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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-20
    Beschreibung: Uncertainty in ocean analysis methods and deficiencies in the observing system are major obstacles for the reliable reconstruction of the past ocean climate. The variety of existing ocean reanalyses is exploited in a multi-reanalysis ensemble to improve the ocean state estimation and to gauge uncertainty levels. The ensemble-based analysis of signal-to-noise ratio allows the identification of ocean characteristics for which the estimation is robust (such as tropical mixed-layer-depth,upper ocean heat content), and where large uncertainty exists (deep ocean, Southern Ocean, sea-ice thickness, salinity), providing guidance for future enhancement of the observing and data assimilation systems.
    Beschreibung: This work has been partially funded by the European Commission funded projects MyOcean, MyOcean2 and COMBINE; by the GEMINA project-funded bythe Italian Ministry for Environment; by the NERC-funded VALOR project; by the NERC-funded NCEO program; by the Research Program on Climate Change adaptation of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese government; by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101); by NASA’s Modeling Analysis and Prediction Program under WBS 802678.02.17.01.25 and by the NASA Physical Oceanography Program; by the NOAA's Climate Observation Division (COD); by the LEFE/GMMC French national program.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: s80-s97
    Beschreibung: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Global ocean–sea-ice modelling ; Ocean model comparisons ; DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME ; multi-analysis ensemble ; Ocean climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6914-6919 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Carbon nitride materials have been the focus of research efforts worldwide. Most materials studied have been amorphous, with only a few groups claiming to have found a crystalline material. We investigate the structure of amorphous carbon nitride solids produced by two different techniques: cathodic arc deposition and high dose nitrogen implantation of glassy carbon. Transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, energy filtered electron diffraction, Rutherford backscattering, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy are all used to derive structural information. It was found that the carbon nitride materials prepared by both techniques have similar structures and [N]/[C] ratios (0.3). The materials appear to have a primarily sp2 bonded carbon structure with a smaller bond length than found in amorphous carbon. This is explained by nitrogen substituting into "rings'' to a saturation level of about one nitrogen per three carbon atoms. We have found no evidence for a C3N4 crystalline structure, nor any amorphous derivative of it. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 1563-1568 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: This article reports on the properties of hydrogenated carbon films deposited using a cathodic arc decomposition process with a graphite cathode used in a plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition mode. In this application of the cathodic arc, acetylene is broken down into radicals to form hydrogenated amorphous carbon films. Some results are also reported using hydrogen gas. The density in terms of plasmon energy or sp3 fraction of the films has been found to decrease with increasing acetylene or hydrogen flow rate, approaching the value for glow discharge deposited polymer-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon. When substrate bias is used, the hydrogen content is reduced and graphite microcrystals appear, together with cauliflower-like growths. In the range between 100 and 500 V, negative substrate bias increases the density of the films. Overall, the hydrogen content decreases with the density of the films. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 6279-6285 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Stoichiometric titanium nitride (TiN) films were deposited at less than 130 °C in a new configuration of the helicon activated reactive evaporation system. An in situ ellipsometer was used to monitor the optical properties of the films during growth. The film stress, lattice parameter, surface roughness, crystallite size, and preferred orientation were investigated as a function of substrate bias and hence ion energy of the incident species. The intrinsic stress dependence on ion energy shows the expected result also shown by a variety of materials and is in good agreement with the theoretical model of Davis [Thin Solid Films 226, 30 (1993)]. The high stress level at −50 V bias is confirmed by measurement of lattice parameter. X-ray-diffraction measurements show that the (111)-preferred orientation normal to the substrate surface correlates strongly with the stress level of the films. By correlating our results with those from a number of other reported studies at higher substrate temperature we conclude that the observed preferred orientation in TiN films can be explained from the viewpoint of the energy minimization principle. Kinetic factors are of less importance except possibly at the highest bombardment energies. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 6485-6491 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Both continuous and multilayer profiles of solar selective surfaces have been analyzed and optimized. The structure having the highest photothermal efficiency has two uniform absorbing layers with two antireflection layers of different refractive index materials. Interference effects were analyzed in terms of optical path length of the sublayers and their combination. The phase cancellation positions for the optimized multilayer profiles are well distributed in the solar radiation range but do not occur at wavelengths above about 2.5 μm. A study of the electric-field distribution in these optimized profiles has shown that the sharp transition at above about 2.5 μm from low to high reflectance is due to the absence of high filling factor sublayers which can act as an effective reflecting substrate. The selective properties of the optimized multilayer structures are not particularly sensitive to the optimized graded profile for thickness variations of ±20%. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1255-1257 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: A nonintercepting beam velocity monitoring system has been installed in the 300 keV injection line of the TRIUMF cyclotron to reproduce the injection energy for different ion source beams and monitor any beam energy fluctuations. The monitor is tuned to resonate at 46 MHz and is 3.25 m downstream from the first 23 MHz buncher. The phase difference between the first buncher and the pickup is related to the average beam velocity, i.e., beam energy. The energy sensitivity of the measurement is 1×10−4. The dynamic range of the monitor with beam current is 60 dB, and the measured instantaneous beam intensity can go down to 100 nA. The theory behind the device and the results of beam tests will be described. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 1194-1196 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: A 45° parallel-plate energy spread analyzer has been designed and built for the ISAC project at TRIUMF. It features an energy resolution of ≤0.04% and a spectrometer constant of k=1.29. Nineteen 0.1 mm by 10 mm metal guard frames with 1 MΩ resistors are used to equalize the electric field in the analyzer to an order of ≤0.5%. Electric field simulation is done by a code POISSON. This article describes the design of the analyzer. Preliminary experimental results are also presented. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 3806-3811 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The annealing effect on porosity of amorphous hydrogenerated carbon thin films was studied using a quartz crystal microbalance. As-prepared films show a mesoporous structure and a low adsorption capacity which is proportional to film thickness. Porosity of the as-prepared film is estimated at about 0.15. Baking in vacuum changes the film to be highly microporous and significantly increases the porosity of the films to over 0.40, depending annealing history. Outgassing during the annealing process plays an important role in the formation of porosity. Heat treatment first opens micropores in the slightly mesoporous film. Further heating increases the number and size of micropores, and also produces mesopores. With prolonged heating at high temperatures, further outgassing occurs, resulting in collapsing of the films.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 28 (1985), S. 1962-1967 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The generation of millimeter wave radiation from the interaction of a rotating electron beam (2 MeV, 1 kA, 5 nsec) with an azimuthally periodic wiggler magnetic field has been studied experimentally. Calculations of the effects of the wiggler magnetic field on the single particle electron orbits are presented, together with experimental measurements of the effects of the wiggler field on the electron beam. Narrow-band radiation at power levels in excess of 200 kW has been observed at 88 and 175 GHz for wiggler fields with 6.28 and 3.14 cm periods, respectively. The radiation frequency spectra for various experimental configurations are presented, and results are compared with theoretical expectations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 28 (1985), S. 2524-2536 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The long-time quasilinear development of the free-electron laser instability is investigated for a tenuous electron beam propagating in the z direction through a helical wiggler field B0=−Bˆ cos k0zeˆx−Bˆ sin k0zeˆy. The analysis neglects longitudinal perturbations (δφ(approximately-equal-to)0) and is based on the nonlinear Vlasov–Maxwell equations for the class of beam distributions of the form fb(z,p,t) =n0δ(Px)δ(Py)G(z,pz,t), assuming ∂/∂x=0=∂/∂y. The long-time quasilinear evolution of the system is investigated within the context of a simple "water-bag'' model in which the average distribution function G0( pz,t) =(2L)−1∫L−L dz G(z,pz,t) is assumed to have the rectangular form G0( pz,t) =[2Δ(t)]−1 for ||pz−p0(t)|| ≤Δ(t), and G0( pz,t) =0 for ||pz−p0(t)|| 〉Δ(t). Making use of the quasilinear kinetic equations, a coupled system of nonlinear equations is derived which describes the self-consistent evolution of the mean electron momentum p0(t), the momentum spread Δ(t), the amplifying wave spectrum ||Hk(t)||2, and the complex oscillation frequency ωk(t) +iγk(t).These coupled equations are solved numerically for a wide range of system parameters, assuming that the input power spectrum Pk(t=0) is flat and nonzero for a finite range of wavenumber k that overlaps with the region of k space where the initial growth rate satisfies γk(t=0) 〉0. To summarize the qualitative features of the quasilinear evolution, as the wave spectrum amplifies it is found that there is a concomitant decrease in the mean electron energy γ0(t)mc2=[m2c4+e2Bˆ2/k20 +p20(t)c2]1/2, an increase in the momentum spread Δ(t), and a downshift of the growth rate γk(t) to lower k values. After sufficient time has elapsed, the growth rate γk has downshifted sufficiently far in k space so that the region where γk 〉0 no longer overlaps the region where the initial power spectrum Pk(t=0) is nonzero. Therefore, the wave spectrum saturates, and γ0(t) and Δ(t) approach their asymptotic values.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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