ISSN:
1438-3888
Source:
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
Topics:
Biology
Description / Table of Contents:
Summary 1. Under ordinary conditions the rate of energy metabolism in cells is governed by the ADP-feedback system, since the other reactants (inorganic phosphate, substrate, oxygen, enzymes and co-factors) are present in relative excess. 2. When the supply of oxygen is severely limited, it may assume the characteristics of a rate-limiter, and the pattern as well as the rate of metabolism may be altered. 3. The quantitative estimation of the severity of hypoxia is a more difficult problem than is generally realized. The available approaches include: direct measurement of tissue (perhaps intracellular) oxygen tension with micro-electrodes, measurement of the oxidation-reduction status of cells in terms of the ratios of oxidized and reduced forms of electron carrier components (e. g. NAD : NADH2), measurement of the concentrations of high energy compounds in the tissues, and measurement of the “excess lactate” concentration of tissues. The results of these various methods are not always in agreement, and the cause of this lack of agreement is an important problem to be solved. 4. Other important unsolved problems in this field are the relation between intracellular oxygen tension and the partition of ATP-formation between aerobic and anaerobic pathways, and the possible conservation of limited supplies of ATP by its selective utilization for those functions essential for cell survival. 5. Adaptation to chronic hypoxia may involve systemic adjustments which increase the delivery of oxygen to the cells, and cellular adjustments which enable the cells to survive a decrease in their oxygen supply. The occurrence of the systemic adjustments is well established, but the occurrence of cellular adjustments is controversial. 6. It may be concluded that oxygen tension becomes a metabolic regulator only when the intracellular oxygen tension falls to very low levels indeed. 7. The responses of the cells to this condition of severe oxygen deficiency may include: (a) adaptive enzyme changes which permit more efficient utilization of the available oxygen, (b) increased contribution of anaerobic metabolism, and (c) selective utilization of the available energy supply for those functions which are most essential for the survival of the cells.
Notes:
Kurzfassung Sauerstoff ist unter normalen Verhältnissen in relativem Überfluß in den Zellen vorhanden und spielt bei der Regulation des Zellstoffwechsels daher keine direkte Rolle. Demgegenüber wird bei schwerer Hypoxie infolge des Sauerstoffmangels der Zellstoffwechsel verändert; in diesem Zustand wird der Sauerstoff zu einem bedeutenden Faktor bei der Regulation des Zellstoffwechsels. Die wichtigsten Probleme, welche geklärt werden müssen, sind: (1) die quantitative Bestimmung des Grades der zellulären Hypoxie, (2) die akuten Reaktionen, welche infolge der zellulären Hypoxie auftreten und (3) die adaptiven Änderungen, welche während chronischer Hypoxie stattfinden. Die Kenntnisse, über die wir bezüglich dieser Probleme zur Zeit verfügen, werden analysiert und diskutiert.
Type of Medium:
Electronic Resource
URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01611634
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