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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Knowledge spillovers in biotechnology: sources and incentives (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 9 (1999), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Key words: Biotechnology ; Knowledge spillovers ; Science ; Entrepreneurship ; Startups ; JEL-classification: LO; O1; O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper sheds light on the questions, Why does knowledge spill over? and How does knowledge spill over? The answer to these questions we suggest lies in the incentives confronting scientists to appropriate the expected value of their knowledge considered in the context of their path-dependent career trajectories. In particular, we focus on the ability of scientists to appropriate the value of knowledge embedded in their human capital along with the incentive structure influencing if and how scientists choose to commercialize their knowledge. We conclude that the spillover of knowledge from the source creating it, such as a university, research institute, or industrial corporation, to a new-firm startup facilitates the appropriation of knowledge for the individual scientist(s) but not necessarily for the organization creating that new knowledge in the first place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001910050076
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential Employment Patterns for Citizens and Non-Citizens in Science and Engineering in the United States: Minting and Competitive Effects (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 35 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes:   The consequences of the heavy inflow of foreign talent for U.S. scientists and engineers over the period 1973-1997 are examined using data from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Of particular interest is whether non-citizens trained in the United States have displaced citizens from jobs in science and engineering (S&E). Using a novel adaptation of the shift-share technique, it is shown that citizen S&E doctorates have fewer jobs in S&E and fewer academic jobs than their non-citizen counterparts for two reasons: the citizen doctoral population has experienced slower growth than the non-citizen doctoral population, and citizen S&E doctorates have been displaced. Whether the displacement observed was a voluntary response of citizens to the lure of better opportunities elsewhere or an involuntary response indicative of having been pushed out by foreign talent remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.2004.00257.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    Human Capital Production: Life-Cycle Production with Different Learning Technologies (1976)
    Oxford : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Economic Inquiry. 14:4 (1976:Dec.) 539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-2583
    Topics: Economics
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:b097-1976-014-04-000006
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Property rights and entrepreneurship in science (1996)
    Springer
    Small business economics 8 (1996), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the evolving relationship in science between the reward structure and entrepreneurial activity. We draw a distinction between two types of property rights. Basic science is fostered by a mechanism of reputational rights; technological advances-and the products and processes they produce - are fostered by a mechanism of proprietary rights. The two forms of property rights differ markedly in terms of the incentives they provide to share information in a timely fashion. We argue that because of a host of factors university-based scientists in certain fields are more likely to “privatize” knowledge today than in the past, trading reputational rights for proprietary rights. Events in the life sciences serve as a case study. A discussion of how privatization affects basic science follows. Although the evidence is far from complete, we conclude that the movement towards privatization may be more beneficial to product development and the scientists engaged in the activity than to basic science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388646
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Changing Rewards to Science: The Case of Biotechnology (1998)
    Springer
    Small business economics 10 (1998), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about the form and or magnitude of compensation provided university-based scientists working on firm R&D. This is unfortunate, given the important role that university-based scientists play in R&D, and the growing literature concerning compensation and innovation. This paper sheds some light on these issues by examining the compensation of university-based scientists involved with 52 biotech firms that made an initial public offering between March of 1990 and November of 1992. Although the stock holdings of the university scientists are of particular interest, additional forms of compensation received by the scientists are also examined. We find that approximately 10 percent of the university-based scientists affiliated with these companies hold sufficient options or stock to require disclosure at the time of the public offering. A far larger proportion has an equity position in the firm. In many instances the scientists also receive consulting fees or salary from the firm and enter into licensing agreements with the firm. In addition to providing information concerning the compensation of university-based scientists, the empirical work suggests that the rewards to science can be significantly greater than previous work would suggest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007929424290
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age and research productivity of academic scientists (1989)
    Springer
    Research in higher education 30 (1989), S. 531-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Age-publishing profiles are estimated for four fields of science using data from the 1977 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. The five measures of publishing activity used allow for analysis of the sensitivity of the age-publishing relationship to output measure. Results are presented separately for graduate faculty and faculty at nongraduate departments. Although age is found to be a fairly weak predictor of performance, in physics and earth science older scientists publish less than their youngest peers and in physiology and biochemistry older scientists publish less than their middle-aged colleagues. Given the time frame of the data, the results suggest that the graying of America's scientific community was accompanied with slowed rates of research in higher education.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992202
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age and the Nobel prize revisited (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 387-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between age and productivity for Nobel prize winners in science during the period 1901–1992. The relationship found is field dependent as well as dependent upon the definition used to measure the age at which the ward-winning work was done. The results suggest that although it does not require extraordinary youth to do prizewinning work, the odds decrease markedly in mid-life and fall off precipitously after age 50, particularly in chemistry and physics. The discussion underscores the problem of drawing conclusions about the age structure of research by examining medians instead of the entire distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02026517
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  • 8
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    Recent PhDs and the Politics of Productivity (1990)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9228
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-0699
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 9
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    Profiles in Publishing Poductivity (1989)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9228
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-0699
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 10
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    Age and the Nobel prize revisited (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Springer
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