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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Recent disintegration of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsulahas highlighted the need for a better understanding of ice shelf fracture processes generally. In this paper we present a fracture criterion, incorporating new experimental fracture data, coupled with an ice shelf flow model to predict the spatial distribution of surface crevassing on the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. We have developed experiments that have enabled us to quantify, for the first time, quasi-stable crack growth in Antarctic ice core specimens using a fractureinitiation toughness, Kinit, for which crack growth commences.The tests cover a full range of nearsurface densities, r = 560-871 kg m-3 (10.9-75.7 m depth). Results indicate anapparently linear dependence of fracture toughness on porositysuch that Kinit = 0.257 r-80.7, predicting a zero-porosity toughness of Ko = 155 kPa m(1/2). We have used this data to test the applicability to crevassing of a two-dimensional fracture mechanics criterion for the propagation of a small sharp crack in a biaxial stress field. The growth of an initial flaw into a larger crevasse, which involves a purely tensile crack opening, depends on the size of the flaw, the magnitude of Kinit, and the nature of the applied stress field. By incorporating the criterion into a stress map of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf derived from a depth-integrated finite element model of the strain-rate field, we have been able to predict regions of potential crevassing. These agree well with satellite imagery provided an initial flaw size is assumed in the range 5-50 cm.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: An experiment study of the fracture mechanics and rheology of ice from the Ronne Ice Shelf is currently being undertaken. The apparent critical stress-intensity factor (or apparent fracture toughness, K{Q}) for crack propagation has been measured using a three-point bend method for inducing crack growth perpendicular to the axis of cylindrical ice-core specimens. Tensile crack nucleation under applied uniaxial compressive stress has also been evaluated. Both methods have allowed a profile of ice elastic and fracture properties with depth through the ice shelf to be constructed. The resistance to fracture, as measured by changes in apparent fracture toughness and crack-nucleation stress, increases with depth right through the firn and meteoric ice layers. A simple fracture mechanics model applied to the Ronne Ice Shelf indicates that crevasses form from small surface cracks, less than 40 cm deep, which quickly grow.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 55 (1976), S. 317-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Deformation experiments have been carried out on a microgranodiorite under undrained conditions at a pressure of 0.448 GPa and temperatures up to 720 °C. The granodiorite contained a small amount of chlorite and amphibole minerals which decomposed at elevated temperatures, giving rise to a pore pressure. Evidence about the decomposition reaction was obtained from differential thermal analysis and optical microscopy. In some experiments small amounts of free water were enclosed with the sealed rock sample. The strength (at fracture or 2 per cent strain) fell to very low values (∼0.02 GPa) at ∼700 °C, and at temperatures of 670 °C and above there was evidence of partial melting which led to ductile behaviour. At somewhat lower temperatures the rock was relatively weak but brittle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Complex electrical conductivity ; Stress-strain modelling ; Cracked solids ; Triaxial deformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of complex electrical conductivity as a function of frequency is an extremely sensitive probe for changes in pore and crack volume, crack connectivity, and crack surface topography. Such measurements have been made as a function of pore fluid chemistry, hydrostatic confining pressure, as well as uniaxial and triaxial deformation. This paper will; (1) describe the effects of triaxial deformation on the complex electrical conductivity of saturated porous rocks, (2) use the electrical data to model the mechanical stress-strain behaviour, and (3) compare the modelled behaviour with the stress-strain behaviour measured during the deformation. Experimental conductivity data tracks how the rock undergoes compaction with progressive loss of crack volume, followed by dilatation due to new crack formation, growth of existing cracks, crack interlinkage, and finally failure, as axial strain is increased. We have used the complex electrical data to produce a direction-sensitive (anisotropic) crack damage parameter, and used it to calculate the effective Young's modulus by employing the models of Walsh and Bruner. Comparison of the synthetic stress-strain curves so produced, with the experimentally derived stress-strain curves shows good agreement, particularly for undrained tests. This modelling is an improvement on similar curves produced using isotropic crack damage parameters derived from acoustic emission data. The improvement is likely to be due to the directional sensitivity of the electrical conductivity measurement, and its ability to discriminate between the formation of isolated cracks, and those cracks that contribute to the inter-connected crack space i.e. those cracks upon which transport properties of the rock such as electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties depend most critically during triaxial deformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 8 (1972), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a calculé les changements de l'énergie libre de Gibbs lors du début de la propagation d'une fissure dans un solide isotrope et fragile, du type Griffith, lorsque ce solide est soumis à un systeme arbitraire de contraintes triaxiales à l'ínfini, de caractère homogène et uniforme. On a considéré des fissures ayant la forme de cavités ellipsoïdales aplaties, libres de toutes tensions de surface. En vertu d'un traitement bidimensionnel du problème, et en relation avec les observations expérimentales, on montre qu'il ne suffit pas, pour qu'une fissure fragile s'amorce, que l'énergie libre de Gibbs passe par un minimum, encore que cette condition soit nécessaire. En général, il existe plus que suffisamment d'énergie potentielle dans le système pour qu'une fissure puisse s'amorcer. L'énergie en excès est particulièrement importante dans le cas des corps rompus en compression.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Änderung der freien Gibbs'schen Energie bei Beginn einer Rißfortpflanzung in einem spröden isotropen Festkörper des Griffith Typs wurde berechnet für den Fall wo these Körper einem homogenen und gleichmäßigen, ansonsten jedoch arbiträre System triaxialer Spannungen im Unendlichen ausgesetzt ist. Es wurden Risse gewählt, welche die Form flacher ellipsoïdaler Aushöhlungen hatten und welche frei von irgendwelchen Oberflächenspannungen waren. In Übereinstimmung mit der zweidimensionalen Betrachtung des Problems und mit den experimentellen Beobachtungen wird gezeigt, daß die Minimisierung der Gibbs'schen freien Energie eine zwar notwendige jedoch keinesfalls genügende Bedingung für das Entstehen eines Sprödbruchs ist. Im Allgemeinen ist mehr als genügend Energie im System vorhanden, um einen Bruch zu ermöglichen; die Überschußenergie ist besonders groß für Körper die unter Druck gebrochen werden.
    Notes: Abstract A calculation has been carried out of the changes in Gibbs free energy associated with the initiation of crack propagation in an isotropic, brittle solid of the Griffith type when the solid is subjected to a homogeneous, uniform but otherwise arbitrary triaxial system of stresses at infinity. The cracks have been taken to be flattened ellipsoidal cavities which are free from surface tractions. In accordance with the two-dimensional treatment of the problem and with experimental observations it is shown that minimisation of the Gibbs free energy, though necessary, is not a sufficient condition for brittle fracture initiation. There is in general more than enough energy available in the system to enable fracture to be initiated; the excess energy being particularly large in bodies fractured in compression.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 8 (1972), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a calculé les changements de l'énergie libre de Gibbs lors du début de la propagation d'une fissure dans un solide isotrope et fragile, du type Griffith, lorsque ce solide est soumis à un systeme arbitraire de contraintes triaxiales à l'ínfini, de caractère homogène et uniforme. On a considéré des fissures ayant la forme de cavités ellipsoïdales aplaties, libres de toutes tensions de surface. En vertu d'un traitement bidimensionnel du problème, et en relation avec les observations expérimentales, on montre qu'il ne suffit pas, pour qu'une fissure fragile s'amorce, que l'énergie libre de Gibbs passe par un minimum, encore que cette condition soit nécessaire. En général, il existe plus que suffisamment d'énergie potentielle dans le système pour qu'une fissure puisse s'amorcer. L'énergie en excès est particulièrement importante dans le cas des corps rompus en compression.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Änderung der freien Gibbs'schen Energie bei Beginn einer Rißfortpflanzung in einem spröden isotropen Festkörper des Griffith Typs wurde berechnet für den Fall wo these Körper einem homogenen und gleichmäßigen, ansonsten jedoch arbiträre System triaxialer Spannungen im Unendlichen ausgesetzt ist. Es wurden Risse gewählt, welche die Form flacher ellipsoïdaler Aushöhlungen hatten und welche frei von irgendwelchen Oberflächenspannungen waren. In Übereinstimmung mit der zweidimensionalen Betrachtung des Problems und mit den experimentellen Beobachtungen wird gezeigt, daß die Minimisierung der Gibbs'schen freien Energie eine zwar notwendige jedoch keinesfalls genügende Bedingung für das Entstehen eines Sprödbruchs ist. Im Allgemeinen ist mehr als genügend Energie im System vorhanden, um einen Bruch zu ermöglichen; die Überschußenergie ist besonders groß für Körper die unter Druck gebrochen werden.
    Notes: Abstract A calculation has been carried out of the changes in Gibbs free energy associated with the initiation of crack propagation in an isotropic, brittle solid of the Griffith type when the solid is subjected to a homogeneous, uniform but otherwise arbitrary triaxial system of stresses at infinity. The cracks have been taken to be flattened ellipsoidal cavities which are free from surface tractions. In accordance with the two-dimensional treatment of the problem and with experimental observations it is shown that minimisation of the Gibbs free energy, though necessary, is not a sufficient condition for brittle fracture initiation. There is in general more than enough energy available in the system to enable fracture to be initiated; the excess energy being particularly large in bodies fractured in compression.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1972-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0376-9429
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2673
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1972-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0376-9429
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2673
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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