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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 365 (1993), S. 791-791 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - In the debate concerning climate change due to increasing emissions of radiatively active gases into the atmosphere, many people are concerned about the possibility of an intensification of extratropical storms. Even though the International Panel on Climate Change1 took a cautious stand in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the Atlantic Expedition 1965 and the Atlantic Tradewind Experiment (ATEX) 1969, shipborne aerological measurements were obtained in order to investigate the thermodynamical and kinematic structure of the planetary boundary layer in low latitudes. Under suppressed convection, the subdivision of this layer into five sub-regions was found to be a rather permanent feature. Enhanced cumulus convection effects a smoothing of the thermodynamical discontinuities and leads sometimes to a destruction of the trade inversion. Due to the surface pressure distribution and the thermal wind distribution in the lower atmosphere, the actual wind speed and direction are nearly constant with height below cloud base. In the cloud layer up to the inversion, the wind speed generally decreases and the air flow tends to become more zonal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 43 (1990), S. 273-284 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Precipitation measurements over the open sea are generally not possible for longer periods, as there are only few fixed points to be equipped, and measurements aboard moving ships proved to be strongly biased. On the other hand the precipitation is an essential component of the mass and energy budget of the sea and necessary for the estimation of the atmospheric input to sea pollution, for which this paper intends to give precipitation amounts as basic information. Here an indirect method is used for the determination of precipitation amounts over the North Sea. The ratio between the mean monthly precipitation amounts measured aboard the light vessels in the German Bight and the mean monthly relative frequencies of weather observations “with precipitation” from merchant ships in the same area is calculated. These mean monthly ratios (precipitation intensities) are assumed to be valid over the whole North Sea. Thus the relative frequencies of precipitation over the North Sea determined from voluntary ship observations can be transformed to precipitation amounts. Fields of long range mean precipitation amounts are given for three month periods and the whole year. The resulting precipitation amounts over the North Sea are slightly less than at the surrounding coasts and are increasing strongly from south to north and less from west to east. The accuracy of the results is assumed to be about 10%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Messung des Niederschlags auf der freien See ist im allgemeinen über längere Zeit nicht möglich, da es kaum ortsfeste Meßstellen gibt und Messungen auf fahrenden Schiffen stark verfälscht sind. Andererseits ist der Niederschlag eine wesentliche Größe des Massen- und Energiehaushaltes der See sowie von großer Bedeutung für die Abschätzung des atmosphärischen Schadstoffeintrages. Dazu soll der vorliegende Artikel quantitative Niederschlagsangaben als Basisinformation beisteuern. Hier wird versucht, die Niederschlagsmengen über der Nordsee indirekt zu bestimmen. Dazu wurden die mittleren monatlichen, auf den Feuerschiffen in der Deutschen Bucht gemessen Niederschlagsmengen in Beziehung gesetzt zur mittleren relativen Häufigkeit von Wetterbeobachtungen „mit Niederschlag”, wie sie von Handelsschiffen im gleichen Seegebiet beobachtet wurden. Es wird angenommen, daß die mittleren monatlichen Umrechnungsfaktoren (Niederschlagsintensitäten) für die gesamte Nordsee gültig sind. So lassen sich die über der Nordsee aus Handelsschiffsbeobachtungen bestimmten relativen Niederschlagshäufigkeiten in Niederschlagsmengen umrechnen. Dargestellt werden Felder der mittleren langjährigen Niederschlagsmengen für die vier Quartale und das Jahr über der Nordsee. Der Niederschlag ergibt sich insgesamt etwas niedriger als an den umliegenden Küsten und weist eine starke Zunahme über der Nordsee von Süd nach Nord sowie eine schwächere von West nach Ost auf. Die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse wird mit „etwa 10%” angenommen.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2013-10-18
    Description: Background: Sound localization in small insects can be a challenging task due to physical constraints in deriving sufficiently large interaural intensity differences (IIDs) between both ears. In crickets, sound source localization is achieved by a complex type of pressure difference receiver consisting of four potential sound inputs. Sound acts on the external side of two tympana but additionally reaches the internal tympanal surface via two external sound entrances. Conduction of internal sound is realized by the anatomical arrangement of connecting trachea. A key structure is a trachea coupling both ears which is characterized by an enlarged part in its midline (i.e., the acoustic vesicle) accompanied with a thin membrane (septum). This facilitates directional sensitivity despite an unfavorable relationship between wavelength of sound and body size. Here we studied the morphological differences of the acoustic tracheal system in 40 cricket species (Gryllidae, Mogoplistidae) and species of outgroup taxa (Gryllotalpidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Gryllacrididae) of the suborder Ensifera comprising hearing and non hearing species. Results: We found a surprisingly high variation of acoustic tracheal systems and almost all investigated species using intraspecific acoustic communication were characterized by an acoustic vesicle associated with a medial septum. The relative size of the acoustic vesicle - a structure most crucial for deriving high IIDs - implies an important role for sound localization. Most remarkable in this respect was the size difference of the acoustic vesicle between species; those with a more unfavorable ratio of body size to sound wavelength tend to exhibit a larger acoustic vesicle. On the other hand, secondary loss of acoustic signaling was nearly exclusively associated with the absence of both acoustic vesicle and septum. Conclusion: The high diversity of acoustic tracheal morphology observed between species might reflect different steps in the evolution of the pressure difference receivers; with a precursor structure already present in ancestral non-hearing species. In addition, morphological transitions of the acoustic vesicle suggest a possible adaptive role for the generation of binaural directional cues.
    Electronic ISSN: 1742-9994
    Topics: Biology
    Published by BioMed Central
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1974-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1993-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1990-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0012-0308
    Electronic ISSN: 1616-7228
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
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