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  • 1
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    Effects of Chlorella vulgaris on blood and immunological parameters of Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) fry exposed to Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) virus (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In the present study, the effects of Chlorella vulgaris on blood and immunological parameters of Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) before and after exposure to Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) virus were examined. In this regard, four treatments in triplicate were chosen. Groups included one control and 3treatments (T1, T2 and T3). Fish in control group, T1, T2 and T3 were fed diets supplemented with 0, 1×108, 2×107 and 3×106 chlorella/450 g of food respectively, for sixty days. In addition, a virus supernatant was prepared from infected wild golden grey mullet (Liza auratus) and used for virus challenge of S. trutta caspius. Virus was injected intraperitoneally and blood samples were collected before and 14 days after the challenge. Immunological (IgM, C3, C4, total protein, respiratory burst, albumin and lysozyme) and changes in blood parameters (RBC, WBC, Htc, Hb, MCH, MCHC and MCV) were also measured. Results showed that C. vulgaris could act as a natural immunestimulant. Also, the alteration trend in hematological and immunological parameters showed that experimental fish could be considered to be resistant to VNN virus after exposure and fish treated with C. vulgaris were more resistant in comparison to those in the control group. The dose used in T1 (1×108 chlorella/450 g food) was the most effective approach with significant differences.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Chlorella vulgaris ; Blood parameters ; Immunological parameters ; Salmo trutta caspius ; Viral Nervous Necrosis virus
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.494-510
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  • 2
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    The introduce of a new modified Nested RT-PCR molecular technique for rapid diagnosis of Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) is considered as one of the most important threats for mariculture and aquaculture in the world and up to now, it has been affecting more than 70 fish species. This study was aimed to detect and identify fish betanodavirus, the causative agent of VNN, using nested RT-PCR from brain tissue of Caspian Sea Mullet. Forty samples of subclinical golden grey mullet fish (range: 50-250 gr) were collected from the coastal areas of Caspian Sea in 2016. The target organ (brain) was excised and the reverse transcription (cDNA synthesis) was carried out followed by the RNA extraction. In the present study, detecting of the virus was performed with Nested RT-PCR using two pairs of primers F2/R3 and NF2/NR3 in two steps. After optimization of PCR, all of the forty specimens were negative by the first-step PCR (RT-PCR) while 20 out of 40 grey mullet were positive using Nested RT-PCR (second-step PCR) and a strong band of the expected size (300 bp) was clearly observed. Therefore, it seems that Nested RT-PCR is a method of choice for rapid detection of the low level of infection and in asymptomatic carrier fish. In addition, the result of sequencing revealed that the virus belonged to the RGNNV genotype.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Viral Nervous Necrosis ; Golden grey mullet ; Nested RT-PCR ; Sequencing
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.115-125
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  • 3
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    Mortality of wild golden grey mullet (Liza auratus) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea, associated with viral nervous necrosis-like agent (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: An acute mortality caused by an uncertain agent occurred in wild golden grey mullet (Liza auratus) population in the Iranian side of the Caspian Sea in February, 2004. Clinical signs of the moribund fish were erratic behavior such as spiral swimming, belly-up at rest and over inflation of swim bladder. Histological examination of brain of dead fish revealed hyperaemia, degeneration and necrosis in external granular layers as well as focal extension in intestine. Severe leucopenia was also observed. No putative causal factors were suggested by bacteriological, parasitological or environmental examinations. In virological examina-tions, however brains of affected golden grey mullet were positive in the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test for piscine nodavirus (Nodaviridae, Betanodavirus), the causative agent of Encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in a variety of cultured marine fishes worldwide. Nucleotide sequence of the PCR amplicons is closely related with the coat protein gene of piscine nodaviruses, particularly redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). Although, it was not succeeded to isolate the virus, experimental infection with the brain homogenates of the affected fish in sevenband grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus), which is highly susceptible to RGNNV, produced neuro- logical abnormality followed by mortality. These results suggest that the mortality observed in golden grey mullet in the Caspian Sea might have been associated with piscine nodavirus infection.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Golden grey mullet ; VER ; VNN ; Nodavirus ; PCR
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.43-58
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  • 4
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    Diagnosis of endosulfan induced DNA damage in rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) using comet assay (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Use of different pesticides in the agriculture sector, in order to boost crop yield within a short time period and low labor, has been tremendously increased since the last decade. Pesticide use has elevated crop yield but has produced a number of pronounced problems regarding environmental and health safety. The continuously deteriorating toxicological effects of these pesticides are not only hazardous to humans and land animals but also to economically important aquatic organisms such as fish. One of these extensively used pesticides is an organochlorine insecticide, endosulfan. Experiments conducted in the past have shown the deleterious effects of endosulfan on different aspects of various fish species but its genetic toxicity has not been well studied. The present study was conducted to diagnose the DNA damage induced by endosulfan in peripheral blood erythrocytes of an economically important teleost fish rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) using comet assay. The fish were exposed to three different sub lethal concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2 µg L-1) of endosulfan for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Rohu showed different extents of DNA damage at different concentrations and time, in terms of genetic damage index (GDI), percentage of damaged cells (% damaged cell) and cumulative tail length (µm) of the comets. Increase in DNA damage was observed to be concentration and time-dependent. The current study revealed the severe genotoxic effects of endosulfan in rohu, Labeo rohita. Therefore its discriminate use should be avoided as it can contribute to the decline of rohu in natural habitats. Also it should be considered as a hazardous threat for human consumption.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Genetics ; Endosulfan ; DNA damage ; Erythrocyte ; Comet assay ; Rohu
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.138-149
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  • 5
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    Enteric redmouth disease: Past, present and future: A review (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Enteric red mouth disease (also known as Yersiniosis) is one of the most significant bacterial infections in coldwater fish farms that cause significant mortalities and economical losses in the salmonids fish farms, especially in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ERM is caused by the gram negative pathogen bacteria Yersinia ruckeri that has five O-serotypes (O1, O2, O5, O6 and O7), five outer membrane protein types (OMP types 1–5) and two biotypes 1 and 2. The disease has a wide geographical distribution in various fresh or sea water fish. More than twenty species mainly of Salmonide origin have been affected and this number is likely to rise in the future following the introduction of new species and the increase of aquaculture trade. The disease can affect fish of all age classes but is most acute in small fish up to fingerling size. Affected fish may reveal different clinical symptoms depending on species, age and temperature. The most characteristic and common clinical signs of the disease include lethargic behavior and inactivity, swimming near the surface, anorexia, and darkening of the skin. The reddening of the throat and mouth, caused by subcutaneous haemorrhaging and exophthalmos are commonly present. Different diagnostic methods have been used for Y. ruckeri, including culturing, serological, biochemical tests, histopathological studies and molecular techniques. This review summarizes the past, present and future state of yersiniosis with emphasis on status of this disese in Iran. Also, some criteria in diagnosis, control and prevention of ERM were discussed.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Rainbow trout ; Enteric redmouth disease ; Yersinia ruckeri ; Diagnosis ; Control and preventation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1135-1156
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  • 6
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    Isolation and phylogenic analysis of emerging new antibiotic resistant bacteria, Acinetobacter lwoffii, associated with mortality in farmed rainbow trout (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Whereas it is well documented that the genus Acinetobacter is associated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and human clinical infections, there are very few studies to date that report it as an emerging new pathogen for fish. In the present study, Acinetobacter lwoffii was isolated from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Iranian farms, in the Khuzestan Province by both biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and further confirmed as the causative agent by infectivity experiment. Uni or bilateral exophthalmia, blackening of the skin, abdominal distension, hemorrhages around the mouth cavity and eyes, basal fine, skin, gills and in internal organs were the main clinical signs in the affected fish. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence of MD77 revealed a 99% homology with that of A. lwoffii (GenBank accession no.KR856323.1) form Iran. Histopathological changes of challenged rainbow trout including focal necrosis of liver cells (hepatocyte), pyknotic nucleus and karyolysis of hepatocyte, hyperemia, fatty acid composition change of liver, infiltration of inflammatory cells, sinusoidal dilatation and congestion. The drug resistance of isolates and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was examined and showed that A. lwoffii was multiresistant to 8 of the antimicrobial agents tested.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Fish disease ; Rainbow trout ; Acinetobacter lwoffii ; Phylogenic analysis ; Pathogenic effects ; Drug resistance ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Isolation ; Antibiotic ; GenBank ; Fish
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1279-1292
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  • 7
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    Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) an emerging disease caused by Nodaviridae in aquatic hosts: Diagnosis, control and prevention: A review (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Betanodavirus is one of the two genera making up the family Nodaviridae and is the etiological agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN, also known as viral encephalopathy and retinopathy or VER). The virus infects a large range of host species in more than 50 species of marine and freshwater fish worldwide from different geographical areas and the known host range continues to expand as new species of fish are used for aquaculture. The disease is characterized by vacuolating necrosis of neural cells of the brain, retina and spinal cord and causes up to 100% mortality in larval and juvenile fish, and can cause significant losses in older fish. The lack of knowledge about control and prevention of the disease makes the problem serious and impedes development of management approaches. Therefore this review focuses on current knowledge and future perspectives of viral nervous necrosis in the aquaculture industry with special focus on the type of diagnosis, control and prevention of the disease.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Viral nervous necrosis ; Betanodavirus ; Diagnosis ; Control and prevention ; Aquatic ; VNN
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.30-47
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  • 8
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    A case report of Enteritis Redmouth Disease in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Kohkyloyeh va Boyerahmad province in Iran (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: An unknown mortality was occurred in some ponds of a farm in an area of Kohgiloyeh-&- Boyerahmad province. Three ponds showed the highest mortality rate, about 5 to 20 dead fish were reported daily for 45 days. Afflicted fish have darkening in the skin and swimming near surface or at the floor of pond and swam unmatched with flock. Some fish showed hemorrhages around and within the oral cavity and exophthalmia occasionally. About 45 moribund rainbow trout were sampled for dissection and bacteriological examination. Kidney, liver and spleen of the fishes were examined for the detection and identification of bacteria causative agent of disease in rainbow trout. They cultivated aseptically on different media (Blood Agar, Tryptic soy Agar, TCBS Agar and MacConkey Agar). All fish have been infected and suffered septicemia. A type of gram's negative bacteria was responsible of infection and mix infection was not confirmed. The bacterium was being able to grow on Mac Conkey agar. It was a bacterium very similar with Yersinia ruckeri which induced infection. Detection was based on clinical finding and bacteriological laboratory results so using of some confirmation methods such as FAT or PCR would be recommended strongly.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Yersiniosis ; Rainbow trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Yersinia ruckeri ; Fish ; Report
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.133-138
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  • 9
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    The effect of addition different levels Cumin powder (Cuminum Cyminum) supplement on growth indices, survival and carcass compositions of western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The effect of different levels of herbal supplement of Cumin powder (Cuminum cyminum) on growth, survival and carcass composition of the Litopenaeus vannamei was evaluated in the summer of 1395 for 56 days at the Persian Gulf Aquaculture reproduction and reconstruction center. For this purpose, four groups of shrimp with an average weight of 3.45±0.3 g in 300 liter fiberglass tanks with a density of 60 shrimp per tank, with different levels (0.5, 1 and 1.5 percent) was supplemented. The Cumin powder was fed with 3 replicates. At the end of the period, growth indices (average body weight gain, body weight gain, specific growth ratio and feed conversion ratio), survival rate, and chemical composition of these treatments were compared with control treatment. The results showed that the treatment with 1% Cumin powder had higher growth indices and better survival than other treatments (p〈0.05). In the case of carcass biochemical analysis, the results showed a significant increase in protein and fat content and a significant decrease in moisture content in Cumin powder treatments compared to control (p 〈0.05). The results of this study showed that 1% Cumin powder in diet could be used to improve the growth performance, survival and quality of the carcass composition of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Cumin ; Growth parameter ; Carcass composition ; Growth stimulate ; Cuminum Cyminum ; Survival ; Western white shrimp ; Litopenaeus vannamei
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.121-130
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  • 10
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    Study the antibacterial effect some of the herbal extracts on Yersinia ruckeri in invitro (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Due to increased bacterial resistance to common antibiotics, tendency towards using herbal extracts is increasing. In this study, antibacterial effects of the extracts of Heracleum persicum, Foeniculum vulgare, Plantago psyllium, Camellia Sinensis, Urtica dioica and Allium sativum on Yersinia ruckeri were investigated in vitro condition. The disc diffusion method, minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against Y. ruckeri were employed to determination of antibacterial effects of extracts and furasolidon were used as standard. The MIC of extract of Heracleum persicum, F. vulgare, P. psyllium, C. Sinensis, U. dioica and A. sativum were 400, 75, 250, 250, 75 and 150 (μg/ml), respectively, MBC of these extracts was 610, 100, 500, 250, 150 and 250 (μg/ml) respectively, and diameter of zone of inhibition were 17.6±0.6 (mm), 23.6± 1.2, 20.4 ± 0.9, 18.8 ± 0.7, 21.2 ± 1.3 and 22.6 ± 1.1 (mm) were, respectively, against Y. ruckeri. Results of present study demonstrated that the extracts of F. vulgare, U. dioica and A. sativum were appropriate antibacterial agents against Y. ruckeri. Based on the result of this study, using these herbal extracts were suitable alternative than common antibiotics to treatment systematic infections caused by Y. ruckeri.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Invitro ; Yersinia ruckeri ; Herbal extracts ; Antibacterial effects ; U. dioica ; C. Sinensis ; P. psyllium ; F. vulgare ; Heracleum persicum ; A. sativum ; Antibacterial
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.41-50
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