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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Surface Microstructure on Bending Fatigue Strength of Carburized Steels (1992)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 102-104 (Jan. 1992), p. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/59/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.102-104.199.pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of Distortion during Quenching of a Low Carbon Steel (1992)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 102-104 (Jan. 1992), p. 767-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/59/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.102-104.767.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intravenous glibenclamide in Caucasian and Chinese patients with type-2 diabetes (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (2000), S. 721-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Glibenclamide ; Insulin ; Proinsulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: We analysed the kinetics and effects of glibenclamide (Gb) on glucose, insulin and proinsulin secretion in two ethnic groups (10 in each) of type-2 diabetic patients, one of Caucasian, the other of Chinese origin. Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a global disease affecting all ethnic groups. There are ethnic differences in both the prevalence and metabolic characteristics of the disease. Important interethnic pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences have been reported for several drugs. With few exceptions, detailed studies on sulphonylurea are lacking. Material and methods: The patients were studied on two occasions when either no Gb (control) or 1.25 mg Gb was administered i.v., immediately before the administration of a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Concentrations of insulin and proinsulin were determined by means of radioimmunoassay without cross-reactivities. Gb concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacodynamic results were calculated using net areas under the curves, with basal values set as zero. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: When glucose was administered orally without Gb, Chinese patients had higher plasma glucose increases at 10 min (7.6 mmol/l × min vs 2.6 mmol/l × min) and higher increases of plasma insulin levels than Caucasians at both 10 min (198 pmol/l × min vs 54 pmol/l × min) and 30 min (2286 pmol/l × min vs 1198 pmol/l × min). When Gb was administered, the plasma glucose increases were reduced, and the increases of serum insulin and proinsulin levels were greater in both ethnic groups. Compared with the basal values (−1 min), proinsulin/insulin ratios (RPI) were lowest at 10–30 min, followed by an increase. Chinese patients had higher increases of serum insulin levels at 10 min (1109 pmol/l × min vs 550 pmol/l × min) and a lower RPI at 30 min (6.0% vs 7.6%) and 240 min (15.0% vs 21.0%) relative to Caucasians. Serum Gb data were best fitted to a biexponential i.v. model. There were no interethnic differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters. Conclusion: In summary, following oral glucose administration without Gb, Chinese type-2 diabetic patients had higher plasma insulin levels but also higher plasma glucose levels during the first 10 min, which might reflect reduced insulin sensitivity or more rapid glucose absorption. Gb augmented glucose-induced release of both insulin and proinsulin in both ethnic groups; the effect on insulin secretion was more pronounced. In conclusion, minor pharmacodynamic but no pharmacokinetic differences were found between the two groups. It seems appropriate to employ the same dosage principles when using Gb in Caucasians and Chinese.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050004
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra-urban variation of antibiotic utilization in children: influence of socio-economic factors (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 54 (1998), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Antibiotic utilization ; Intra-urban variation ; Children ; Socio-economic ; Ecological
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the intra-urban variation of antibiotic utilization in children in Malmö and to evaluate the influence of socio-economic factors on this variation. Methods: In an ecological analysis, the variations in antibiotic utilization in children, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) or as the number of prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants per day, were compared with variations in socio-economic and demographic factors in the 17 administrative districts of the Swedish city of Malmö (235 000 inhabitants). Results: There were large between-area differences in antibiotic utilization, especially in children aged 0–6 years. Socio-economic factors reflecting a privileged situation correlated positively with antibiotic utilization. Thus, in districts with a high median family income and a high employment rate, the utilization of antibiotics was higher than in other districts. Conversely, in districts with a high proportion of blue-collar workers, people with foreign backgrounds and recipients of social benefit, antibiotic utilization was comparatively low. In contrast, the utilization of penicillin V relative to other antibiotics showed an opposite pattern, including positive correlations with the proportion of social benefit, immigrants and blue-collar workers and a negative correlation with employment rate. Conversely, the utilization of macrolides in relation to other antibiotics in children aged 0–6 years was highest in districts inhabited by those who were socio-economically privileged. Interpretation: The findings suggest that utilization of antibiotics in children may vary considerably within a city, that it may increase with the degree of parental affluence, and that such affluence may reduce the utilization of penicillin V relative to other antibiotics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050529
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement of dicoumarol bioavailability by concomitant food intake (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 441-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; dicoumarol ; eating ; serum concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of food intake on the biovailability of dicoumarol from a non-micronized formulation was examined in ten healthy volunteers, by examination of its single-dose kinetics after ingestion of dicoumarol 250 mg with a standardized breakfast and on an empty stomach. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals from 0 to 72 h, and the serum concentration of unmetabolized dicoumarol was determinded by spectrophotometry. Postprandial AUC (area under the curve) values were significantly (p〈0.01) greater than the preprandial figures, the mean increase being 85 per cent. The results suggest that dicoumarol should always be taken with food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00716387
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of food on the absorption of phenytoin in man (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenytoin ; food-intake ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of food intake on the absorption of phenytoin was examined in eight healthy volunteers, by study of single-dose kinetics following ingestion of phenytoin 300 mg either with a standardized breakfast or on an empty stomach. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals from 0 to 48 h, and serum concentrations of unmetabolized phenytoin were determined by gas chromatography. Serum concentrations of the major metabolite of phenytoin, 4-hydroxyphenytoin, were measured by mass fragmentography. Concurrent intake of food and phenytoin appeared to accelerate absorption of the drug from the formulation used, and the peak concentrations were significantly higher (mean increase 40%) in the postprandial than in the preprandial state. As reflected by the AUC (area under the curve), the amount of drug absorbed was increased during postprandial conditions, although the difference only reached borderline significance. It is suggested that phenytoin should always be taken in a defined relation to meals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618516
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transplacental passage of atenolol in man (1978)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 93-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Atenolol ; transplacental passage ; pregnancy ; hypertension ; maternal-fetal ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Maternal and umbilical serum concentrations of atenolol, a hydrophilic, cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, were studied at delivery in seven cases of pregnancy hypertension. The drug had been administered to each patient for at least one week. Atenolol was detected in both maternal and umbilical serum in six cases, showing that there is transplacental passage of the drug. In the seventh case, who had stopped taking atenolol more than one day before delivery, neither maternal nor umbilical serum contained a measurable quantity of the drug. Atenolol concentration varied 3- to 6-fold between individuals, but there was no systematic difference between maternal and umbilical levels. It seems reasonable to assume that during steady state conditions the blood level of atenolol in mother and fetus is approximately equal, and that fetal accumulation of the drug does not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607437
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved effect of glibenclamide on administration before breakfast (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 403-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: glibenclamide ; diabetes ; insulin ; kinetics ; blood glucose ; relationship to meals ; absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to assess whether intake of glibenclamide before meals would improve its therapeutic capacity, the present investigation compared the effect of glibenclamide 2.5mg t.i.d. given before and together with meals. In addition, these effects were compared with that of glibenclamide given as a single morning dose of 7.5mg. The subjects studied were six Type 2 diabetics not previously exposed to sulphonylurea drugs. Irrespective of dosage and mode of administration, addition of glibenclamide to a standardized breakfast, lunch and dinner enhanced plasma IRI concentrations and reduced blood glucose concentrations as compared to administration of meals without the drug. The different modes of glibenclamide administration did not differ significantly with respect to IRI responses. However, the blood glucose reduction after breakfast was significantly greater when glibenclaimde 2.5mg had been given before the meal than when 2.5 or 7.5mg were given with the meal; a similar, but non-significant tendency was observed after lunch; no consistent difference was seen after dinner. Food intake did not affect glibenclamide kinetics. It appears that administration of glibenclamide 2.5mg before breakfast improved glucose utilization following the breakfast load, due to earlier attainment of an effective concentration of glibenclamide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542327
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transplacental passage and breast milk concentrations of hydralazine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 417-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hydralazine ; pregnancy hypertension ; maternal blood level ; neonatal blood level ; transplacental passage ; breast milk level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of “real” and “apparent” (= “real” hydralazine + acid-labile hydrazones) hydralazine in maternal and umbilical plasma obtained at delivery of 6 women treated with hydralazine and atenolol for pregnancy hypertension were measured by gas chromatography. In one of the patients, the concentrations of the same substances were subsequently measured in breast milk. “Apparent” hydralazine reached higher levels in umbilical than in maternal blood. The concentration of “real” hydralazine seemed to be at least as high in the fetus as in the mother. On the other hand, even though the fraction of “real” (i.e. presumably active) hydralazine was greater in milk than in plasma, the total concentration was smaller, and the estimated dose per milk feed of 75ml would not exceed 0.013mg. Thus, hydralazine treatment of the pregnant woman would expose her fetus to effective concentrations of the drug, but breast feeding would not result in a clinically relevant concentration in the infant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542329
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acetylator phenotyping: A comparison of the isoniazid and dapsone tests (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 233-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acetylator phenotyping ; isoniazid ; dapsone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison was made between the results of acetylator phenotyping by isoniazid (INH) half-life measurements based on 5 samples (0–6 h), and by determination of the ratio of monoacetylated (MAD) to unchanged dapsone (DDS) in a single sample obtained 3 h after dapsone intake. In each of 44 subjects examined, there was unequivocal agreement about classification of the subject as a rapid (INH t1/2 〈2 h; MAD/DDS 〉0.3) or slow (INH t1/2 〉2 h; MAD/DDS 〈0.3) acetylator. It appears that the single-sample (3 h) dapsone test is as reliable as the more laborious and time-consuming INH test for acetylator phenotyping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544604
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