ALBERT

Description: A sponge collection dredged by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in the vicinity of Barbados (West Indies) contained a Cinachyralike specimen bearing large and conspicuous acanthoxea. This find induced the present author to re-examine all specimens with similar spiculation reported so far. A review of the literature revealed that a total of three such specimens has been described in two different genera, all as separate species, viz. Acanthotetilla hemisphaerica Burton, 1959, Acanthocinachyra enigmatica Levi, 1964, and Acanthocinachyra seychellensis Thomas, 1973. Both genera are reported to differ in the presence (genus Acanthocinachyra) or absence (genus Acanthotetilla) of sigmaspire microscleres. In view of the close similarity of the two genera it seemed wise to compare all the specimens.\nMiss S. M. STONE (British Museum (Natural History), London) kindly consented to the loan of the holotype of Acanthotetilla hemisphaerica; Dr. P. L. G. BENOIT (KOninklijk Museum voor Midden Afrika, Tervuren, Belgium) and Dr. C. L\xc3\x89VI (Mus\xc3\xa9um National d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Paris) readily sent the specimens of Acanthocinachyra seychellensis and A. enigmatica, respectively. Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Laboratorium, State University of Utrecht) is kindly thanked for his donation of the West Indian collection. Scanning Electron Microscope illustrations were made by Drs. S. WEINBERG, the other photographic illustrations by Mr. L. A. VAN DER LAAN (both ZMA), which aid is gratefully acknowledged.

Description: A large number of samples of Salpidae, Doliolidae and Pyrosomatidae, collected by the U. S. Ocean Acre Project, are studied. A new record for the Bermuda area of Doliopsis rubescens (Vogt, 1817) is given. Dominant species are Iasis zonaria (Pallas, 1766), Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804, and Salpa aspera Chamisso, 1819. Seasonal peak occurrences are observed for several species. The seasonal and vertical variation of the number of muscle fibres of aggregate Salpa fusiformis and aggregate Salpa aspera is studied and discussed.

Description: This paper represents the first part of a list of Coelenterate type specimens incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum. The present 46 pelagic Coelenterate types are listed with their original names accompanied by a non-critical and incomplete synonymy.

Description: The present paper, the first one of a series on West Indian Sponges incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam, deals with the Keratosa. A total of 33 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti-collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Keratosa-types of this collection a photographic illustration and an extensive redescription is given. Most of the type specimens are designated as (para-)lectotypes. Two new species are described, viz. Ircinia hummelincki from deeper water off Barbados, and Pleraplysilla stocki from mangrove forests in Puerto Rico. Five \xe2\x80\x9cforgotten\xe2\x80\x9d species are revived, viz. ? Coscinoderma musicalis (Duch. & Mich., 1864), Fasciospongia cerebriformis (Duch. & Mich., 1864), Hyrtios proteus Duch. & Mich., 1864, Hyrtios caracasensis (Carter, 1882) and Spongia solitaria Hyatt, 1877. Application of the priority rules of zoological nomenclature has led to the renaming of five species, viz. Spongia pertusa Hyatt, 1877 (for S. anclotea De Laubenfels & Storr, 1958), Hyattella intestinalis (Lamarck, 1814) (for Aulena columbia (De Laubenfels, 1936)), Oligoceras violacea (Duch. & Mich., 1864) (for O. hemorrhages De Laubenfels, 1936), Verongula rigida (Esper, 1794) (for V. ardis sensu Wiedenmayer, 1977) and Igernella notabilis (Duch. & Mich., 1864 (for I. (Darwinella) joyeuxi (Topsent, 1889)). New records for the West Indies are Ircinia dendroides (Schmidt, 1862) and Chelonaplysilla erecta Tsurnamal, 1967. The suborders, families, genera and species of Keratosa occurring in the West Indies are discussed; a proposal is made to give suborder status to the family Aplysinidae (= Verongiidae sensu Bergquist & Hartman, 1969). The zoogeography of West Indian Keratosa is preliminarily analyzed and some ecological remarks are made.

Description: The Salp genera Traustedtia Metcalf, 1918, Weelia Yount, 1954 and Brooksia Metcalf, 1918 are revised, resulting in the conclusion that Traustedtia is a monotypical genus, and that Brooksia on the other hand, contains two taxa, one of which is newly described under the name B. berneri. Weelia shows a confusing variation, which must await further study. The variation in Ihlea punctata (Forsk\xc3\xa5l, 1775) shows that there is no ground for the assumption that the species described as Ihlea asymmetrica (Fowler, 1896) is separate from I. punctata. Two undescribed taxa, reported upon in previous studies of the present author, are now fully described as new species: Cyclosalpa danae and Thalia rhinoceros.

Description: This third part of the Coelenterate type catalogue of the Zoological Museum lists 124 nominal types (27 Antipatharia, 30 Pennatulacea, 4 Stolonifera, 3 Telestacea and 60 Alcyonacea). Seventeen not previously depicted types are represented by photographic illustrations of their habit.

Description: This paper represents a general study of two major phenomena in the taxonomy of the lower taxa of the Salpidae and their bearing on theories about the origin of the recent species. Arguments are presented that point strongly to a specific status for closely related forms previously described as infraspecific by most authors. Latitudinalclinal variation, reported for the first time in salps in a previous paper of the present author, is now demonstrated to be a uniform trend in all species with a wide distribution into temperate waters. Some indications are found that support the assumption that the clinal forms represent separate populations with a small degree of genetic difference. Thalia democratica (Forsk\xc3\xa5l, 1775) is divided into two formae, forma democratica, distributed over the whole of the Atlantic and the subtropical and temperate parts of the Indo-Pacific, and forma indopacifica nov., confined to the tropical parts of the Indo-Pacific. On the basis of the species distribution and the occurrence of clinal variation the surface waters of the world oceans are divided into 11 major biogeographic regions, largely conforming to similar divisions made on the basis of other holoplanktonic groups. Finally postulations are made about the most likely mode of speciation of the lower taxa in the Salpidae. Climatic deterioration and lowering of the sea surface temperatures during glaciations of the past four million years are thought to have caused isolation of salp populations in the Atlantic Ocean. This isolation presumably resulted in the present species diversity.

Description: The collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden and the Zoologisch Museum of Amsterdam contain 19 species of Porifera (15 marine and 4 freshwater species) originating from the Netherlands. Among the marine species, Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766), Halichondria bowerbanki Burton, 1930, Haliclona oculala (Pallas, 1766), Cliona celata (Grant, 1826), Scypha ciliata (Fabricius, 1780) (two forms) and Leucosolenia botryoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (two forms) appeared to be most common. Rare or moderately rare species proved to be Ficulina ficus (Linnaeus, 1767), Prosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1816), Mycale contareni (von Martens, 1824) and Haliclona loosanoffi Hartman, 1958. Hymeniacidon perlevis (Montagu, 1812), Ciocalypta penicillus Bowerbank, 1866, Grantia compressa (Fabricius, 1780), Raspailia pumila (Bowerbank, 1866) and Clathrina coriacea (Montagu, 1818) are each represented by only one sample.\nOf the freshwater sponges two species are quite common: Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) and Ephydatia fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1759). Two other species, Eunapius fragilis (Leidy, 1851) and Ephydatia muelleri (Lieberk\xc3\xbchn, 1856) have been found only a few times.

Description: This second part of the Coelenterate type catalogue of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam lists 133 nominal types of benthic Hydrozoa (112 hydroids, 21 hydrocorals).

Description: This final part of the Coelenterate type catalogue lists 274 nominal types (183 Gorgonacea, 9 Actiniaria and 82 Scleractinia). Six not previously depicted types are represented by photographic illustrations of their habit. Furthermore lists are provided of schizotypes, i.e. fragments of types housed in other musea donated at some time to the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam, and of missing types, i.e. types, which should be in the ZMA but were found missing in a recent survey of the collections.