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  • 1
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    Recognition of unique carboxyl-terminal motifs by distinct PDZ domains (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: The oriented peptide library technique was used to investigate the peptide-binding specificities of nine PDZ domains. Each PDZ domain selected peptides with hydrophobic residues at the carboxyl terminus. Individual PDZ domains selected unique optimal motifs defined primarily by the carboxyl terminal three to seven residues of the peptides. One family of PDZ domains, including those of the Discs Large protein, selected peptides with the consensus motif Glu-(Ser/Thr)-Xxx-(Val/Ile) (where Xxx represents any amino acid) at the carboxyl terminus. In contrast, another family of PDZ domains, including those of LIN-2, p55, and Tiam-1, selected peptides with hydrophobic or aromatic side chains at the carboxyl terminal three residues. On the basis of crystal structures of the PSD-95-3 PDZ domain, the specificities observed with the peptide library can be rationalized.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Songyang, Z -- Fanning, A S -- Fu, C -- Xu, J -- Marfatia, S M -- Chishti, A H -- Crompton, A -- Chan, A C -- Anderson, J M -- Cantley, L C -- CA66263/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK34989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):73-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8974395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanylate Kinase ; Helminth Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinesin/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Myosins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase/chemistry/metabolism ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of enlarged back gaps in vertical giant magnetoresistance read heads (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5321-5323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: To fully exploit the capability of vertical head sensors, it is necessary to increase the gap immediately after the front contact region located at the air bearing surface. Because of fringing of the flux as it leaves the sensor and passes to the shields, the effective gap is less than the physical gap. An analysis has been performed using an electrical, SPICE, analog model for the field equations to determine the relationship between the change in the physical gap and the effective gap in terms of the signal decay along the sensor [A. V. Pohm, R. S. Beech, J. M. Anderson, and W. C. Black, IEEE Trans. Magn. 33, 2392 (1997)]. Three enlarged half gaps were considered: one with an abrupt increase, one with a slope of two, and one with a slope of one. The analysis considered mostly back gaps which were ten times larger than the front gaps, going from 0.1 to 1.0 μm, for example. The results show an abrupt step yields an effective slope of 0.9 and a physical step with a slope of 1 yields an effective slope of 0.75. The effective slopes are being used to more accurately model the decay of signal flux along vertical head sensors. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370239
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of write field rise times on the switching thresholds of pseudo spin valve memory cells (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4771-4772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A number of experiments were performed on submicron, giant magnetoresistance, pseudospin valve, memory elements which showed that the write thresholds are significantly reduced if the rise time of the word write pulses are less than 2 ns and the elements are in the proper initial states. Tested elements had cell widths of 0.3 and 0.17 μm and total lengths of about 1.8 μm. The active lengths were 1.0 to 1.2 μm. Rise times used in the tests were 1.25, 2, and 4 ns. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370476
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF TIGHT JUNCTIONS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 60 (1998), S. 121-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tight junction creates a regulated barrier in the paracellular pathway and, together with the actin-rich adherens junction, forms a functional unit called the apical junction complex. A growing number of tight junction-associated proteins have been identified, but functions are defined for only a few. The intercellular barrier is formed by rows of the transmembrane protein occludin, which is bound on the cytoplasmic surface to ZO-1 and ZO-2. These proteins are members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family and are likely to have both structural and signaling roles. Junctional plaque proteins without known functions include cingulin, p130, and 7H6; single reports describe ZA-1TJ and symplekin. Many cellular signaling pathways affect assembly and sealing of junctions. Transducing proteins, which localize within the junction, include both heterotrimeric and rho-related GTP-binding proteins, PKC-zeta and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Control of perijunctional actin may be the unifying mechanism for regulating paracellular permeability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.121
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signal-to-noise optimization in narrow vertical and horizontal giant magnetoresistent head sensors (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4840-4840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis was performed on the optimum distance that vertical or horizontal M–R sensors should extend into a read head gap in order to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio of the amplified signal excluding media noise. The optimum distance depends on the decay length of the signal flux in the gap, sensor resistance, lead resistance, equivalent resistance of the amplifier, gap uniformity, sensor width, signal field sensitivity of the average sensor permeability, and bias field magnitudes. To a first approximation for typical values of the parameters, the optimum distance ranges from 1 to 2.5 times the decay length in the gap. Vertical sensors were found to utilize more effectively a nonuniform gap because the magnetic material can extend under the rear contact. The magnetization at the back edge of a horizontal sensor is essentially pinned by demagnetizing fields. Because sensor current densities are typically high, a 100 °C operating temperature was assumed. Also, because run length limited codes are used, the 1/f noise contribution of the GMR material was not considered in the calculations.© 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364849
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large Time Asymptotics for Brownian Hitting Densities of Transient Concave Curves (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of theoretical probability 10 (1997), S. 921-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9230
    Keywords: Brownian motion ; hitting density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract With appropriate regularity assumptions on the increasing concave function x=β(t)〈0, the hitting time density p(t) for a transient curve x=β(t) by a 1-dimensional Brownian motion is shown to satisfy $$p(t) \sim \frac{{(1 - r)}}{{\sqrt {2\pi } }}\frac{{\beta (t) - t\beta '(t)}}{{t^{3/2} }}e^{ - (\phi ^2 (t))2} {\text{, as }}t \to \infty $$ Here r is the probability of eventually hitting the curve and φ(t)=t −1/2β(t).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022662616608
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lignin signatures show the effects of changes in heather and bracken cover on the composition of organic matter in a moorland soil profile (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 194-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Community dynamics ; Pteridium aquilinum ; Calluna vulgaris ; Phenylpropanoids ; Soil profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is aggressively displacing heather (Calluna vulgaris) on many moorlands in Britain. We investigated the use of lignin derivatives to identify the distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) derived from bracken in moorland soil profiles formed under heather. Phenylpropanoids extracted from recently senesced litters, roots and SOM, using alkaline CuO oxidation, showed distinct signatures for bracken and heather, with vanillyl moieties dominating bracken litter extracts and vanillyl and syringyl dominating heather litter extracts. Ratios of vanillyl and syringyl concentrations characterised the SOM derived from heather and bracken better than the concentrations of the individual moieties. The analysis showed up to a depth of 5 cm under pure bracken cover, and at the interface between heather and bracken, the SOM was largely derived from bracken litter but below that depth SOM was apparently derived from heather. The use of these methods to identify the plant origin of SOM not only enables understanding the effects of changing vegetation cover on organic matter dynamics in moorland soils but could also facilitate management techniques in moorland/heathland restoration which involve the removal of comparatively nutrient-rich SOM derived from bracken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050648
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monocyte, macrophage and foreign body giant cell interactions with molecularly engineered surfaces (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 10 (1999), S. 579-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the mechanisms involved in monocyte/macrophage adhesion and fusion to form foreign body giant cells on molecularly engineered surfaces, we have utilized our in vitro culture system to examine surface chemistry effects, cytoskeletal reorganization and adhesive structure development, and cell receptor-ligand interactions in in vitro foreign body giant cell formation. Utilizing silane-modified surfaces, monocyte/macrophage adhesion was essentially unaffected by surface chemistry, however the density of foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) was correlated with surface carbon content. An exception to the surface-independent macrophage adhesion were the alkyl-silane modified surfaces which exhibited reduced adhesion and FBGC formation. Utilizing confocal immunofluorescent techniques, cytoskeletal reorganization and adhesive structure development in in vitro FBGC formation was studied. Podosomes were identified as the adhesive structures in macrophages and FBGCs based on the presence of characteristic cytoplasmic proteins and F-actin at the ventral cell surface. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and focal adhesions were not identified as the adhesive structures in macrophages and FBGCs. In studying the effect of preadsorbed proteins on FBGC formation, fibronectin or vitronectin do not play major roles in initial monocyte/macrophage adhesion, whereas polystyrene surfaces modified with RGD exhibited significant FBGC formation. These studies identify the potential importance of surface chemistry-dependent conformational alterations which may occur in proteins adsorbed to surfaces and their potential involvement in receptor-ligand interactions. Significantly, preadsorption of α2-macroglobulin facilitated macrophage fusion and FBGC formation readily on the RGD surface in the absence of any additional serum proteins. As α2-macroglobulin receptors are not found on blood monocytes but are expressed only with macrophage development, these results point to a potential interaction between adsorbed α2-macroglobulin and its receptors on macrophages during macrophage development and fusion. These studies identify important surface independent and dependent effects in foreign body reaction development that may be important in the identification of biological design criteria for molecularly engineered surfaces and tissue engineered devices. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008976531592
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tight-junction protein ZO-1 isoforms (α+ and α−) show differential extractability and epidermal-growth-factor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in A431 cells (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: ZO-1 protein ; Tight junction ; A 431 cells ; Tyrosine phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary ZO-1, a cytoplasmic plaque protein of tight junctions, exists in vivo as two major isoforms which are defined by the presence or absence of an 80 amino acid domain termed α. The ZO-1α (+) isoform is expressed in most epithelial cells while ZO-1α(−) isoform expression is restricted to endothelial cells and some highly specialized epithelial cells, suggesting that the isoforms serve different functions. We had previously demonstrated that both ZO-1 isoforms are expressed in A 431 cells and are tyrosine phosphorylated in response to epidermal-growth-factor treatment. In the present study, we found that the α(-) isoform of ZO-1 was more tightly associated with the cytoskeleton than was the α(+) isoform, based on extraction in nonionic detergent. In addition, the ZO-1α(-) was preferentially tyrosine phosphorylated in response to epidermal-growth-factor treatment. However, both isoforms became more tightly associated with the cytoskeleton after A 431 cells were exposed to epidermal growth factor. Immunofluorescence analysis of A 431 cells with isoform-specific antibodies demonstrated that functional differences in ZO-1 isoform behavior were not due to differences in their subcellular locations. The coincident localization of these isoforms does not rule out different affinities for interacting proteins related to the presence or absence of the α domain, and it is these interactions that are likely to explain functional differences between the isoforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01288206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of miniature pingers for tracking Atlantic salmon smolts at sea (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 371-372 (1998), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; marine migration ; smolts ; ultrasonic telemetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Miniature pingers and automated receivers were developed and tested over three years to track Atlantic salmon smolts of different size and origin as they migrated from fresh water and at sea. Pingers (8 mm diameter × 38 mm) with delayed activation were first tested and surgically implanted in large hatchery-reared smolts (31 cm). After improvements, these pingers were implanted in smaller hatchery smolts (23 cm) in a second study. They were detected by automated receivers at fixed sites and tracked at sea as far as 49 km. Range of detection was at least 400 m, and duration of improved pingers exceeded 75 d. Pingers were then reduced in size (8 mm × 26 mm) by using a custom integrated circuit, and they were implanted and tested in wild smolts (18 cm) in a third study. They were tracked over the same period and distances as the previous year. Power output was maintained and signal strength and range of detection were as good as for the larger pingers, and pinger duration was up to 86 d. In all tests, the frequency of transmitters was crystal controlled for decoding by the narrow-band automated receivers moored underwater at fixed sites. A laboratory study to examine the long-term effects of surgically implanting dummy pingers of different sizes (8 mm × 24, 28, and 32 mm) in juvenile salmon (15 cm) indicated that pinger shape needed modification to increase retention time past 5–6 mo and that pinger size should be reduced further to eliminate mortality. These studies have led to the development of miniature coded transmitters and small single-channel receivers which will make it possible to detect and track large numbers of small, wild salmon smolts over long distances and for several months at sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017014903313
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