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  • 1
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    Atmospheric circulation evolution related to desert dust episodes over the Mediterranean (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-23
    Description: In the present study, the cases of atmospheric circulation evolution favouring the occurrence of Desert Aerosol Episodes (DAEs) over the broader Mediterranean region are investigated using an objective and dynamic algorithm, with daily satellite data for the period 2000–2013. After identifying strong and extreme DAEs, at 1°x1° geographical cell level, 255 Dust Aerosol Episode Days (DAEDs) and 148 cases of consecutive DAEDs namely Desert Aerosol Episode Cases (DAECs) are defined. For each DAEC, the lower tropospheric circulation evolution one and two days before, during the initiation and after the cease of the DAEC is considered. S-mode Factor Analysis and K-Means Cluster Analysis are applied on NCEP/NCAR Mean Sea Level Pressure and 700 hPa geopotential height fields, classifying the 148 cases of atmospheric circulation evolution into 6 homogeneous and discrete clusters. The mean intra-annual variation of the DAECs reveals a primary maximum in May (18.9%), while their mean annual number is equal to 11.4 DAECs. On a seasonal basis, the highest percentage of the DAECs is found in spring (51.4%). The 58.8% of DAECs last one day while their maximum duration is 7 days. Annually, the mean monthly number of DAEs varies from 35.8 (September) to 58.0 (April). The western parts of the Mediterranean are affected by DAEs when cyclonic conditions prevail in the western Mediterranean and northwestern Africa. On the contrary, the central and eastern parts of the study region are affected by dust storms when a low pressure system in the central Mediterranean or central Europe and an anticyclone in the eastern Mediterranean prevail. As to the mean regional intensity (aerosol optical depth at 550 nm) the strong DAEs vary from 0.67 to 0.77, while the extreme ones from 1.14 to 2.06. Generally, strong DAEs are more frequent than extreme ones (in five out of six clusters).
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    The role of the Intertropical Discontinuity region and the heat‐low in dust emission and transport over the Thar desert ‐ India: A pre‐monsoon case study (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract A severe dust storm occurred over north India during 12‐16 June 2018 is analysed using satellite observations, reanalysis, ground‐based measurements and model (Meso‐NH) simulations focusing on the dynamic processes that caused the dust‐storm generation, uplift and propagation as well as its impacts on air quality. The initial dust emission was triggered by strong near‐surface southwesterlies (~15‐20 m s‐1) associated with the monsoon flow advancing northward, in response to the deepening of the thermal low over the Thar Desert. The convergence between the northwesterlies and the monsoon flow along the Inter‐Tropical Discontinuity region caused high dust accumulation over northwest India in an area of weak winds. Convective mixing during daytime favours the vertical transport of dust to higher altitudes above the monsoon flow, but the towering Himalayas and the associated return northerly flow aloft, play a blocking role leading to dust accumulation at heights between 1 and 3 km over northwest India. The prevailed northwesterlies in the middle troposphere favour the eastward transport of the dust plumes along the Ganges valley, helping to evacuate the dust toward east India. Based on Meso‐NH model simulations, the dust storm was associated with dust loads higher than 30 gm‐2 and AODs higher than 3, in agreement with MODIS observations. The impact of the dust storm on the spatial‐temporal evolution of the PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations is studied using data from 23 air‐quality stations over northern India, indicating daily PM10 peaks reaching at ~900 μg m‐3, implying a severe degradation of air quality.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-26
    Description: The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lelieveld, J -- Berresheim, H -- Borrmann, S -- Crutzen, P J -- Dentener, F J -- Fischer, H -- Feichter, J -- Flatau, P J -- Heland, J -- Holzinger, R -- Korrmann, R -- Lawrence, M G -- Levin, Z -- Markowicz, K M -- Mihalopoulos, N -- Minikin, A -- Ramanathan, V -- De Reus, M -- Roelofs, G J -- Scheeren, H A -- Sciare, J -- Schlager, H -- Schultz, M -- Siegmund, P -- Steil, B -- Stephanou, E G -- Stier, P -- Traub, M -- Warneke, C -- Williams, J -- Ziereis, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):794-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Post Office Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany. lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Air Pollutants ; *Air Pollution ; Asia ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon Monoxide ; Climate ; Europe ; Mediterranean Region ; North America ; Ozone ; Weather
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Economic Crisis Detected from Space: Air Quality observations over Athens/Greece (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-06
    Description: [1]  Using both satellite observations of tropospheric NO 2 columns and a number of economic metrics we investigate the impact of the economic crisis (from 2008 onward) on air quality over Greece, and Athens in particular. The multiannual analysis shows that NO 2 columns over Athens have been significantly reduced in the range 30-40%. This decline is further supported by surface measurements of atmospheric NO 2 mixing ratios. Additionally, the declining local concentrations of NO, CO, SO 2 are associated with an increase in ozone due to reduced titration by NO. In particular, regression analysis revealed that the reduction of NO 2 (0.3 ± 0.2 ppbv y -1 ) and SO 2 (0.2 ± 0.1 ppbv y -1 ) during the period 2000-2007, significantly accelerated during the economic crisis period (from 2008 onward), reaching 2.3 ± 0.2 ppbv y -1 and 0.7 ± 0.1 ppbv y -1 , respectively. The strong correlations between pollutant concentrations and economic indicators show that the economic recession has resulted in proportionally lower levels of pollutants in large parts of Greece.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Factors affecting O3 and NO2 photolysis frequencies measured in the eastern Mediterranean during the five-year period 2002–2006 (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-28
    Description: The photolysis frequencies of ozone (O3; to singlet oxygen, JO1D) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2; JNO2) were recorded at the remote coastal site Finokalia (35°20′N, 25°40′E), on the island of Crete, Greece, during the period 2002–2006. We present a study of their main climatological aspects and a quantification of the effect of aerosol and total ozone column on these frequencies. The 5-yr mean Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 380 nm in the area is equal to 0.27 ± 0.13 and reduces JNO2 by 5%–14% at a solar zenith angle (sza) of 60°, compared to an aerosol-free atmosphere. It also leads to a similar reduction of JO1D by 5%–15% at the 60° sza, for an average total ozone column (300–320 Dobson units (DU)). The effect of regional background AOD (∼0.1) is a reduction of JNO2 and JO1D by up to 6% for sza in the range 15° to75°, respectively. During high aerosol loads (AOD 0.5–0.7) the percentage reduction of Js was found to be as much as 30%–40% at high sza. The day-to-day variability of total ozone column over the area, of the order of 20 DU, was found to result in a 12% change in JO1D at 60° sza as compared with zero AOD conditions. A reduction of Js corresponding to a 24% decrease in the local noon JO1D value and a 5% decrease in local noon JNO2 were found to result in a 12% reduction in the 24 h mean net chemical production of O3, using a chemical box model.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Production of dimethylsulfonium propionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) by a microbial food web (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-03
    Description: This article is in Free Access Publication and may be downloaded using the “Download Full Text PDF” link at right.
    Print ISSN: 0024-3590
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5590
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).
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  • 7
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    Climate Change and Weather Extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: Observation‐based and modeling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hotspot. While several initiatives have addressed the impacts of climate change in parts of the EMME, here we present an updated assessment, covering a wide range of timescales, phenomena and future pathways. Our assessment is based on a revised analysis of recent observations and projections and an extensive overview of the recent scientific literature on the causes and effects of regional climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions in the EMME are growing rapidly, surpassing those of the European Union, hence contributing significantly to climate change. Over the past half‐century and especially during recent decades, the EMME has warmed significantly faster than other inhabited regions. At the same time, changes in the hydrological cycle have become evident. The observed recent temperature increase of about 0.45°C per decade is projected to continue, although strong global greenhouse gas emission reductions could moderate this trend. In addition to projected changes in mean climate conditions, we call attention to extreme weather events with potentially disruptive societal impacts. These include the strongly increasing severity and duration of heatwaves, droughts and dust storms, as well as torrential rain events that can trigger flash floods. Our review is complemented by a discussion of atmospheric pollution and land‐use change in the region, including urbanization, desertification and forest fires. Finally, we identify sectors that may be critically affected and formulate adaptation and research recommendations toward greater resilience of the EMME region to climate change.
    Description: Key Points: The Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East is warming almost two times faster than the global average and other inhabited parts of the world. Climate projections indicate a future warming, strongest in summers. Precipitation will likely decrease, particularly in the Mediterranean. Virtually all socio‐economic sectors will be critically affected by the projected changes.
    Description: European Union Horizon 2020
    Description: https://esg-dn1.nsc.liu.se/search/esgf-liu/
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variations of atmospheric sulfur dioxide and dimethylsulfide concentrations at Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 15 (1992), S. 117-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Sulfur dioxide ; SO2 dimethylsulfide ; DMS ; marine atmosphere ; seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Daily measurements of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations were performed from March 1989 to January 1991 at Amsterdam Island (37°50′ S–77°30′ E), a remote site located in the southern Indian Ocean. Long-range transport of continental air masses was studied using Radon (222Rn) as continental tracer. Average monthly SO2 concentrations range from less than 0.2 to 3.9 nmol m-3 (annual average = 0.7 nmol m-3) and present a seasonal cycle with a minimum in winter and a maximum in summer, similar to that described for atmospheric DMS concentrations measured during the same period. Clear diel correlation between atmospheric DMS and SO2 concentrations is also observed during summer. A photochemical box model using measured atmospheric DMS concentrations as input data reproduces the seasonal variations in the measured atmospheric SO2 concentrations within ±30%. Comparing between computed and measured SO2 concentrations allowed us to estimate a yield of SO2 from DMS oxidation of about 70%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053754
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Covariations in oceanic dimethyl sulfide, its oxidation products and rain acidity at Amsterdam Island in the Southern Indian Ocean (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 15 (1992), S. 39-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Oceanic dimethyl sulfide ; atmospheric dimethyl sulfide ; sulfur dioxide ; wet deposition ; non-sea-salt sulfate ; methanesulfonic acid ; rain acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous measurements of rain acidity and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) at the ocean surface and in the atmosphere were performed at Amsterdam Island over a 4 year period. During the last 2 years, measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere and of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt-sulfate (nss-SO4 2-) in rainwater were also performed. Covariations are observed between the oceanic and atmospheric DMS concentrations, atmospheric SO2 concentrations, wet deposition of MSA, nss-SO4 2-, and rain acidity. A comparable summer to winter ratio of DMS and SO2 in the atmosphere and MSA in precipitation were also observed. From the chemical composition of precipitation we estimate that DMS oxidation products contribute approximately 40% of the rain acidity. If we consider the acidity in excess, then DMS oxidation products contribute about 55%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053608
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variation of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 11 (1990), S. 123-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Atmospheric dimethylsulfide ; oceanic dimethylsulfide ; DMS ; air-sea interaction ; atmospheric chemistry ; marine chemistry ; biogeochemical cycles ; sea-to-air flux ; Indian Ocean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Daily measurements of atmospheric concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were carried out for two years in a marine site at remote area: the Amsterdam Island (37°50′S–77°31′E) located in the southern Indian Ocean. DMS concentrations were also measured in seawater. A seasonal variation is observed for both DMS in the atmosphere and in the sea-surface. The monthly averages of DMS concentrations in the surface coastal seawater and in the atmosphere ranged, respectively, from 0.3 to 2.0 nmol l-1 and from 1.4 to 11.3 nmol m-3 (34 to 274 pptv), with the highest values in summer. The monthly variation of sea-to-air flux of DMS from the southern Indian Ocean ranges from 0.7 to 4.4 μmol m-2 d-1. A factor of 2.3 is observed between summer and winter with mean DMS fluxes of 3.0 and 1.3 μmol m-2 d-1, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053671
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