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  • 1
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    Regional integration and the environment (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-01
    Description: This paper explores the interaction between regional integration and the environment in a formal three-country, three-good model which incorporates pollution. Our main findings are: (1) whether preferential trading improves welfare depends critically on the level of domestic pollution charge extant and the direction of trade; (2) the introduction of preferential trading may lower welfare even when the pollution policy is chosen optimally; and (3) coordination of environmental policies only makes sense when pollution is transnational.
    Print ISSN: 1355-770X
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4395
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 2
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    Cost of Protection: Where Do We Stand? (2002)
    American Economic Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-8282
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7981
    Topics: Economics
    Published by American Economic Association
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  • 3
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    Preferential Trade Liberalization: The Traditional Theory and New Developments (2000)
    American Economic Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-01
    Description: This paper begins by systematically developing the “static” theory of preferential trade areas (PTAs) and showing that neither a large volume of initial intra-union trade nor geographical proximity can serve as a guide to welfare enhancing PTAs. The paper then discusses the modern literature addressing welfare effects of simultaneous division of the world into many PTAs, the impact of the decision to form a PTA on external tariffs and the “dynamic” time-path question of whether PTAs are building blocks or stumbling blocks towards multilateral freeing of trade. A final section discusses key theoretical considerations in the empirical evaluation of PTAs.
    Print ISSN: 0022-0515
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-1101
    Topics: Economics
    Published by American Economic Association
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  • 4
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    The Muddles over Outsourcing (2004)
    American Economic Association
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    Publication Date: 2004-11-01
    Description: Critics have muddled the public debate over offshore outsourcing by using the term interchangeably to refer to altogether different phenomena such as on-line purchase of services, direct foreign investment and, sometimes, all imports. We argue that clarity requires distinguishing among these various phenomena and define outsourcing explicitly as the services trade at arm's length that does not require geographical proximity of the buyer and the seller–the so-called Mode 1 services in the WTO terminology–conducted principally via the electronic mediums such as the telephone, fax and Internet. The definition is appropriate because this is the phenomenon that is relatively new and scary in public consciousness and has fueled the recent “outsourcing” debate. Under this definition, the total number of the U.S. jobs outsourced annually is minuscule and is expected to remain so over the next decade, even on a gross basis (i.e., without adjusting for the jobs in-sourced from the U.S.). The fears that offshore outsourcing will lead to high-value jobs being replaced by low-value jobs down the road are also argued here to be implausible in view of several qualitative arguments to the contrary. We also demonstrate that offshore outsourcing of Mode 1 services raises no new analytical issues, contrary to what many fear. Thus, it leads to gains from trade (with the standard caveats applicable to conventional trade in goods) and, in specific cases, to income-distribution effects.
    Print ISSN: 0895-3309
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7965
    Topics: Economics
    Published by American Economic Association
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-trade Bias in Trade Policy and General Equilibrium (2004)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Contributions to economic analysis & policy 3.2004, 1, art14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1538-0645
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: An important question that has continued to elude trade economists is why trade interventions are biased in favor of import-competing rather than exportable sectors. Indeed, as Philip Levy (1999) points out, under a set of neutrality assumptions, the dominant political-economy model, Grossman and Helpman (1994), predicts a pro-trade bias. We demonstrate that if we replace the almost partial equilibrium model with a general equilibrium model in the Grossman-Helpman political economy model, anti-trade bias may emerge even if we assume symmetric technologies, endowments and preferences across sectors provided that the elasticity of substitution in production exceeds unity. In addition, we show that ceteris paribus, in general equilibrium, increases in the imports-to-GDP ratio lower the endogenously chosen tariff and the production share of the import sector in GDP has an ambiguous effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/contributions/vol3/iss1/art14
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    South Asia: Does Preferential Trade Liberalisation Make Sense? (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @world economy 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: This paper systematically analyses the issue of trade liberalisation in the South Asia region and offers a qualitative assessment of alternative approaches. I compare two broad approaches to trade liberalisation: non-discriminatory and preferential. The former approach can be pursued on a unilateral basis by each country in the region, on a concerted basis by the countries in the region, or multilateral basis under the auspices of the WTO. The latter approach can take the form of criss-crossing bilateral free trade areas between various countries in the region or a region-wide free trade area. The view I take in the paper is that the move towards preferential trading is a mistake, at least from the viewpoint of India. India continues to have very high trade barriers so that the scope for trade diversion and the losses accompanying it are likely to be considerable. Business lobbies being relatively powerful in most of the countries in the region, they are likely to exploit the rules of origin and sectoral exceptions in these arrangements in ways that will maximise trade diversion and minimise trade creation. Inasmuch as the rules of origin give bureaucrats power, employment and opportunities to share in the rents created by tariff preferences, they too will become active parties to the diversionary tactics of business lobbies. Therefore, the member countries are better advised to proceed along non-discriminatory lines in achieving further liberalisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9701.2003.00573.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    E-Commerce, WTO and Developing Countries (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    The @world economy 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00313
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential Trading and Real Wages (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Review of international economics 6 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Following the Stolper–Samuelson type of logic, the general impression is that freeing up trade, whether preferentially as in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or on a nondiscriminatory basis as in the Uruguay Round, must lower real wages in one set of countries and raise them in the other set of countries. An increase in the real wage in all countries as a result of freeing up of trade either relies on gains via an improvement in the terms of trade or requires special assumptions such as increasing returns, complete specialization or asymmetries in production technology. This paper shows that even within a standard three-country, three-good, small-union model, preferential trade liberalization can lead to increased real wages in both partner countries without necessarily relying on terms-of-trade improvements, increasing returns, complete specialization, or asymmetries in production technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00110
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EU Preferential Trade Arrangements and Developing Countries (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    The @world economy 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00499
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miracles and Debacles: In Defence of Trade Openness (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @world economy 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9701
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: The central theme of this paper is that sustained rapid growth cannot be achieved without rapid growth in trade. A review of the experience during the past four decades offers virtually no examples of countries achieving sustained rapid growth – called miracles in this paper – without simultaneously experiencing sustained rapid growth in trade in the presence of low or high but declining barriers to trade. Simultaneously, the claim that opening to trade leads to sustained income losses is unfounded. A review of the experience of the countries that have faced stagnation or declining per-capita incomes on a long-term basis – called debacles in this paper – reveals no connection to a sustained surge in imports.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2004.00650.x
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