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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 52 (1988), S. 147-149 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Molecular beam epitaxy has been used to grow Li-doped ZnSe on (100)GaAs substrates, resulting in material which exhibits a low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum dominated by emission from acceptor-bound excitons, with no evidence of emission from residual donors. Electrical measurements on these films indicate that, while the resistivity of the material is high, the majority carriers are holes. This is the first report of p-type conversion in ZnSe grown by molecular beam epitaxy.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 4756-4762 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin (1.5–2.5 μm thick) ZnSe films have been grown on (100) GaAs substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy to investigate the effects of growth conditions on film properties. A "growth matrix'' was generated by systematically adjusting the growth temperature (TG) through 250, 300, 350 and 400 °C while setting the Zn-to-Se beam pressure ratio at 1/4:1, 1/2:1, 1:1, and 2:1. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns monitored during growth showed surface reconstructions which were characteristic of either Zn- or Se-stabilized growth. In addition to the transition between the two surface reconstructions, a transition from streaky to spotty RHEED patterns was discovered. Both transition lines were mapped onto growth parameter space and their intersection provides a unique reference point in growth space. Low-temperature photoluminescence, optical microscopy and Hall measurements were used to characterize the samples in this growth matrix study and these results were found to be related to the RHEED transitions. One narrow region of growth space was found to produce samples with intense, narrow near-band-edge peaks and small deep-level intensity. Although it was still n type, one of the samples with growth conditions in this region was measured to have a carrier concentration less than 5.6×1015 cm−3 and a peak mobility greater than 7150 cm2/V s.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 333-336 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low-temperature photoluminescence spectra have been measured for a series of ZnSe films of varying thicknesses grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on GaAs, and variations in the spectra have been correlated with changes in the lattice parameter in the epilayer. Elastic strain resulting from in-plane compression of the epilayer is found to cause a displacement of exciton-related photoluminescence features to higher energies with decreasing layer thickness. This behavior reflects an increase in the band gap of ZnSe under increasing strain, similar to the behavior observed in several other zinc-blende semiconductor epilayer systems, but in contrast to the behavior predicted for this particular system by some authors.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 2851-2853 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Antimony-doped ZnSe layers were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) on (100) GaAs substrates using a variety of antimony oven temperatures in the range of 550–800 °C and substrate temperatures in the range of 250–330 °C. Sb concentrations as high as mid-1019 cm−3 were measured in the ZnSe layers by the secondary ion mass spectrometry technique, although an Sb concentration limit of ≤1019 cm−3 was established in this work for the growth of single-crystal Sb-doped material. The Sb incorporation coefficient in ZnSe was found to depend strongly on substrate temperature, increasing from ∼10−2 at 330 °C to ∼1 at 250 °C. In addition, a strong dependence was found of the ZnSe lattice parameters measured normal to the heterointerface on Sb concentration in the layers, the lattice parameter increasing monotonically with increasing Sb concentration. Acceptor bound excitonic emission was not detected from the Sb-doped ZnSe layers by 4.2-K photoluminescence analysis, indicating that Sb incorporation under the MBE growth conditions did not produce a shallow acceptor level in the ZnSe band gap.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 9 (1970), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kriech- und Kriech-Erholungsversuche wurden durch einfache Dehnung an einem Teig mit 45,8% Wasserabsorption durchgeführt, der aus einem Backmehl mittlerer Stärke hergestellt wurde. Innerhalb der experimentellen Genauigkeit war die Kriechkomplianz bei Spannungen zwischen 2000 bis 3200 dyn/cm2 gleich. Die aus den Kriechdaten ermittelten stationären Viskositätswerte und die stationäre Komplianz stimmten mit den aus den Erholungsdaten ermittelten Werten gut überein. Die mittleren Werte betragen 1,2 · 108 Poise und 2,7 · 10−5 cm2/dyn. Die Beobachtungen ergaben, daß der Teig ein linear viskoelastisches Verhalten zeigt. Ebenso zeigen sie, daß durch die Spannung im betrachteten Bereich keine Strukturänderungen hervorgerufen werden. Demnach verhält der Teig sich wie ein vernetztes Material.
    Notes: Summary Creep and creep recovery tests in simple tension were made on a dough of 45.8% water absorption prepared from a medium strength baking flour. Within the experimental uncertainty, the creep compliance was found to be the same at stresses from about 2 to 3.2 mbar (2000 to 3200 dynes/cm2). Values of the steady-state viscosity and the steady-state compliance derived from the creep data were in close agreement with those from the recovery data; the average values are 1.2 × 108 poise and 2.7 × 10−5 cm2/dyne. These observations show that the dough exhibited linear viscoelastic behavior. They also indicate that no structural changes are produced by stress, over the covered range, and thus that the dough does not behave like a material crosslinked by covalent bonds.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 9 (1970), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der dynamische Schubmodul von Weizenmehl- und synthetischen Teigen wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Verformungsamplitude und der Verformungsfrequenz sowie von der Zeit bei konstanter Amplitude und konstanter Frequenz und schließlich von der Zusammensetzung der Teige ermittelt. Teige verschiedenen Wassergehalts wurden hergestellt aus: (1) zwei verschiedenen Mehltypen; (2) einem zweimal gemahlenen Mehl und luftklassierten Fraktionen des Mehles; außerdem (3) Mischungen aus trockenem Gluten und Stärke; rekonstituiertes nasses Gluten und Stärkepasten. Die Speicher- und VerlustmodulnG′ undG″ wurden vor allem bei 16 Hz und bei Verformungsamplituden von ungefähr 6,4×10−4 bis 6,4×10−2 bestimmt. Abgesehen von den Naßglutenproben wurde festgestellt, daß dasG′ undG″ sowohl der Mehl- als auch der synthetischen Teige von der Verformungsamplitude abhängig war, und zwar sogar bei Werten von nur 2,1×10−4. Die thixotropen Eigenschaften ausgewählter Teige wurden dadurch untersucht, daß man die Zeitabhängigkeit der Moduln bestimmte, nachdem die Amplitude geändert worden war. Die thixotropen Eigenschaften und die Amplitudenabhängigkeit sind die Folge des Zerreißens von Aggregaten bzw. ausgedehnteren Strukturen der Stärketeilchen. Die Abhängigkeit von G' (bei 16 Hz und einer Verformungsamplitude von 6,4×10−) vom Stärke-, Protein- und Wassergehalt wurde untersucht. Bei Teigen aus zweimal gemahlenem und luftklassiertem Mehl bewegten sich die untersuchten Bereiche des Proteingehalts (auf trockenes Protein bezogen) und des Wassergehalts von 5–27 Gewichtsprozent bzw. von 43–70 Gewichtsprozent. Bei konstantem Wassergehalt nahmG′ schnell mit dem Proteingehalt zu, wovon nur niedrige Wassergehalte eine Ausnahme machten. Bei einem konstanten Verhältnis des Protein- zum Wassergehalt nahmG′ jedoch schnell mit dem Stärkegehalt zu. Bei vergleichbaren Zusammensetzungen verhielten sich die synthetischen Teige qualitativ wie die Mehlteige. Bei den synthetischen Teigen, die weniger als ungefähr 50% Wasser enthielten und deren Proteingehalt signifikant größer war als der Proteingehalt der Mehlteige, nahmG′ mit steigendem Proteingehalt und somit abnehmendem Stärkegehalt zu. Die mit ausgewählten Teigen bei Frequenzen von 0,1–100 Hz erhaltenen Werte werden bei konstanten Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten und für große Dehnungen bestimmte Zugverformungswerte verglichen.
    Notes: Summary The dynamic shear modulus of wheat flour and synthetic doughs was studied to determine its dependence on strain amplitude and frequency, on the time at constant amplitude and frequency, and on dough composition. Doughs of different water contents were prepared from: (1) a medium strength and a weak flour; (2) a reground flour and air classified fractions from the flour; and (3) blends of dry gluten and starch; reconstituted wet gluten and starch pastes were also studied. The storage and loss moduli, G′ andG″, were determined primarily at 16 Hz and at strain amplitudes from about 6.4.×10−4 to 6.4×10−2. Except for the wet gluten samples,G′ andG″ from both the flour and synthetic doughs were found to depend on strain amplitude, even at values as low as 2.1×10−4. The thixotropic characteristics of selected doughs were studied by determining the time dependence of the moduli after the amplitude had been changed. The thixotropic characteristics and the amplitude dependence result from the disruption of aggregates, or more extended structures, of starch particles. The dependence ofG′ (at 16 Hz and a strain amplitude of 6.4×10−4) on starch, protein, and water contents was studied. For the reground and air classified flour doughs, the investigated ranges of protein content (dry basis) and water content were from 5 to 27% and from 43 to 70% by weight, respectively. At a constant water content,G′ increased rapidly with protein content, except at low water contents. But at a constant protein-to-water ratio,G′ increased rapidly with the starch content. For comparable compositions, the synthetic doughs behaved qualitatively like the flour doughs. For the synthetic doughs containing less than about 50% water and a significantly greater protein content than that in the flour doughs,G′ decreased with an increase in protein, and thus a decrease in starch, content. Data obtained on selected doughs at frequencies from 0.1 to 100 Hz are presented and compared with large deformation tensile data determined at constant extension rates.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 9 (1970), S. 223-238 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Vergleichsuntersuchung betreffend große Verformungen und Brucheigenschaften von Teigen aus zwei Weizenmehltypen durchgeführt. Die Versuche wurden in der Weise ausgeführt, daß man Teigringe, die in eine Flüssigkeit von entsprechender Dichte eingetaucht waren, um zu verhindern, daß sich die Ringe unter der Wirkung ihres eigenen Gewichtes verformten, mit gleichbleibender Geschwindigkeit streckte. Es wurden Werte für verschiedene Teige ermittelt, die sich durch ihren Wassergehalt unterschieden, und zwar bei Temperaturen von 5–45 °C und Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten von 0,132–52,6 Zoll pro Minute. Die Zugeigenschaften eines jeden Teiges konnten im wesentlichen durch vier charakteristische Funktionen dargestellt werden, von denen jede lediglich von einer der Veränderlichen: Verformung, Zeit, Temperatur und Wassergehalt abhing. Die Verformungsfunktion Γ(λ) war gleich (Inλ)/λ, worinλ das Dehnungsverhältnis bedeutet, und zwar für Dehnungen bis zu ungefähr 90%, in einigen Fällen sogar bis zu fast 200%. Somit ergab sich über einem ausgedehnten Verformungsbereich für die isochronen Kraft-Dehnungs-Werte (die vergleichbare Zustände der Spannungsrelaxation darstellen) eine direkte Proportionalität zwischen wahrer Spannung undHencky- Verformung, εH=Inλ; die Proportionalitätskonstante ist der ModulF (t*), genommen bei konstanter Verformungsgeschwindigkeit und der (isochronen) Zeit t*. Der ModulF (t, T, W)eine Funktion der Zeitt, der TemperaturT und der WasserabsorptionW — läßt sich darstellen durch (T/T 0)F (t *,T 0,W 0 ) (t/t * a T a W)n, worinn eine für das Mehl charakteristische negative Konstante undF (t *,T 0,W 0) der Modul zur Zeitt * bei der BezugstemperaturT 0 ist für einen Teig, der die Bezugs-WasserabsorptionW 0 hat;a T unda W sind Verschiebungsfaktoren, die der Veränderung der Relaxationszeiten mit der Temperatur und dem Wassergehalt Rechnung tragen. Der Faktor ay gehorcht derArrhenius-Gleichung und ergibt Aktivierungsenergien von ungefähr 7,7 bzw. 22,8 kcal für die Teige der beiden Mehltypen. Bruchwerte, die bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und verschiedenen Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten erhalten wurden, ließen sich durch Verwendung vona T-Daten überlagern und durch eine Brucheinhüllende (failure envelope) darstellen. Der Verschiebungsfaktora W scheint etwas von der Temperatur abzuhängen, und zwar besonders bei dem schwächeren Mehl. Unterschiede im rheologischen Verhalten von Teigen aus den beiden Mehlsorten bestanden offensichtlich in Bezug auf: (1) den Bereich, über den das isochrone Kraft-Dehnungs-Verhalten linearisiert werden konnte, (2) die Größe des charakteristischen Exponentenn, (3) die Größe und die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Moduln, (4) die Aktivierungsenergien, (5) die Wirkung der Temperatur aufa W und (6) einige graphische Darstellungen zur Charakterisierung der Bruchwerte.
    Notes: Summary A comparative study was made of the large deformation and rupture properties of doughs from a medium strength and a weak wheat flour. Experiments were made by stretching, at a uniform rate, dough rings immersed in a liquid of matching density to prevent the rings from deforming under their own weight. Data were obtained on doughs differing in water content at temperatures from 5 to 45 °C and extension rates from 0.132 to 52.6 inches per minute. Essentially, the tensile properties of each dough could be represented by four characteristic functions, each dependent on only one of the variables: strain, time, temperature, and water content. The strain functionΓ (λ), equaled (Inλ)/λ, whereλ is the extension ratio, for extensions up to about 90% and, in some instances, up to nearly 200%. Thus, over extended ranges of strain, isochronal stress-strain data (representing comparable states of stress relaxation) gave a direct proportionality between true stress and theHencky strain,ε H=Inλ; the proportionality constant is the constant strain rate modulus,F (t*), evaluated at the (isochronal) timet *. The modulusF(t,T,W — a function of timet, temperatureT, and water absorptionW-equals (T/T 0)F (t *,T 0,W 0) (t/t * a T a W)n, wheren is a negative constant characteristic of the flour,F (t *,T 0,W 0) is the modulus at timet * at the reference temperatureT 0 for a dough having the reference water absorptionW 0;a T anda W are shift factors that account for the change of relaxation times with temperature and water content. The factor ay obeyed theArrhenius equation and gave activation energies of about 7.7 and 22.8 kcal for doughs from the medium strength and weak flour, respectively. Rupture data obtained at different temperatures and extension rates were superposed by usinga T data and also were represented by failure envelopes. The shift factora W appears to depend somewhat on temperature, especially for the weaker flour. Differences in the rheological behavior of doughs from the two flours were evident in: (1) the range over which the isochronal stress-strain behavior could be linearized; (2) the magnitude of the characteristic exponentn; (3) the magnitude and the temperature dependence of the moduli; (4) the activation energies; (5) the effect of temperature ona W; and (6) several characterizing plots prepared to represent rupture data.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 26 (1988), S. 875-881 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The differential (incremental) storage modulus E′ was measured intermittently at 1 Hz during the stress relaxation of cylindrical specimens of polycarbonate subjected to finite static strains in both simple compression and extension. (In measuring E′, the amplitude of the applied sinusoidal strain was 0.2%.) Application of each static strain gave a value of E′/E′0 less than unity, where E′0 is the storage modulus at 1 Hz of the undeformed specimen. This behavior results from an increase in the mobility of short molecular segments; it signifies a partial erasure of the state of physical aging, a change also termed de-aging or rejuvenation. After a static strain had been applied, E′ increased continuously, a reflection of physical aging that results from a progressive decrease in segmental mobility. Plots of E′/E′0 at an aging time of 100 s against the absolute value of the static strain show that simple extension de-ages a specimen somewhat more than does a strain of the same magnitude in compression. This difference results from the increase or decrease in volume (or free volume) effected by strains in extension or compression, respectively. The dominant cause of de-aging, however, is the deviatoric (shear) component of the strain tensor. The increase or decrease in volume produced by an applied strain modifies only slightly the segmental mobility.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1996-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1989-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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