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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-08-16
    Description: Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of the population exposed to the earthquake shaking of surviving or being less affected. The ability of an EEWS to affect the risk and, in particular, vulnerability and exposure, may determine serious legal responsibilities for people involved in the system, as scientists and experts. The main question concerns, in fact, the relationship between EEWSs and the predictability and avoidability of earthquake effects-i.e., the ground shaking affecting citizens and infrastructures - and the possibility for people to adopt self-protective behavior and/or for industrial infrastructures to be secured. In Italy, natural disasters, such as the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, teach us that the relationship between science and law is really difficult. So, before EEW’s become operational in Italy, it is necessary to: 1) examine the legislative and technical solutions adopted by some of the international legal systems in countries where this service is offered to citizens; 2) reconstruct the international and European regulatory framework that promotes the introduction of EW systems as life-saving tools for the protection of the right to life and understand whether and how these regulatory texts can impose an obligation on the Italian legal system to develop EEWS; 3) understand what responsibilities could be ascribed to the scientists and technicians responsible for managing EEWS in Italy, analyzing the different impact of vulnerability and exposure on the predictability and avoidability of the harmful event; 4) reflect on the lessons that our legal system will have to learn from other Countries when implementing EEW systems. In order to find appropriate solutions, it is essential to reflect on the opportunity to provide shared and well-structured protocols and creating detailed disclaimers clearly defining the limits of the service. A central role must be recognized to education, because people should not only expect to receive a correct alarm but must be able to understand the uncertainties involved in rapid estimates, be prepared to face the risk, and react in the right way.
    Electronic ISSN: 2296-6463
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Frontiers Media
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-03-18
    Description: L’idea di questo volume nasce dal prezioso confronto che, ormai da qualche anno, ha preso vita fra i giuristi dell’Ateneo Fiorentino e gli scienziati del Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dello stesso Ateneo e dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. La consapevolezza della difficile penetrazione del sapere scientifico nel processo penale, come è dimostrato dalle delusioni delle decisioni giudiziarie su casi di grande rilevanza, anche mediatica, ci ha spinti a condensare queste riflessioni in un volume che si fregia del contributo di prestigiosi Autori i quali hanno voluto affiancarci in questo progetto. I curatori sono consapevoli che del tema si parla da lungo tempo, anche attraverso pubblicazioni scientifiche di notevole livello scientifico. Pur tuttavia, si è cercato di offrire al lettore un contributo originale, alimentando non soltanto la consapevolezza del complesso dibattito che si articola attorno ai rapporti fra Diritto e Scienza, ma offrendo altresì una serie di contributi tecnico-scientifici relativi alle discipline che oggi caratterizzano, in modo maggiormente pregnante, le vicende giudiziarie sulle responsabilità per i rischi della modernità. In questo senso si è certamente tratto spunto dal Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, il quale, nella sua terza edizione, offre un ampio novero di guidelines volte a consentire agli attori del processo di comprendere quali requisiti debba soddisfare il contributo scientifico nelle materie di maggiore centralità ed attualità. Nel solco della preziosa esperienza maturata oltreoceano, ci auguriamo che tutti i saggi di questo volume possano a loro volta costituire quelle linee guida che servano a giudici, pubblici ministeri, avvocati, e perché no, agli stessi periti e consulenti tecnici, tanto per approfondire le problematiche di maggiore pregnanza in ordine alla necessità dell’ingresso di una buona scienza nel processo, quanto per discernere i corretti requisiti metodologici che lo scienziato deve seguire quando viene chiamato a rendere il proprio servizio a favore della verità processuale. Verità processuale e verità scientifica, nella loro necessaria complementarietà, si fondano su un metodo condiviso il quale non può mai prescindere dal rispetto di solide basi etiche poste a fondamento del patto sociale che permea la funzione processuale, incaricata di custodire i principi del Diritto penale sostanziale. Così, la sempre più pregnante esigenza che la decisione giudiziaria si conformi al sapere scientifico maggiormente accreditato ed attuale impone di conferire, oggi, una priorità ancora maggiore alla domanda su quale e quanta scienza possa e debba entrare nel processo penale. A questo interrogativo, che non deve mai abbandonare tanto il giurista quanto lo scienziato, i curatori auspicano che il lettore possa trovare risposta, almeno in parte, negli scritti di questo volume.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5TM. Informazione ed editoria
    Keywords: Science ; Law ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-02-25
    Description: The Tsunami Alert Centre of the INGV (CAT-INGV) was created with the aim of contributing to the mitigation of the risk due to tsunamis triggered by earthquakes on the Italian and Mediterranean coasts. Tsunamis of seismic origin, in addition to being the most frequent, are those that can be detected more quickly. Seismic waves, in fact, travel in the crust with a much higher speed than that of tsunami waves. With effective seismic networks connected in real time, an "Early Warning" system can be implemented, i.e. a system capable of sending an alert signal before the arrival of the tsunami waves, at least from a certain distance from the source. The CAT-INGV has two main tasks. The first one is to provide alerts to the competent authorities in the event of potential tsunamigenic earthquakes in the Mediterranean, taking into account the criteria defined by the Department of Civil Protection for this purpose. The second one consists in carrying out the necessary studies for the definition of the probabilistic danger of tsunamis for the Italian coasts, starting from those of seismic origin (Seismic Probabili-stic Tsunami Hazard Analysis, SPTHA). In this contribution the first aspect is described, while the realization of the studies on hazard at the Mediterranean scale is the subject of research described in various recent articles (Lorito et al., 2015; Grezio et al., 2017; Selva et al., 2017a; Selva et al., 2017b). The TSUMAPS-NEAM project, funded by the European Commission and concluded at the end of 2017, provided the first hazard map for the Mediterranean region and the north-east Atlantic (Basili et al., 2017).
    Description: Published
    Description: 91-97
    Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Centro Allerta Tsunami ; Maremoto ; Early Warning System ; Tsunamy Warning System ; IOC/NEAMTWS ; rischio ; risk ; sorveglianza ; surveillance ; allerta ; alert ; CENTRO ALLERTA TSUNAMI
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-03-18
    Description: The Italian Tsunami Warning Centre (Centro Allerta Tsunami, CAT) of Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) operates to issue tsunami alert messages both to the Italian Civil Protection system and to several countries of the Mediterranean. CAT-INGV started its activities as a candidate tsunami service provider in the framework of the ICG/NEAMTWS of IOC-UNESCO in 2013, to become operational in 2016. At national level, it operates since 2017 following the "SiAM" Prime Minister Directive, under the coordination of the Italian Civil Protection Department and together with ISPRA. In this paper we discuss the responsibilities of the CAT-INGV operators in the light of the Italian legal system, describing which are the critical aspects of the surveillance and issuance of the alerting messages, and trying to delineate the tools useful to limit legal problems for the operators in case of damaging events or false alarms.
    Description: Published
    Description: 359-374
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami ; early warning ; responsibility of scientists ; science communication ; ocean science ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWSs) represent a technical-scientific challenge aimed at improving the chance of the population exposed to the earthquake shaking of surviving or being less affected. The ability of an EEWS to affect the risk and, in particular, vulnerability and exposure, may determine serious legal responsibilities for people involved in the system, as scientists and experts. The main question concerns, in fact, the relationship between EEWSs and the predictability and avoidability of earthquake effects-i.e., the ground shaking affecting citizens and infrastructures - and the possibility for people to adopt self-protective behavior and/or for industrial infrastructures to be secured. In Italy, natural disasters, such as the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, teach us that the relationship between science and law is really difficult. So, before EEW’s become operational in Italy, it is necessary to: 1) examine the legislative and technical solutions adopted by some of the international legal systems in countries where this service is offered to citizens; 2) reconstruct the international and European regulatory framework that promotes the introduction of EW systems as life-saving tools for the protection of the right to life and understand whether and how these regulatory texts can impose an obligation on the Italian legal system to develop EEWS; 3) understand what responsibilities could be ascribed to the scientists and technicians responsible for managing EEWS in Italy, analyzing the different impact of vulnerability and exposure on the predictability and avoidability of the harmful event; 4) reflect on the lessons that our legal system will have to learn from other Countries when implementing EEW systems. In order to find appropriate solutions, it is essential to reflect on the opportunity to provide shared and well-structured protocols and creating detailed disclaimers clearly defining the limits of the service. A central role must be recognized to education, because people should not only expect to receive a correct alarm but must be able to understand the uncertainties involved in rapid estimates, be prepared to face the risk, and react in the right way.
    Description: This work has been carried out within the Project ART-IT (Allerta Rapida Terremoti in Italia), funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (Progetto Premiale 2015, DM. 850/2017).
    Description: Published
    Description: 685153
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake, early warning, criminal liability, negligence, risk ; Early warning, criminal law, human rights
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Historical catalogues show evidence for about 300 tsunamis in European coastal waters since 1600 BC, and tsunami hazard models like the NEAMTHM18 provide the probability of future inundation from earthquake-induced tsunamis. A recent wake-up call came from the 2020 MW7.0 Samos-İzmir earthquake and the following moderate, damaging tsunami. Five accredited Tsunami Service Providers (TSPs) run by IPMA (Portugal), CENALT (France), INGV (Italy), NOA (Greece), and KOERI (Turkey), and several national centers monitor the seismicity and provide tsunami alerts in the framework of the UNESCO Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas (NEAMTWS). In this paper, we focus on the state of the art of earthquake-induced tsunami risk reduction and coastal planning in Italy from the perspective of the Centro Allerta Tsunami (CAT), the INGV NTWC (National Tsunami Warning Center) and TSP. We will emphasize some limitations to draw future directions for better preparation and towards the full implementation of the tsunami warning “last-mile”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 882-897
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Firenze University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: The growing complexity of production phenomena is causing a progressive expansion of culpable liability assumptions. In particular, the jurisprudence dealing with long-term diseases bases the culpable reproach on scientific knowledge gained in a later period, thus operating a destructuring of the constitutive profiles of the crimen culposum. The work intends to investigate the complex relationship between guilt and scientific progress, highlighting the continuous dialogue between doctrine and jurisprudence, with particular attention to the implications of risk criminal law and precautionism. The search for a new typicality of culpable reproach does not ignore the recent legislative developments aimed at giving meaning to guidelines and protocols.
    Keywords: bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBG Private international law & conflict of laws ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNB Private / Civil law: general works ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNF Criminal law & procedure ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNH Employment & labour law
    Language: Italian
    Format: image/jpeg
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