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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biofilm Development on 304 and 316 Stainless Steels in a Potable Water System (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Instances of rapid failure of copper-pipe plumbing in potable-water systems installed in large municipal buildings have led to a review of the use of alternative materials including stainless steel. This paper reports the findings of an in-situ study which investigated biofilm development on types 304 and 316 stainless-steel piping in a filtered and unfiltered, hot and cold-water supply system installed in a large public building in the west of Scotland. This building had experienced severe corrosion problems with copper pipework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb00131.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of molybdenum on biofilm development (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 112-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biofilms; stainless steel; potable water; bacteria; molybdenum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Little is known about the formation and effects of biofilms on stainless steel pipes in freshwater environments, particularly as they are considered as a direct replacement for copper pipes for ‘problem’ water. There is some cause for concern especially as stainless steel cannot claim the inherent biocidal potential of copper. As molybdenum is known to be leached out of stainless steel grade 316, in very small amounts, a study was set up to see if molybdenum could retard the development of biofilms. When a comparison of biofilm viable and total cell counts was made between pure molybdenum metal and stainless steel grade 304, it was found that cell counts were significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) on grade 304 stainless steel after 5 weeks exposure to flowing water (0.64 m s−1). Molybdenum (above a concentration of 1 g L−1) affected the growth rate of Acinetobacter sp, a pioneering bacterium of biofilms in potable water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900712
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of turbulent flow and surface roughness on biofilm formation in drinking water (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 152-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biofilms; potable water; flow rate; stainless steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is considerable interest in both Europe and the USA in the effects of microbiological fouling on stainless steels in potable water. However, little is known about the formation and effects of biofilms, on stainless steel in potable water environments, particularly in turbulent flow regimes. Results are presented on the development of biofilms on stainless steel grades 304 and 316 after exposure to potable water at velocities of 0.32, 0.96 and 1.75 m s−1. Cell counts on slides of stainless steel grades 304 and 316 with both 2B (smooth) and 2D (rough) finishes showed viable and total cell counts were higher at the higher flow rates of 0.96 and 1.75 m s−1, compared to a flow rate of 0.32 m s−1. Extracellular polysaccharide levels were not significantly different (P〈 0.05) between each flow rate on all stainless steel surfaces studied. higher levels were found at the higher water velocities. the biofilm attached to stainless steel was comprised of a mixed bacterial flora including Acinetobacter sp, Pseudomonas spp, Methylobacterium sp, and Corynebacterium/Arthrobacter spp. Epifluorescence microscopy provided evidence of rod-shaped bacteria and the formation of stands, possibly of extracellular material attached to stainless steel at high flow rates but not at low flow rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900622
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