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  • 1
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    Subsurface Sediment Mobilization (2003)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentary facies in the subsurface are usually interpreted from a epositional/stratigraphical perspective: the depositional layering is generally considered to remain undisturbed, except in a few settings. But, there is growing evidence that subsurface sediment mobilization (SSM) is more widespread than previously thought, as new observations arise from the ever-increasing resolution of subsurface data. Many examples are from hydrocarbon provinces but studies elsewhere, for example in preparation for the underground storage of hazardous waste, have yielded unexpected examples. Although until now the different aspects of SSM, including soft sediment deformations, sand injections, shale diapirs, mud volcanoes, etc, have been separated, the new discoveries emphasize their inter-connection, regardless of scale, depth, location, grain size or trigger mechanism. This volume integrates the different aspects of sediment mobilization in the subsurface and their structural consequences, allowing a more generaland a more coherent view of the subject.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (522 Seiten)
    ISBN: 1862391416
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/216/1.toc
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Structural geometry and timing of deformation in the Chainat duplex, Thailand (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 290: 305-323.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-19
    Description: The Chainat duplex is about 100 km in a northsouth direction, and was developed along the predominantly sinistral Mae Ping fault zone, which was active during the Cenozoic. The duplex is manifested as eroded, northsouth- and NWSE-striking outliers of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks rising from the surrounding flat plains of the Central Basin (a PlioceneRecent post-rift basin). Satellite images, geological maps and magnetic maps have been used to reconstruct the structural geometry of the duplex, which is composed of a series of northsouth-striking ridges, bounded to the north and south by NWSE-striking faults. Overall, the duplex has the geometry of analogue restraining-bend models with relatively low displacement. No well-developed duplex-traversing short-cut faults linking the principal displacement zones are apparent. The duplex shows evidence for widespread sinistral motion, as well as some dextral reactivation the latter of which is particularly marked in the eastern part of the duplex. The main sinistral activity ended at about 30 Ma: subsequently, minor, episodic reactivation of the duplex may have occurred. Detailed timing of events cannot be determined from structures within the duplex, but the evolution of adjacent rift basins suggests that stresses developed during episodes of inversion may have also caused reactivation of strike-slip faults (sinistral for NWSE to northsouth striking faults) during the Miocene. Minor episodic dextral motion may also have been of Late OligoceneMiocene and/or PlioceneRecent age.
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  • 3
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    Evolution of deformation styles at a major restraining bend, constraints from cooling histories, Mae Ping fault zone, western Thailand (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 290: 325-349.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-19
    Description: The c. 500-km-long Mae Ping fault zone trends NWSE across Thailand into eastern Myanmar and has probably undergone in excess of 150 km sinistral motion during the Cenozoic. A large, c. 150-km-long, restraining bend in this fault zone lies on the western margin of the Chainat duplex. The duplex is a low-lying region dominated by northsouth-trending ridges of Mesozoic and Palaeozoic sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks, flanked by flat, post-rift basins of PlioceneRecent age to the north and south. A review of published cooling-age data, plus new apatite and zircon fission-track results indicates that significant changes in patterns of exhumation occurred along the fault zone with time. Oldest uplift and erosion (Eocene) occurred in the Umphang Gneiss region, west of an inferred thrust-dominated restraining-bend setting. From 36 Ma to 30 Ma, exhumation was strongest north of the duplex, along the NWSE-trending segment of the fault zone at the (northern) exiting bend of the Chainat duplex. This region of the fault zone is characterized by a mid-crustal level shear zone 56 km wide (Lan Sang Gneisses), that passes to the NW into an apparent strike-slip duplex geometry. The deformation is interpreted to have occurred during passage around the northern restraining bend, which resulted in vertical thickening, uplift, erosion and extensional collapse of the northern side of the shear zone. This concentration of deformation at the bends at the ends of the restraining bend is thought to be a characteristic of strike-slip-dominated restraining bends. Following Late OligoceneEarly Miocene extension, there is apatite fission-track evidence for 2218 Ma exhumation in the Chainat duplex, that coincides with a phase of inversion in the Phitsanulok Basin to the north. The MioceneRecent history of the Chainat duplex is one of minor sinistral and dextral displacements, related to a rapidly evolving stress field, influenced by the numerous tectonic reorganizations that affected SE Asia during that time.
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  • 4
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    Evolution from an oblique subduction back-arc mobile belt to a highly oblique collisional margin: the Cenozoic tectonic development of Thailand and eastern Myanmar (2009)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 318: 373-403.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-26
    Description: Previous tectonic models (escape tectonics, topographic ooze) for SE Asia have considered that Himalayan-Tibetan processes were dominant and imposed on cool, rigid SE Asian crust. However, present-day geothermal gradients, metamorphic mineral assemblages, structural style and igneous intrusions all point to east Myanmar and Thailand having hot, ductile crust during Cenozoic-Recent times. North to NE subduction beneath SE Asia during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic resulted in development of hot, thickened crust in the Thailand-Myanmar region in a back-arc mobile belt setting. This setting changed during the Eocene-Recent to highly oblique collision as India coupled with the west Burma block. The characteristics of the orogenic belt include: (1) a hot and weak former back-arc area about 200-300 km wide (Shan Plateau) heavily intruded by I-type and S-type granites during the Mesozoic and Palaeogene; (2) high modern geothermal gradients (3-7 {degrees}C per 100 m) and heat fl ow (70-100 mW m-2; (3) widespread Eocene-Pliocene basaltic volcanism; (4) Late Cretaceous-earliest Cenozoic and Eocene-Oligocene high-temperature-low-pressure metamorphism; (5) c. 47-29 Ma peak metamorphism in the Mogok metamorphic belt followed by c. 30-23 Ma magmatism and exhumation of the belt between the Late Oligocene and early Miocene; (6) a broad zone of Eocene-Oligocene sinistral transpression in the Shan Plateau, later reactivated by Oligocene-Recent dextral transtension; (7) diachronous extensional collapse during the Cenozoic, involving both high-angle normal fault and low-angle normal fault (LANF) bounded basins; (8) progressive collapse of thickened, ductile crust from south (Eocene) to north (Late Oligocene) in the wake of India moving northwards; and (9) the present-day influence on the stress system by both the Himalayan orogenic belt and the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone.
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  • 5
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    Mobile shale related deformation in large deltas developed on passive and active margins (2003)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 216: 335-357.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-01
    Description: Understanding the nature of mobile shale deformation in deltas requires appreciation of several critical factors: (1) the tectonic setting (deposition on an active or passive margin); (2) the range of potential structural styles and how to identify them on seismic reflection data; (3) how structural styles evolve with time; (4) how to apply and modify what is understood about salt deformation to mobile shale deformation; and (5) how delta structures influence sedimentation. Differences between active and passive margin settings include: (a) active margins tend to display shorter, higher gradient drainage systems associated with high rates of erosion per unit area when compared with passive margins; (b) active uplift of the hinterland will force delta progradation (not seen on passive margin); (c) uplift causes erosion and re-cycling of older deltaic deposits which can cause comparatively fine grained sandstone reservoirs; and (d) the development of large compression-related folds and thrusts in the shelfal region of deltas on active margins can create areas of active uplift. Consequently, structurally controlled embayments may develop that cause distinct changes in the dominant depositional process (wave, tidal, fluvial) along the margin. On both active and passive margins, growing gravity-driven structures locally create sea floor highs and depressions and create changes in the dip of slopes which influence depocentre location and sediment pathways from the shelf to deepwater. A wide range of mud diapir geometry can be found in deltas. Commonly mud diapirs exhibit reactive, active, passive and collapse features. Some diapirs develop as compressional features seaward of fault bounded depocentres. Also frequently associated with delta provinces are fluid pipes, shale intrusions, fluid fronts and gas clouds. All the overpressure phenomena can produce dimming, or disruption of reflections on seismic reflection data, however the characteristics of the different phenomena are sufficiently diverse that they can frequently be differentiated on good quality data.
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  • 6
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    Cenozoic structural evolution of the Andaman Sea: evolution from an extensional to a sheared margin (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-16
    Description: The Andaman Sea is proposed to have developed from a margin where Palaeogene back-arc collapse closed a mid-Cretaceous back-arc oceanic basin, and resulted in the collision between island arc crust to the west and the western margin of Sundaland. Subsequent east–west to WNW–ESE extension during the Late Eocene–Oligocene resulted in highly extended continental crust underlying the Alcock and Sewell rises, and the East Andaman Basin, and moderately extended crust in the Megui–North Sumatra Basin. As India coupled with western Myanmar, the margin became dominated by dextral strike-slip and NNW–SSE transtensional deformation during the Miocene. The narrow belt of NNW–SSE-directed extension is proposed to have focused on the region where ductile middle crust remained following Late Eocene–Oligocene extension, whereas strike-slip faults are located in the regions of necking where ductile middle crust was considerably thinned by Late Eocene–Oligocene extension. The last phase of NNW–SSE-extension switched between probable Late Miocene–Early Pliocene seafloor spreading, and extension (by dyke intrusion and faulting) in the Alcock and Sewell rises, and then recently back to the spreading centre.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 7
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    Five anomalous structural aspects of rift basins in Thailand and their impact on petroleum systems (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: The intracratonic, supra-subduction zone setting of the Thailand rift basins caused the rifts to evolve in several ways differently from other intracratonic rifts. Key differences include: widespread occurrence of low-angle normal faults; basin inversion alternating with rifting; diachronous initiation and cessation of rifting; rapid post-rift subsidence; and extensive, low-displacement post-rift faults. These characteristics are related to hot, weak continental lithosphere, rapid evolution of the plate boundaries and stresses during the Cenozoic, and the history of subduction and accretion. Low-angle normal faults impacted the Sirikit Field by controlling the location of fluvio-deltaic reservoirs interfingering lacustrine shales (source and seal). Basin inversion alternating with syn-rift section is detrimental to prospectivity of the southern half of the Phitsanulok Basin by destroying syn-rift structure, and halting hydrocarbon maturation early in the basin history. The diachronous timing of basin development resulted in large, gas-dominated hydrocarbon accumulations in the eastern Gulf of Thailand basins, but was detrimental for younger basins that lack the post-rift section, and the greater variety of petroleum systems and traps that post-rift basins offer. The extensive low displacement–length ratio post-rift faults form significant hydrocarbon traps in the Pattani and North Malay basins. They represent a structural style not usually found in post-rift basins.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 8
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    Origin, structural geometry, and development of a giant coherent slide: The South Makassar Strait mass transport complex (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-31
    Description: The South Makassar Strait mass transport complex (MTC) covers an area of at least 9000 km 2 and has a total volume of 2438 km 3 . It is composed of a shale-dominated sedimentary unit with high water content. Seismic reflection data across the South Makassar Strait MTC show that it displays relatively coherent internal sedimentary stratigraphy that in the toe region is deformed into well-defined thrust-related structures (imbricates, ramps and flats, fault bend folds). It is one of the largest known coherent MTCs. The bowl-shaped central core region is as much as 1.7 km thick, and is confined to the west and east by 355° and 325° trending (respectively) lateral ramps in the upper slope area that pass via oblique ramps into a northeast-southwest–trending frontal ramp area. The core area passes via the lateral, oblique, and frontal ramps into an extensive, thin (tens of meters thick) region of the MTC (the lateral and frontal apron areas) that are internally deformed by thrusts, normal faults, and thrust faults reactivated as normal faults. The MTC anatomy can be divided into extension headwall, translational, toe, flank, lateral apron, and frontal apron domains. The headwall region is located in the upper slope area of the Paternoster platform; the main body of the slide is in the deep-water region of the Makassar Strait. The complex is interpreted to be triggered by uplift of the platform area (accompanied by inversion), and/or basin subsidence, which caused seaward rotation of ~2° of the Paternoster platform in the Pliocene. Variable uplift promoted sliding dominantly from the eastern and western margins of the headwall. The internal fault patterns of the MTC show that extension in the upper slope to lower slope in the core area changes downslope to compressional structures in the toe domain and apron. Later extensional collapse of parts of the compressional toe area occurred with negative inversion on some faults. The coherent internal stratigraphy, and evidence for multiphase extension in the eastern headwall area, suggests that the ~6–7 km of shortening in the toe region of the MTC occurred at a slow strain rate. Therefore, this type of MTC does not have the potential to generate tsunamis.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 9
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    Detrital zircon analysis of the southwest Indochina terrane, central Thailand: Unravelling the Indosinian orogeny (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: The Khao Khwang fold-and-thrust belt, central Thailand, developed within a basin that formed on the southwestern margin of the Indochina block. Because of limited geochronological and provenance constraints, the time of deposition, sediment source location, and tectonic significance of the basin have been uncertain. Here, we present 837 U-Pb detrital zircon ages and 271 Hf isotope in situ analyses from Permian–Triassic clastic units within the Khao Khwang fold-and-thrust belt in order to constrain the provenance, maximum depositional ages, and depositional environment of the southwestern margin of the Indochina terrane through the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. The key lithological units, the Sap Bon, Pang Asok, and Nong Pong Formations, are part of the Saraburi Group and have detrital age spectra spanning from Late Triassic to Paleoarchean. The entire data set has a common age peak at ca. 450 Ma, and all samples contain grains with ages of 0.2–0.3, 0.4–0.6, 1.0–1.3, 1.7–1.8, and 2.2–2.7 Ga. A few grains predate 3.0 Ga. Multidimensional scaling analysis of detrital zircon ages from throughout SE Asia demonstrates that the age spectra of the siliciclastic units of the Saraburi Group resemble those of Permian–Triassic detritus found elsewhere in the Khorat Plateau and throughout Vietnam and southeast China, implying that these areas shared similar sources. These sources may have been the, now largely covered, Indochina basement, and/or contiguous continental crust in terranes already amalgamated to Indochina at that time. Detrital zircons as young as 205 ± 6 Ma show that some formations of the Saraburi Group, previously considered to be of Middle–Late Permian age, are no older than Late Triassic. We propose a depositional model for the region of a Permian rift or passive-margin setting that evolved into piggyback and foredeep basins during an extended period of folding and thrusting in the Triassic.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 10
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    The impact of multiple extension events, stress rotation and inherited fabrics on normal fault geometries and evolution in the Cenozoic rift basins of Thailand (2016)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: The rift basins of Thailand exhibit remarkable diversity of fault displacement patterns, fault length–displacement characteristics and mapped fault patterns during late rift, and post-rift, stages. These patterns reflect influences by: (1) zones of strength anisotropy in the pre-rift basement; (2) syn-rift fault patterns on post-rift faults; (3) spatial stress deflection, commonly related to irregularities in major fault profiles, and the basement–sediment interface; (4) temporal stress rotation, usually related to changes in the regional plate setting; and (5) varying strength properties (strain hardening or softening) of fault zones during their life. These influences created strongly segmented boundary faults, and long, low-displacement post-rift fault trends. The former are commonly strongly over-displaced, while the latter can be strongly under-displaced with respect to their length compared with typical length:displacement distributions. Seismic interpretation of multi-rift fault patterns requires 3D data to identify the complexities, otherwise the linkage pattern between deeper and shallower faults, and the changing fault strike-directions with depth, may be incorrectly mapped. Incorrect identification of fault patterns as breached relay structures may also arise. Oblique extension, the influence of pre-existing trends and stress rotation in multi-phase rifts provides a more comprehensive explanation for the observed features than the strike-slip interpretation of previous studies.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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