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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micronecking operative during crazing in polymer glasses (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 26 (1993), S. 1767-1773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00059a042
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crazes in diluted entanglement networks of polystyrene (1986)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 19 (1986), S. 2020-2027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00161a040
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Force microscopy of stretched polymer glasses (1991)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 24 (1991), S. 6800-6802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00025a042
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Craze fibril stability and breakdown in polystyrene (1986)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 19 (1986), S. 2010-2019 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00161a039
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Craze microstructure characterization by low-angle electron diffraction and Fourier transforms of craze images (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 3601-3610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Craze microstructure in thin film monodisperse polystyrene (PS) was determined by three equivalent, but independent, techniques: (1) low-angle electron diffraction (LAED) from the crazes, (2) the image analysis of microdensitometer scans of craze TEM images, and (3) optical transforms of the TEM images. Molecular weights of 11×104 and 18×105 were investigated. The average craze fibril spacings and fibril diameters in the samples were measured by LAED and then compared with those obtained from the image analyses. Excellent agreement was found between the three techniques, indicating that any one can be used for craze fibril structure exploration. While the craze fibril structure near the craze-matrix interface of crazes in both the 18×105 and 11×104 were similar, the fibril structure was coarser in the centre of 11×104 crazes than in 18×105 crazes. This effect is believed to be due to fibril coalescence in the centre of the low molecular weight crazes during the very low strain rate tensile deformation used to produce those crazes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02403008
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Craze microstructure characterization by low-angle electron diffraction and Fourier transforms of craze images (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 3601-3610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Craze microstructure in thin film monodisperse polystyrene (PS) was determined by three equivalent, but independent, techniques: (1) low-angle electron diffraction (LAED) from the crazes, (2) the image analysis of microdensitometer scans of craze TEM images, and (3) optical transforms of the TEM images. Molecular weights of 11×104 and 18×105 were investigated. The average craze fibril spacings and fibril diameters in the samples were measured by LAED and then compared with those obtained from the image analyses. Excellent agreement was found between the three techniques, indicating that any one can be used for craze fibril structure exploration. While the craze fibril structure near the craze-matrix interface of crazes in both the 18×105 and 11×104 were similar, the fibril structure was coarser in the centre of 11×104 crazes than in 18×105 crazes. This effect is believed to be due to fibril coalescence in the centre of the low molecular weight crazes during the very low strain rate tensile deformation used to produce those crazes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553806
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wear and friction in glassy polymers: Microscratch on blends of polystyrene and poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1295-1309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer wear ; polymer friction ; scratch ; microscratch ; adhesion theory ; polymer fracture ; crazing ; shear yielding ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The microscopic process of abrasive wear and friction in glassy polymers was studied by using a special microscratch technique. A miscible blend of polystyrene (PS) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) was used. It was found that as the composition varies there seems to exist two wear regimes in the blends controlled by different breakdown mechanisms corresponding to the brittle - ductile transition. Detailed study of the contact loads and SEM micrographs indicate that abrasive wear in the glassy polymers is controlled by microcracking under the asperity contacts. The critical load τc for initiating microscopic cracks can be linked to the macroscopic wear via a statistical Weibull model where τc is taken to be the mean of a strength distribution function. On the other hand, the friction coefficient was found to be independent of the composition but to vary strongly with the contact load. It approaches zero at the extrapolated zero load, but increases rapidly and eventually levels off with contact load. This behavior can be understood by a simple frictional adhesion model in which the polymer deformation during a frictional contact is analyzed by considering the compressive plastic ploughing and shearing yielding around the asperity contact. The shear strength So of the polymer/asperity contacts was found to vary with the normal load. The vertical scratch hardness Hv, which characterizes the spontaneous indentation yielding on the polymer surface, was found to be independent of scratch length and depth, and indeed can be regarded as a material constant. Although both So and Hv can accurately describe the frictional behavior of the glassy polymers, they bear no correlation to abrasive wear in the same materials. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1295-1309, 1997
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Craze fibril structure and coalescence by low-angle electron diffraction (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 23 (1985), S. 1353-1367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Brown has shown that low-angle electron diffraction (LAED) may be used to determine fibril diameters D and spacings D0 of crazes in thin polymer films. He found, however, that the D and D0 determined for air crazes in polystyrene (PS) thin films were larger by about a factor of 3 than those in PS bulk crazes determined by using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). We have repeated Brown's LAED experiments and find that the discrepancy may be caused by an aging effect. Our fresh crazes have D and D0 values from LAED that are comparable to those of bulk PS crazes determined by SAXS. As the craze ages, however, fibrils retract and coalesce in wide regions of the craze, leading eventually to an observable “skin.” Aged crazes thus have much larger D and D0 values than do fresh crazes. The large molecular mobility of the PS molecules in the fibrils necessary for this aging to occur at room temperature has important implications for fibril failure.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.180230705
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chain scission in polystyrene by impact fracture (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30 (1992), S. 1123-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: fracture of polystyrene on impact, chain scission in ; polystyrene, chain scission by impact fracture in ; chain scission in impact fracture of polystyrene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The number of chain scissions ns per unit fracture area by impact in high-molecular weight polystyrene is determined to be approximately 3.3 × 1014/cm2 at room temperature. This is almost 20 times larger than would be expected if chain scissions took place only at, or very close to, fracture surfaces. This result was obtained by measuring the molecular weight decrease and the total fracture area of the impact fragments by using size exclusion chromatography and statistical particle size measurements, respectively. The large ns strongly indicates that significant chain breakage occurs during crazing before the propagation of cracks. An average craze thickness before breakdown under impact is estimated from ns to be around 2 μm. In a diluted polymer, ns is found to be significantly lower than the extrapolated value, assuming a linear dilution of entangled chain crossings at the fracture surface. This low chain scission density, however, can be explained by taking into account the reduction of craze breakdown strain in the diluted polymers. Finally, the broken chain ends of polystyrene appear to be stable under ambient conditions. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1992.090301007
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  • 10
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    Craze fibril stability and breakdown in polystyrene (1986)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0024-9297
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5835
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Chemical Society
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