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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 49 (1999), S. 769-779 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key Words: Branchiopods — Hemoglobin — Concerted evolution — Crustaceans — Introns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The extracellular hemoglobins of cladocerans derive from the aggregation of 12 two-domain globin subunits that are apparently encoded by four genes. This study establishes that at least some of these genes occur as a tandem array in both Daphnia magna and Daphnia exilis. The genes share a uniform structure; a bridge intron separates two globin domains which each include three exons and two introns. Introns are small, averaging just 77 bp, but a longer sequence (2.2–3.2 kb) separates adjacent globin genes. A survey of structural diversity in globin genes from other daphniids revealed three independent cases of intron loss, but exon lengths were identical, excepting a 3-bp insertion in exon 5 of Simocephalus. Heterogeneity in the extent of nucleotide divergence was marked among exons, largely as a result of the pronounced diversification of the terminal exon. This variation reflected, in part, varying exposure to concerted evolution. Conversion events were frequent in exons 1–4 but were absent from exons 5 and 6. Because of this difference, the results of phylogenetic analyses were strongly affected by the sequences employed in this construction. Phylogenies based on total nucleotide divergence in exons 1–4 revealed affinities among all genes isolated from a single species, reflecting the impact of gene conversion events. In contrast, phylogenies based on total nucleotide divergence in exons 5 and 6 revealed affinities among orthologous genes from different taxa.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 54 (1998), S. 567-571 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Troglitazone ; Hepatic insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Troglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), which has been shown to improve the metabolic control of type 2 diabetes. Troglitazone undergoes hepatic metabolism to an inactive sulphate conjugate and an oxidative quinone metabolite with minor activity. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of troglitazone in patients with hepatic insufficiency and normal subjects. Methods: Three groups of eight subjects with normal liver function and moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Pugh-Child classification) completed this open study. Subjects received a single 400-mg dose of troglitazone 30 min after breakfast. Plasma concentrations of troglitazone and its metabolites were measured and standard pharmacokinetic parameters derived. Results: A 46% increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUClast) was observed for troglitazone, together with a 154% increase for the quinone metabolite in the patients with moderate hepatic impairment compared with normal subjects, but these did not reach statistical significance. Corresponding increases of 18% and 53% in the severe group also failed to reach statistical significance. For the sulphate conjugate, the AUClast values for both moderate and severe hepatic impairment were in the order of fourfold higher than those in the normal group. There were reductions in the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) of troglitazone to 61% of the normal group in the severe group for troglitazone, and twofold increases in sulphate metabolite Cmax in the moderate and severe groups. There was an approximately threefold increase in the half-life of the sulphate conjugate in subjects with both moderate and severe impairment of liver function compared with normal individuals. First times to maximum concentrations of troglitazone, its sulphate conjugate and the quinone metabolite were significantly longer in all severely impaired subjects compared with those with normal hepatic function, although the range was wide in all cases. Plasma protein binding was high in all subjects measured (mean unbound fraction range 0.7–5.1%), but there were insufficient samples to compare across groups. Conclusion: The formation of metabolites of troglitazone following a single dose is not impaired in the presence of reduced liver function although the capacity to eliminate the metabolites is altered. The clinical significance of the effect of liver disease on the conjugates is not clear.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Troglitazone ; Erythropoietic ; parameters ; Plasma volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Troglitazone is a new anti-diabetic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In placebo-controlled trials troglitazone improves glycaemic control, reduces hyperinsulinaemia and has beneficial effects on blood lipids. However, minor, reversible reductions in erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit with no associated clinical symptoms have been observed in some troglitazone-treated patients. The primary objective of the present study was to determine if these changes could be explained by a decrease in red cell mass or change in plasma volume. Methods: Twenty-four healthy males were randomized in a double-blind manner to troglitazone (200 or 600 mg per day) or placebo for 6 weeks. Blood samples for the measurement of red cell mass and plasma volume were obtained in the 2 weeks prior to treatment and after 6 weeks of treatment. Reticulocyte and erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit were also measured. Results: At the end of the treatment period there were no statistically significant changes in red cell mass. Similarly there were no changes in reticulocyte count, erythropoietin or soluble transferrin receptors. These data indicate that troglitazone does not affect erythropoiesis. In addition, troglitazone was not associated with increased red blood cell destruction or haemolysis. There was a trend towards increased plasma volume in the troglitazone groups: increases of 2.5 ml · kg−1 (5.7% increase) in the troglitazone 200 mg group and 3.4 ml · kg−1 (7.8% increase) in the troglitazone 600 mg group were observed compared with placebo. Conclusion: These data suggest that dilutional effects related to a modest increase in plasma volume may explain the haematological changes seen in other clinical trials with high doses of troglitazone, although this study has shown that the changes in plasma volume are not statistically significant.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 75-77 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dexamethasone ; congenital adrenal hyperplasia ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone, given at low dose, were studied in 13 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) to ascertain whether kinetics differed in this inherited disorder of cortisol metabolism from those seen in healthy individuals. Changes in plasma dexamethasone concentration after intravenous bolus, measured using a simple novel radioimmunoassay, were well described by a two-compartment open model with first-order kinetics. Values for λ2: 0.206 h−1, t1/2: 3.53 h, Vc: 24.41 and f: 0.64 were similar to those previously reported for normal subjects. There were considerable interindividual differences in parameter values and Cmaxp.o. (range 22–67 nmol/l). As suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis correlates with plasma dexamethasone levels, this variability may partly explain the differing dose and dose schedule requirements necessary to achieve adequate therapeutic control in the clinical management of CAH.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 397-405 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; hypertension ; cardiovascular reflexes ; diuretic effect ; blood pressure variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nine elderly and 11 young hypertensives underwent continuous ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (BP), assessment of cardiovascular reflexes and M-mode echocardiography as hospital in-patients prior to treatment with once-daily indapamide (2.5 mg). They were followed as out-patients for 4 months during which time casual BP was measured at monthly intervals. The patients were then readmitted to hospital and studied using the same protocol under similar standardised conditions. The results showed that indapamide reduced casual and ambulatory BP in both young and elderly although the most marked effect was seen on systolic BP. Assessment of cardiovascular reflexes indicates that at least part of the hypotensive action of indapamide is due to a diuretic effect. Treatment with indapamide has comparable results on both young and elderly.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 3 (1987), S. 93-94 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1986), S. 349-358 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fermentation anaérobie est un procédé de bio-conversion très utilisé pour produire des carburants gazeux à partir de ligno-cellulose. Elle comporte essentiellement deux étapes: acidogenèse et méthanogenèse. La plupart des digesteurs usuels sont des systèmes à un seul étage. Les déchets animaux, les résidus agricoles, les boues d'épandage et certains effluents industriels sont des substrats appropriés. Dans les fermentations à un seul étage, la productivité en bio-gaz varie entre 0,5 et 1,5 m3 par m3 et par jour pour les températures mésophiles (20–40°C) et de 1,0 à 2,5 pour les températures thermophiles (40–50°C); d'autre part environ 30 à 50% des solides volatils sont convertis en bio-gaz. Dans les systèmes à deux étages, l'acidogenèse est séparée de la méthanogenèse, ce qui améliore l'hydrolyse de la cellulose et l'efficacité du procédé. Les progrès récents concernant la structure des fermenteurs comprennent la circulation du dépôt anaérobie et la réalisation de bioréacteurs à lit fluidisé et à film-fixé, ce qui permet d'opérer avec des charges trés supérieures. L'efficacité peut atteindre 97%. Un aperçu de ces nouvelles technologies est présenté dans l'article.
    Abstract: Resumen La digestión anaeróbica es un proceso de bioconversión muy utilizado para producir gas combustible a partir de materiales de tipo lignocelulósico. El proceso consta esencialmente de dos etapas acidogénesis y metaogénesis. La mayoría de los digestores de tipo convencional son de una sola etapa. Como material de partida pueden utilizarse residuos dé ganado, agrícolas, lodos de depuradoras y efluentes industriales. La producción de biogás en un digestor de una sola etapa va desde 0.5–1.5 m3/m3 día cuando el proceso transcurre a temperaturas mesófilas hasta 1.0–2.5 m3/m3 día cuando lo hace a temperaturas termófilas, transformándose entre un 30 y un 50% de los sólidos volátiles en biogás. En los sistemas con dos etapas la acidogénesis se separa de la metanogénesis con lo cual se mejora la hidrólisis de la celulosa y por lo tanto la eficiencia del proceso. Entre los recientes adelantos en el diseño de digestores cabe incluir la introducción de una manta de flujo ascendente para fangos anaeróbicos y bioreactores con camas fluidas y de lámina fija que pueden usarse con cargas mayores. La eficiencia del proceso puede llegar entonces hasta 97%. En este trabajo se pasa revista a todas estas nuevas tecnologías.
    Notes: Summary Anaerobic digestion is an extensively used bioconversion process to produce gaseous fuel from native lignocellulosic materials. It consists essentially of two steps; acidogenesis and methanogenesis. Most conventional anaerobic digesters are single-stage systems. Animal waste, agricultural residues, sewage sludge and industrial effluents are suitable as feedstock. Biogas productivity in single stage digestion ranges from 0.5–1.5 m3/m3/day at mesophilic (20–40°C) and 1.0–2.5 m3/m3/day at thermophilic (40–60°C) temperatures, and about 30–50% of the volatile solids are converted to biogas. In two-stage systems, acidogenesis is separated from methanogenesis, which improves cellulose hydrolysis and process efficiency. Recent advances in digester design include the introduction of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, and fluidized-bed and fixed-film bioreactors, which are operated at much higher loading. Process efficiency can be as high as 97%. An overview of these technologies is presented.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 24 (1985), S. 202-206 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Bubble ; drag coefficient ; shear-thinning elastic fluid ; Ellis model ; Carreau model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The drag coefficient for bubbles with mobile or immobile interface rising in shear-thinning elastic fluids described by an Ellis or a Carreau model is discussed. Approximate solutions based on linearization of the equations of motion are presented for the highly elastic region of flow. These solutions are in reasonably good agreement with the theoretical predictions based on variational principles and with published experimental data.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 6 (1998), S. 383-393 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words Oman ; time-domain electromagnetic sounding ; geophysical methods ; geologic fabric ; salt-water intrusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un tiers de la population d'Oman est alimenté par de l'eau souterraine pompée dans les alluvions de la plaine de Batinah, sur la côte du golfe d'Oman. Des techniques d'exploration géophysique profonde ont été mises en oeuvre pour déterminer la profondeur et la nature des alluvions et les limites de l'aquifère. La base et les contrôles structuraux du bassin alluvial au contact des sédiments marins tertiaires et des ophiolites crétacées ont été cartographiés à partir des données de sismique réflexion obtenues à l'origine pour la recherche pétrolière. La base des alluvions plonge vers le nord à partir du piémont du massif septentrional d'Oman, pour atteindre une profondeur maximale de 2000 m sur la côte. Les divers faciès alluviaux sont grossièrement caractérisés par des différentes gammes de résistivitéélectrique se recouvrant, dépendant surtout de la teneur en argiles et du degré de cimentation. Les résistivités près de la côte diminuent du fait de l'intrusion marine. Ces variations de résistivité ont été cartographiées à partir de 400 km de profils électromagnétiques, dans le domaine temporel ; trois zones ont été distinguées dans l'aquifère alluvial. Le biseau salé a aussi été délimité, jusqu'à 10 km de la côte. L'épaisseur de la partie saturée des graviers va de 20–160 m sur une étendue supérieure à 600 km2.
    Abstract: Resumen Un tercio de la población de Omán depende de las aguas subterráneas extraídas del aluvial de la Llanura de Batinah, en la costa del Golfo de Omán. Para determinar la profundidad y naturaleza del aluvial, así como los límites del acuífero, se han usado técnicas de exploración geofísica profunda. El basamento y los límites estructurales del aluvial en su contacto con los sedimentos marinos del Terciario y la ofiolita cretácica se obtuvieron mediante sísmica de reflexión, registrada previamente en campañas de exploración petrolífera. La base del aluvial buza hacia el norte desde el pie de las Montañas del Norte de Omán, alcanzando una profundidad máxima de 2000 m en la costa. Las distintas facies del aluvial están caracterizadas por rangos distintos, pero superpuestos, de resistividad eléctrica, dependiendo del contenido en arcillas y del grado de cementación. Las resistividades cerca de la costa se reducen por la intrusión salina. Estas variaciones de resistividad se obtuvieron con registros electromagnéticos a lo largo de un perfil de 400 km, con el objetivo de distinguir las tres zonas del acuífero aluvial. También se pudo obtener la geometría de la cuña de intrusión, que llega hasta 10 km de la costa. El espesor de las gravas saturadas que forman el acuífero oscila entre los 20–160 m en un área superior a 600 km2.
    Notes: Abstract  One-third of the population of Oman depends upon groundwater extracted from the alluvium of the Batinah Plain, on the coast of the Gulf of Oman. Deep geophysical exploration techniques were used to determine the depth and nature of the alluvium and the boundaries of the aquifer. The base and structural controls of the alluvial basin at its contact with Tertiary marine sediments and Cretaceous ophiolite were mapped with seismic reflection data, recorded originally for oil exploration. The base of the alluvium dips northward from the foothills of the Northern Oman Mountains, reaching a maximum depth of 2000 m at the coast. The varying facies of the alluvium are grossly characterised by different, overlapping ranges of electrical resistivity, depending largely on the clay content and degree of cementation. Resistivities near the coast are reduced by saline intrusion. These variations of resistivity were mapped with time-domain electromagnetic sounding along 400 km of profile, to distinguish among the three zones of the alluvial aquifer. The wedge of saline intrusion was also delineated, up to 10 km from the coast. The thickness of the saturated gravel aquifer ranges from 20–160 m in an area greater than 600 km2.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Transfection — Gene transfer — Adenovirus — Polylysine-conjugate — Skeletal cells.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. In order to assess efficient DNA gene transfer into human primary cell cultures derived from the skeleton we tested two viral-based procedures. First, replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses (ADV) were used to infect post-confluent human marrow stromal fibroblasts (HMSF) and human trabecular bone (HTB) cells. Both cell types were readily infected by modified adenoviral vectors carrying a reporter gene making this virus an attractive candidate to facilitate DNA gene transfer. In a second approach we coincubated DNA with ADV that had polylysine (PLL) covalently attached. With this ADV/PLL/DNA complex, very efficient gene transfer into multilayered HMSF and HTB cell cultures was observed, and DNA coincubated with unmodified ADV failed to be effectively transferred. These data imply that the covalently bound PLL more effectively binds exogenous DNA, resulting in a highly efficient internalization event in both cell types. Thus, this latter method has many advantages over conventional ADV gene transfer procedures. It is simple, rapid, and it does not require engineering of DNA into the viral genome, thereby allowing transfer of large fragments of DNA.
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