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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogeny and expression of the secA gene from a chromophytic alga – implications for the evolution of plastids and sec-dependent protein translocation (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 32 (1997), S. 300-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Plastid evolution ; Protein transport ; Sec apparatus ; secA ; secY ; Thylakoid ; Heterosigma carterae/Olisthodiscus luteus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In bacteria many periplasmatic proteins are exported via the sec-dependent pathway. A homologous apparatus was found to be involved in the transport of proteins across the thylakoid membrane in plastids. In the present study additional data on the phylogeny and expression of one of the genes essential in this process, secA, is presented. For the first time, transcriptional activity of secA in the plastid was detected. When secA is used as a phylogenetic marker for plastid evolution it demonstrates a large phylogenetic distance between chlorophytic and non-chlorophytic (i.e. rhodophytic) primary plastids. This distance could be explained by assuming polyphyly for major plastid lineages. Moreover, it was found that two types of secA genes may exist in plastids. Whether or not these are involved in different protein translocation processes is presently unknown. In an attempt to identify further candidates, i.e. non-photosynthesis-related proteins, for sec-dependent protein transport, an SbpA protein was detected in chromophytic plastids by the use of a peptide antibody.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050281
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genes of both subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase constitute an operon on the plastome of a red alga (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Red algae ; ptDNA ; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase ; Plastid evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plastid (pt) DNA from the red alga Porphyridium aerugineum was purified by CsCI gradient centrifugation. An EcoRI library of the ptDNA was screened with a gene probe specific for the gene encoding the large subunit (LSU) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco EC 4.1.1.39) from spinach. A 5.8 kb EcoRI clone containing the LSU gene (rbcL) was isolated and the DNA sequence of the Porphyridium rbcL gene and its flanking regions was determined. An open reading frame was found 130 by downstream from the rbcL gene that shows homology to genes coding for the small subunit of Rubisco (rbcS) from higher plants and cyanobacteria. Both genes (rbcL + rbcS) are cotranscribed. Comparison of rbcL and rbcS sequences from Porphyridium, higher plants and cyanobacteria seems to reveal a remarkable evolutionary distance between the plastids of the red algae (rhodoplasts), chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391478
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural similarities between psbA genes from red and brown algae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Rhodophyta ; Chromophyta ; psbA gene ; Plastid evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The single copy psbA genes from the multicellular red alga Antithamnion spec. and the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus have been cloned and sequenced and monocistronic transcripts have been detected. Both genes contain an insertion of 21 bp at the 3′ end which was also found in cyanobacteria and which is absent in chloroplasts and the chlorophyll b-containing prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis of a polyphyletic origin of plastids. Plastids of red and brown algae appear to be closely related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312783
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The psbA-gene from a red alga resembles those from Cyanobacteria and Cyanelles (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Red algae ; psbA gene ; Plastid evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plastid DNA (ptDNA) from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium was isolated. A 5.8 kb Eco RI, fragment containing the entire psbA-gene was cloned and the nucleotide sequence of the psbA-gene determined. At the carboxyl terminus the encoded protein (D1) contains the seven amino acid-insertion which was found to be typical of the cyanobacteria and the cyanelles of Cyanophora paradoxa. However, the overall sequence homology does not support a direct relationship between the plastids of Cyanidium, cyanelles and the cyanobacteria. As in other photosynthetic organisms the psbA-gene is transcribed as a monocistronic mRNA. The ribosomal RNA operon was located 4 kb upstream of the psbA-gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312617
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of the rubisco operon from the multicellular red alga Antithamnion spec. (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 465-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Red algae ; Plastid evolution ; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Plastid DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the multicellular red alga Antithamnion spec. both rubisco genes (rbcL and rbcS) are encoded on the plastid DNA (ptDNA). Both genes are separated by a short A/T-rich spacer of 100 bp and are cotranscribed into an mRNA of approximately 2.7 kb. These findings are in extensive agreement with those obtained from two unicellular red algae (Porphyridium aerugineum and Cyanidium caldarium). The large subunit (LSU) of rubisco shows an amino acid homology of 82–87% with the LSUs from the two unicellular red algae and only about 55% to LSUs from green algae, higher plants and two cyanobacteria. The small subunit (SSU) of rubisco is more similar to those from the unicellular red algae and two algae which are members of the Chromophyta (about 60% homology) than to cyanobacterial and higher plant proteins (27–36% homology). These data indicate that rhodoplasts originated independently from the chloroplast line. The plastids of chromophytes and rhodophytes appear to be closely related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309918
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Structure and Gene Repertoire of an Ancient Red Algal Plastid Genome (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 51 (2000), S. 382-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Chloroplast —Cyanidium caldarium— Structure — Evolution — Sequence — Gene repertoire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Photosynthetic eukaryotes can, according to features of their chloroplasts, be divided into two major groups: the red and the green lineage of plastid evolution. To extend the knowledge about the evolution of the red lineage we have sequenced and analyzed the chloroplast genome (cp-genome) of Cyanidium caldarium RK1, a unicellular red alga (AF022186). The analysis revealed that this genome shows several unusual structural features, such as a hypothetical hairpin structure in a gene-free region and absence of large repeat units. We provide evidence that this structural organization of the cp-genome of C. caldarium may be that of the most ancient cp-genome so far described. We also compared the cp-genome of C. caldarium to the other known cp-genomes of the red lineage. The cp-genome of C. caldarium cannot be readily aligned with that of Porphyra purpurea, a multicellular red alga, or Guillardia theta due to a displacement of a region of the cp-genome. The phylogenetic tree reveals that the secondary endosymbiosis, through which G. theta evolved, took place after the separation of the ancestors of C. caldarium and P. purpurea. We found several genes unique to the cp-genome of C. caldarium. Five of them seem to be involved in the building of bacterial cell envelopes and may be responsible for the thermotolerance of the chloroplast of this alga. Two additional genes may play a role in stabilizing the photosynthetic machinery against salt stress and detoxification of the chloroplast. Thus, these genes may be unique to the cp-genome of C. caldarium and may be required for the endurance of the extreme living conditions of this alga.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002390010101
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamate synthase is plastid-encoded in a red alga: implications for the evolution of glutamate synthases (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: glutamate synthase ; GOGAT ; red alga ; plastid evolution ; ammonium fixation ; photosystem T ; psaC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An actively transcribed gene (glsF) encoding for ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT) was found on the plastid genome of the multicellular red alga Antithamnion sp. Fd-GOGAT is not plastid-encoded in chlorophytic plants, demonstrating that red algal plastid genomes encode for additional functions when compared to those known from green chloroplasts. Moreover, our results suggest that the plant Fd-GOGAT has an endosymbiotic origin. The same may not be true for NADPH-dependent GOGAT. In Antithamnion glsF is flanked upstream by cpcBA and downstream by psaC and is transcribed monocistronically. Implications of these results for the evolution of GOGAT enzymes and the plastid genome are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021421
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for the evolution of the plastid sec apparatus inferred from secY gene phylogeny (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 685-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; protein transport ; sec apparatus ; secA ; secY ; thylakoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastids possess a bacteria-like sec apparatus that is involved in protein import into the thylakoid lumen. We have analyzed one of the genes essential for this process, secY. A secY gene from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium was found to be transcriptionally active, demonstrating for the first time that secY is functional in a plastid. Unlike the situation seen in bacteria the C. caldarium gene is transcribed monocistronically, despite the fact that it is part of a large ribosomal gene cluster that resembles bacterial spc operons. A molecular phylogeny is presented for 8 plastid-encoded secY genes, four of which have not been published yet. In this analysis plastid secY genes fall into two classes. One of these, comprising of genes from multicellular red algae and Cryptophyta, clusters in a neighbour-joining tree with a cyanobacterial counterpart. Separated from the aforesaid are secY genes from Chromophyta, Glaucocystophyta and a unicellular red alga. All plastid and cyanobacterial sequences are located on the same branch, separated from bacterial homologues. We postulate that the two classes of secY genes are paralogous, i.e. their gene products are involved in different protein translocation processes. Based on this assumption a model for the evolution of the plastid sec apparatus is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020209
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubisco genes indicate a close phylogenetic relation between the plastids of Chromophyta and Rhodophyta (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 575-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Chromophyta ; endosymbiosis ; plastid DNA ; plastid evolution ; red algae ; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genes for both subunits of Rubisco (rbcL, rbcS) are located on the plastome of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus (Chromophyta, Phaeophyceae). The organization of these genes in the form of an operon was similar to that found in rhodoplasts, cyanobacteria and the plastids of Cryptomonas Φ. Sequence analysis of the complete operon revealed a high degree of homology and great structural similarities to corresponding genes from two red algae. In contrast, sequence homology to Rubisco genes from chloroplasts and cyanobacteria was much lower. This clearly indicated a close phylogenetic relationship between the plastids of Rhodophyta and Chromophyta which seem to have evolved independently from the chloroplasts (polyphyletic origin). Our data suggest that the plastids of Chromophyta and Cryptophyta have originated from endosymbiotic unicellular red algae. Surprisingly, red and brown algal Rubiscos show a significantly higher degree of homology to that from a hydrogen bacterium than to those from cyanobacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017832
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization and expression of a phycobiliprotein gene cluster from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: phycobiliprotein ; linker protein ; rhodophyta ; plastid gene regulation ; plastid evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have sequenced a plastid gene cluster from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium which is located downstream from the psbA gene and contains, in the following order, genes for a β-allophycocyanin-like protein (apcB′), a putative 9.5 kDa allophycocyanin linker protein (apcL 9.5) and a putative 29 kDa phycocyanin linker protein (cpcL 29). The apcB′ and apcL 9.5 genes are organized in the form of an operon. The cpcL 29 gene is transcribed monocistronically from the opposite strand of DNA. Both transcription units are probably terminated at a 25 bp inverted repeat 3 and 5 bp downstream of the stop codons of the apcL 9.5 and cpcL 29 genes, respectively. The levels of both transcripts are greatly reduced in the dark as is the psbA transcript. Downstream from the phycobiliprotein gene cluster two open reading frames (ORFs) were found which are homologous to ORFs from plastid DNAs and cyanelle DNA of Cyanophora paradoxa. Sequence homologies between genes analysed in this study and corresponding genes from cyanobacteria, chlorophytic plastids and cyanelles point to a large phylogenetic distance between the plastids of Cyanidium and cyanobacteria and other plastid types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014494
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