ALBERT

Notes:   Clusters now form a central element in many regional economic development policies. Location within a cluster of related industries is thought to increase a firm's competitive advantage resulting in higher output and productivity growth rates than in similar firms located beyond the cluster. This study focuses on owner-managers operating small firms within a traditional cluster of metalworking industries and empirically examines the relationship between growth-orientation and the extent and nature of cluster embeddedness. The results indicate only a limited number of differences in growth-orientation given variations in levels of cluster embeddedness. Contrary to conventional wisdom, many of the most growth-oriented entrepreneurs focus their activities outside the cluster, especially in terms of market-based linkages. However, those firms with more advanced process technologies do tend to show above average within cluster linkages.

Notes: The effect of water deficit was compared between drought-tolerant (P954035) and drought-susceptible (P721N) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) genotypes. Gas analysis and leaf water potential (ΨW) measurements indicated clear phenotypic differences between the genotypes in response to water deficit. Both genotypes experienced declines in ΨW, net assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) during stress. P954035, however, dried more slowly and maintained higher values for A, E and gs relative to P721N. In vivo labeling studies and immunoblot analysis using an anti-dehydrin antibody identified a protein of Mr 21 000 which was induced by water deficit and accumulated to similar levels in both genotypes. The observed molecular changes were essentially identical in both genotypes but differed only in the timing of expression. A sorghum dehydrin cDNA, dhnl, was isolated which encodes a hydrophilic protein of approximately 16.3 kDa with a predicted pl of 10.48. The deduced polypeptide sequence contains two lysine-rich elements (KKGIMDKIKEKLPG) and shares extensive homology with other dehydrins. DHN 1 mRNA was induced by water deficit in seedlings of both drought-tolerant and drought-susceptible sorghum genotypes. Water deficit also induced changes in gene expression in mature preflowering sorghum plants. The anti-dehydrin antibody detected a protein that accumulated in leaves and roots of stressed plants. The level of DHN 1 mRNA increased in the same tissues, but the abundance of this transcript was much higher in leaves and roots of mature plants than in seedlings.

Notes: [Auszug] In an effort to understand the process of human neuronal differentiation, we have monitored gene expression in a cell culture model, NTERA2/D1 (NT2). This pluripotent human teratinocarcinoma cell line was induced to differentiate with retinoic acid (RA) over a 21-day period. We monitored gene ...

Notes: Summary Fourteen species of the genus Euchaeta (Copepoda: Calanoida) were encountered during two cruises undertaken around South Georgia during November–December 1981 (Summer) and July–August 1983 (Winter). All 14 species were present in summer but only nine in winter. The distribution of the majority of species centered on the mesopelagic (500–1000 m) and bathypelagic (1000–2000 m) depth horizons. During both cruises, four species, Euchaeta Antarctica, E. biloba, E. rasa and E. farrani were numerically dominant. Although all four species had a wide depth distribution, E. Antarctica and E. biloba had distributions centered around the 250–500 m (epi-mesopelagic) and mesopelagic depth horizons. E. rasa was most abundant in the mesopelagic whereas E. farrani, the largest species encountered, was centered on the mesopelagic and bathypelagic depth horizons. Two species, E. Antarctica and E. biloba commonly occurred in the surface 250 m, the former being far more abundant especially over the shelf and shelf break areas, with a high abundance of copepodite stages IV and V being present in summer and adults in winter.

Notes: Abstract The ability of vegetative plant tissues to survive desiccation is an uncommon trait, although plants that are able to do this represent all major classes of plants. Two classes of vegetative desiccation-tolerant plants exist; those that are modified desiccation-tolerant and can only survive desiccation if drying rates are slow, and those that are fully desiccation-tolerant and can survive even rapid drying rates. Investigations into the cellular level responses of these two types of plants has lead to an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of desiccation-tolerance. The following proposed mechanisms for desiccation-tolerance are presented. Modified desiccation-tolerant plants utilize inducible cellular protection systems supplemented in part by a minor rehydration induced repair component. Fully desiccation-tolerant plants utilize a rehydration induced repair system that is complemented by a constitutive protection component. This minireview explores the evidence for these proposed mechanisms in an attempt to lay the theoretical ground work for future work in this area.

Notes: Abstract A number of authors have been concerned with constructing large deviation approximations to densities and probabilities associated with minimum contrast estimators (equivalently, M-estimators) using a tilting approach due to Field. These developments are an interesting and important extension of saddlepoint-type methodology. However, in the case of a multivariate parameter, the theoretical picture has remained incomplete in certain respects, as explained below. In this paper we present results which provide rigorous justification of the tilting argument, using conditions which it is feasible to check. These results include a new formulation and proof of Skovgaard's theorem for the intensity of minimum contrast estimators, but under conditions which are typically straightforward to check in practice. Our most detailed application is to multivariate location-scatter models.

Notes: Abstract The implications of global warming for the performance of six U.S. water resource systems are evaluated. The six case study sites represent a range of geographic and hydrologic, as well as institutional and social settings. Large, multi-reservoir systems (Columbia River, Missouri River, Apalachicola-Chatahoochee-Flint (ACF) Rivers), small, one or two reservoir systems (Tacoma and Boston) and medium size systems (Savannah River) are represented. The river basins range from mountainous to low relief and semi-humid to semi-arid, and the system operational purposes range from predominantly municipal to broadly multi-purpose. The studies inferred, using a chain of climate downscaling, hydrologic and water resources systems models, the sensitivity of six water resources systems to changes in precipitation, temperature and solar radiation. The climate change scenarios used in this study are based on results from transient climate change experiments performed with coupled ocean-atmosphere General Circulation Models (GCMs) for the 1995 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment. An earlier doubled-CO2 scenario from one of the GCMs was also used in the evaluation. The GCM scenarios were transferred to the local level using a simple downscaling approach that scales local weather variables by fixed monthly ratios (for precipitation) and fixed monthly shifts (for temperature). For those river basins where snow plays an important role in the current climate hydrology (Tacoma, Columbia, Missouri and, to a lesser extent, Boston) changes in temperature result in important changes in seasonal streamflow hydrographs. In these systems, spring snowmelt peaks are reduced and winter flows increase, on average. Changes in precipitation are generally reflected in the annual total runoff volumes more than in the seasonal shape of the hydrographs. In the Savannah and ACF systems, where snow plays a minor hydrological role, changes in hydrological response are linked more directly to temperature and precipitation changes. Effects on system performance varied from system to system, from GCM to GCM, and for each system operating objective (such as hydropower production, municipal and industrial supply, flood control, recreation, navigation and instream flow protection). Effects were generally smaller for the transient scenarios than for the doubled CO2 scenario. In terms of streamflow, one of the transient scenarios tended to have increases at most sites, while another tended to have decreases at most sites. The third showed no general consistency over the six sites. Generally, the water resource system performance effects were determined by the hydrologic changes and the amount of buffering provided by the system's storage capacity. The effects of demand growth and other plausible future operational considerations were evaluated as well. For most sites, the effects of these non-climatic effects on future system performance would about equal or exceed the effects of climate change over system planning horizons.

Notes: Abstract Numerous recent studies have shown that existing water supply systems are sensitive to climate change. One apparent implication is that water resources planning methods should be modified accordingly. Few of these studies, however, have attempted to account for either the chain of uncertainty in projecting water resources system vulnerability to climate change, or the adaptability of system operation resulting from existing planning strategies. Major uncertainties in water resources climate change assessments lie in a) climate modeling skill; b) errors in regional downscaling of climate model predictions; and c) uncertainties in future water demands. A simulation study was designed to provide insight into some aspects of these uncertainties. Specifically, the question that is addressed is whether a different decision would be made in a reservoir reallocation decision if knowledge about future climate were incorporated (i.e., would planning based on climate change information be justified?). The case study is possible reallocation of flood storage to conservation (municipal water supply) on the Green River, WA. We conclude that, for the case study, reservoir reallocation decisions and system performance would not differ significantly if climate change information were incorporated in the planning process.

Notes: Abstract Betula pollen is known to be an importantaeroallergen in Europe and the UK, with very largequantities of pollen released into the air at theheight of the season, making it the most abundant treepollen present in the UK spring air.There has been long term pollen monitoring in Cardiff,Derby and London but in recent years the number ofregional sites has increased.Seven sites throughout the UK have monitoredBetula pollen using Burkard samplers for the period1993–1997 and for this study regionaldifferences in Betula pollen and climate wereinvestigated.Detailed analysis revealed considerable variation inthe start dates, duration and quantityof Betula pollen for the seven UK sitesthroughout the five year period.These regional variations in Betula pollenduration and intensity of season, indicate theimportance of maintaining sites throughout the UK asan aid to clinicians, researchers and the generalpublic.