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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xanthan biopolymer production at increase concentration by pH controlPresented at the 158th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, New York, N.Y., September 7-12, 1969. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 13 (1971), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Efficient production of xanthan gum by fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 can be accomplished at concentrations of xanthan in the fermented broth 〉 3%. This level of more than twice that previously attained by us results from continuously controlling the fermentation pH with alkali. Only a slight decrease in fermentation rate and yield occurs. When ammonia is used for pH control, cell production more than doubles and fermentation time is shortened. However, xanthan yield is decreased by the diversion of additional sugar to growth.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260130305
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the xanthan fermentation (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthan gum, a heteropolysaccharide with unusual and useful properties, is now produced commercially by fermentation with Xanthomonas compestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium containing glucose, minerals, and a complex nitrogen source - distillers' dried solubles (DDS). Understanding the kinetics of the fermentation should contribute to process improvements and increase the market potential for the gum. Earlier studies showed that although DDS determined initial growth rate, growth was stopped by some mechanism other than substrate exhaustion, probably an effect related to product formation.Product formation did not require active growth, but its rate increased with cell concentration. Specific product formation rate declined at high viscosities. Varying glucose concentration from 0.5 to 5.0% and dissolved O2 tension between 20 and 90% air saturated had no effect on the rates, but pH had to be maintained near 7 and temperature near 28°C to permit continued product formation. Xanthan yield could be explained by the energy required for growth and polymerization, that energy coming from dissimilation of the part of the carbohydrate substrate not converted to polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260150202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous fermentation to produce xanthan biopolymer: Effect of dilution ratePresented at the American Chemical Society, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, Washington, D.C., September 12-17, 1971. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 14 (1972), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single-stage continuous fermentations to produce xanthan gum have been run at dilution rates (D) from 0.023 to 0.196 hr-1. Xanthan production rate (XPR) was a function of D. XPR increased from 0.34 g/hr/kg at D = 0.023 hr-1 to the maximum 0.84 g/hr/kg at D = ca. 0.15 hr-1. At D 〉 0.15 hr-1 XPR decreased and at the highest D studied (0.196 hr-1) was 0.69 g/hr/kg. Yield of xanthan from glucose consumed was 81-89%. Steady states ended between 6.5 and 8.7 turnovers when a variant strain occurred.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260140104
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous fermentation to produce xanthan biopolymer: Laboratory investigationPresented at the Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y. September 7-12, 1969. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthan biopolymer has been produced by single-stage continuous fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium of glucose, minerals, distillers' solubles, and urea for as long as 20 days. At the highest dilution rate studied (D = 0.0285 hr-1), the steady state rate of xanthan production was 0.36 g/kg/hr and the steady state yield, basis glucose consumed, was 68%. Observations indicate that xanthan production rate is a function of pH and D.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260120107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of industrial-grade polysaccharide B-1459Presented at the 145th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., September 8-13, 1963. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 7 (1965), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method to make purified polysaccharide synthesized exocellularly from cereal carbohydrates by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 and a characterization of its properties have been reported previously by this Laboratory. Because of increasing commercial interest in a less purified polymer, we have extended our work to include production of a lower cost industrial-grade product. Fermentation of media containing 2.25% corn sugar, seeded with 5% inoculum of X. campestris NRRL B-1459 and cultured aerobically at 82°F., is complete in 96 hr. The viscous fermented broth contains about 1.5% polymer. A tan product containing approximately 60% polymer and having good viscosity characteristics is obtained by drum drying the fermented broth at steam pressures below 40 p.s.i.g, 287°F. Drying at higher temperatures adversely affects viscosity. A good product is also obtained by spray drying. Cost estimates indicate that 5 million lb./yr. of dried crude solids could be produced for 37 cents/lb. by drum drying or for 41 cents a pound by spray drying.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260070125
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of polysaccharide B-1459 fermentationPresented at the 150th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 12-17, 1965. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 511-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polysaccharide gum was made by fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium of glucose, minerals, and distillers' solubles. The effect of distillers' solubles on growth rate can be described by the familiar saturation equation. Although a quasistoichiometric relationship was observed between nitrogen utilization and growth, total nitrogen supply was not growth limiting, nor was polymer formation growth associated. Cell growth primarily took place in the early part of the fermentation; polysaccharide biosynthesis occurred throughout the fermentation. Glucose was converted to polysaccharide at a fairly constant yield, which was 70-80% of glucose consumed, under optimum conditions. The kinetic patterns observed indicate that multistage continuous fermentation will be suitable for polysaccharide production.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260080405
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