useful in identifying the specific mode of the creep motion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0037-0746
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3091
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
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    Ga–Sb–S Chalcogenide Glasses for Mid-Infrared Applications (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-19
    Description: In this study, a novel chalcogenide glass system, Ga–Sb–S, is reported. The glass-forming ability, the physical properties, and the structure are investigated; and the potential applications of the glasses are evaluated. The compositions consisting of ~3%–10% Ga, ~29%–37% Sb, and ~57%–63% S can form glasses. The glasses have a wide transparent window of ~0.8–14 μm, high linear refractive indices of ~2.62–2.70 (@10 μm), high third-order nonlinear refractive indices of ~12.4 × 10 −14 cm 2 /W (@ 1.55 μm), low phonon energy, and large rare earth solubility. These favorable properties make them promising materials for mid-infrared applications such as thermal imaging, nonlinear optics, and lasers.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    The impact of the direct effects of sulfate and black carbon aerosols on the sub-seasonal march of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Aerosol emissions have rapidly increased in East Asia since the late 1970s. During the same period, the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) has shown a weakening trend. In this work, the direct effects (DE) of sulfate and black carbon (BC) aerosols on the sub-seasonal (pentad mean) march of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon (EASSM) are investigated using an interactive global climate-chemistry model. The simulation results suggest that the DE of sulfate aerosols have a notable effect on the cooling of the low troposphere across the continent in spring and autumn, hence, changing the time of the seasonal transition of the zonal land-sea thermal contrast (ZTC). The DE of BC result in cooling of the low troposphere and heating of the middle troposphere, leading to a different impact than that caused by sulfates. The cooling of the surface and troposphere by sulfates leads to a delay in the warming of East Asian continent in spring, and the EASSM onset time; it also accelerates the process of the continent turning colder and advances the retreat of the EASSM. The deeper heating in the middle-upper troposphere than the cooling in the low troposphere due to the DE of BC or the combination of both leads to an advance in the onset time of the monsoon caused by the continent turning warmer earlier in spring. In autumn, the same cooling effect by sulfates leads to the continent turning colder earlier, resulting in an advance in the retreat time.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Field evidences for the positive effects of aerosols on tree growth (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract Theoretical and eddy covariance studies demonstrate that aerosol‐loading stimulates canopy photosynthesis, but field evidence for the aerosol effect on tree growth is limited. Here, we measured in situ daily stem growth rates of aspen trees under a wide range of aerosol‐loading in China. The results showed that daily stem growth rates were positively correlated with aerosol‐loading, even at exceptionally high aerosol levels. Using structural equation modeling analysis, we showed that variations in stem growth rates can be largely attributed to two environmental variables covarying with aerosol loading: diffuse fraction of radiation and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Furthermore, we found that these two factors influence stem growth by influencing photosynthesis from different parts of canopy. Using field observations and a mechanistic photosynthesis model, we demonstrate that photosynthetic rates of both sun and shade leaves increased under high aerosol‐loading conditions but for different reasons. For sun leaves, the photosynthetic increase was primarily attributed to the concurrent lower VPD; for shade leaves, the positive aerosol effect was tightly connected with increased diffuse light. Overall, our study provides the first field evidence of increased tree growth under high aerosol loading. We highlight the importance of understanding biophysical mechanisms of aerosol‐meteorology interactions, and incorporating the different pathways of aerosol effects into earth system models to improve the prediction of large‐scale aerosol impacts, and the associated vegetation‐mediated climate feedbacks.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 6
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    Phase relations of CaO‐Al2O3‐Sc2O3 ternary system (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract We investigated the isothermal section of the CaO‐Al2O3‐Sc2O3 ternary system at 1773 and 1873 K for 24 hours in Ar, and quenched in water to determine the operative phase equilibrate. The composition of the phases in equilibrium was determined by electron probe microanalysis. The isothermal section phase diagram of two temperature points (1773 and 1873 K) is obtained. The 1773 K isothermal section consists of one liquid compound (L), six binary compounds (CaO+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+L C3A+L, CaO.Sc2O3+L, CA+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+Sc2O3) and seven ternary compounds (Ca2Sc6Al6O20+Sc2O3+CA6, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+Sc2O3+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+CA+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+CA2+CA, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+CA2+CA6, CaO.Sc2O3+L+Sc2O3, C3A+CaO+L). At 1873 K, we found one liquid compound (L), five binary compounds (CaO+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+L, CaO.Sc2O3+L, CA+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+Sc2O3) and six ternary compounds (Ca2Sc6Al6O20+Sc2O3+CA6, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+Sc2O3+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+CA+L, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+CA2+CA, Ca2Sc6Al6O20+CA2+CA6, CaO.Sc2O3+L+Sc2O3) to exist at the isothermal section. The experimental information obtained in the present work not only is essential for the thermodynamic assessment of the CaO‐Al2O3‐Sc2O3 ternary system, but also is important for further investigation on separation of rare earths from metallurgical slags and rare‐earth recovery.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    On the twists of interplanetary magnetic flux ropes observed at 1 AU (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-23
    Description: Magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) are one kind of fundamental structures in the solar/space physics, and involved in various eruption phenomena. Twist, characterizing how the magnetic field lines wind around a main axis, is an intrinsic property of MFRs, closely related to the magnetic free energy and stableness. Although the effect of the twist on the behavior of MFRs had been widely studied in observations, theory, modeling and numerical simulations, it is still unclear how much amount of twist is carried by MFRs in the solar atmosphere and in heliosphere and what role the twist played in the eruptions of MFRs. Contrasting to the solar MFRs, there are lots of in-situ measurements of magnetic clouds (MCs), the large-scale MFRs in interplanetary space, providing some important information of the twist of MFRs. Thus, starting from MCs, we investigate the twist of interplanetary MFRs with the aid of a velocity-modified uniform-twist force-free flux rope model. It is found that most of MCs can be roughly fitted by the model and nearly half of them can be fitted fairly well though the derived twist is probably over-estimated by a factor of 2.5. By applying the model to 115 MCs observed at 1 AU, we find that (1) the twist angles of interplanetary MFRs generally follow a trend of about radians, where is the aspect ratio of a MFR, with a cutoff at about 12 π radians AU −1 , (2) most of them are significantly larger than 2.5 π radians but well bounded by radians, (3) strongly twisted magnetic field lines probably limit the expansion and size of MFRs, and (4) the magnetic field lines in the legs wind more tightly than those in the leading part of MFRs. These results not only advance our understanding of the properties and behavior of interplanetary MFRs, but also shed light on the formation and eruption of MFRs in the solar atmosphere. A discussion about the twist and stableness of solar MFRs are therefore given.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Oxepine-Containing Diketopiperazine Alkaloids from the Algal-Derived Endophytic Fungus Paecilomyces variotii EN-291 (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-18
    Description: Two new oxepine-containing diketopiperazine-type alkaloids, varioloids A and B ( 1 and 2 , resp.), were isolated from the algal-derived fungus Paecilomyces variotii EN-291. The structures and absolute configurations were determined by detailed interpretation of 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data and by analysis of acidic hydrolysates. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent activity against the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum with MIC values of 8 and 4 μg/ml, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0018-019X
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2675
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
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    Westward Shift of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: Tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific or typhoons account for one third of all TCs in the world and the change of the mean TC genesis location can affect billions of people in Pacific islands and Asian countries. The annual mean TC genesis longitude is generally controlled by the east-west shift of the tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT). A pronounced westward shift in the TUTT is found in all of the available reanalysis datasets during 1979-2012, suppressing TC genesis in the eastern portion (east of 145°E) of the western North Pacific basin due to the enhanced vertical wind shear associated with the TUTT shift. As a result, the annual mean TC genesis longitude has significantly shifted westward since 1979. The westward shifting trends in the TUTT and TC genesis are associated with the enhanced tropical tropospheric warming, which is consistent with the response of the tropospheric temperature to global warming.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Facilitating the pickup of individual DNA molecules by AFM nanomanipulation with tips mechanically worn on bare mica (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: The tip is one of the critical factors to improve the efficiency in picking up individual DNA molecules from solid substrates based on atomic force microscope (AFM) nanomanipulation. We found that wearing AFM tips on certain solid substrates in advance to nanomanipulation operation would largely improve the pickup efficiency, which was ascribed to the increasing affinity of the tip to the DNA molecules along with the increase of the tip radius after wearing. It was demonstrated that bare mica was superior to APTES-modified mica to keep the tip clean while wearing, which was crucial for DNA pickup during AFM nanomanipulation. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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