ALBERT

Description: With the realization of faster telecommunication data rates and an expanding interest in ultrafast chemical and physical phenomena, it has become important to develop techniques that enable simple measurements of optical waveforms with subpicosecond resolution. State-of-the-art oscilloscopes with high-speed photodetectors provide single-shot waveform measurement with 30-ps resolution. Although multiple-shot sampling techniques can achieve few-picosecond resolution, single-shot measurements are necessary to analyse events that are rapidly varying in time, asynchronous, or may occur only once. Further improvements in single-shot resolution are challenging, owing to microelectronic bandwidth limitations. To overcome these limitations, researchers have looked towards all-optical techniques because of the large processing bandwidths that photonics allow. This has generated an explosion of interest in the integration of photonics on standard electronics platforms, which has spawned the field of silicon photonics and promises to enable the next generation of computer processing units and advances in high-bandwidth communications. For the success of silicon photonics in these areas, on-chip optical signal-processing for optical performance monitoring will prove critical. Beyond next-generation communications, silicon-compatible ultrafast metrology would be of great utility to many fundamental research fields, as evident from the scientific impact that ultrafast measurement techniques continue to make. Here, using time-to-frequency conversion via the nonlinear process of four-wave mixing on a silicon chip, we demonstrate a waveform measurement technology within a silicon-photonic platform. We measure optical waveforms with 220-fs resolution over lengths greater than 100 ps, which represent the largest record-length-to-resolution ratio (〉450) of any single-shot-capable picosecond waveform measurement technique. Our implementation allows for single-shot measurements and uses only highly developed electronic and optical materials of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible silicon-on-insulator technology and single-mode optical fibre. The mature silicon-on-insulator platform and the ability to integrate electronics with these CMOS-compatible photonics offer great promise to extend this technology into commonplace bench-top and chip-scale instruments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Foster, Mark A -- Salem, Reza -- Geraghty, David F -- Turner-Foster, Amy C -- Lipson, Michal -- Gaeta, Alexander L -- England -- Nature. 2008 Nov 6;456(7218):81-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07430.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The ability to manipulate nanoscopic matter precisely is critical for the development of active nanosystems. Optical tweezers are excellent tools for transporting particles ranging in size from several micrometres to a few hundred nanometres. Manipulation of dielectric objects with much smaller diameters, however, requires stronger optical confinement and higher intensities than can be provided by these diffraction-limited systems. Here we present an approach to optofluidic transport that overcomes these limitations, using sub-wavelength liquid-core slot waveguides. The technique simultaneously makes use of near-field optical forces to confine matter inside the waveguide and scattering/adsorption forces to transport it. The ability of the slot waveguide to condense the accessible electromagnetic energy to scales as small as 60 nm allows us also to overcome the fundamental diffraction problem. We apply the approach here to the trapping and transport of 75-nm dielectric nanoparticles and lambda-DNA molecules. Because trapping occurs along a line, rather than at a point as with traditional point traps, the method provides the ability to handle extended biomolecules directly. We also carry out a detailed numerical analysis that relates the near-field optical forces to release kinetics. We believe that the architecture demonstrated here will help to bridge the gap between optical manipulation and nanofluidics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Allen H J -- Moore, Sean D -- Schmidt, Bradley S -- Klug, Matthew -- Lipson, Michal -- Erickson, David -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 1;457(7225):71-5. doi: 10.1038/nature07593.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19122638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The use of optical forces to manipulate small objects is well known. Applications include the manipulation of living cells by optical tweezers and optical cooling in atomic physics. The miniaturization of optical systems (to the micro and nanoscale) has resulted in very compliant systems with masses of the order of nanograms, rendering them susceptible to optical forces. Optical forces have been exploited to demonstrate chaotic quivering of microcavities, optical cooling of mechanical modes, actuation of a tapered-fibre waveguide and excitation of the mechanical modes of silicon nano-beams. Despite recent progress in this field, it is challenging to manipulate the optical response of photonic structures using optical forces; this is because of the large forces that are required to induce appreciable changes in the geometry of the structure. Here we implement a resonant structure whose optical response can be efficiently statically controlled using relatively weak attractive and repulsive optical forces. We demonstrate a static mechanical deformation of up to 20 nanometres in a silicon nitride structure, using three milliwatts of continuous optical power. Because of the sensitivity of the optical response to this deformation, such optically induced static displacement introduces resonance shifts spanning 80 times the intrinsic resonance linewidth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiederhecker, Gustavo S -- Chen, Long -- Gondarenko, Alexander -- Lipson, Michal -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 3;462(7273):633-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08584. Epub 2009 Nov 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19915549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We sequenced the genomes of a approximately 7,000-year-old farmer from Germany and eight approximately 8,000-year-old hunter-gatherers from Luxembourg and Sweden. We analysed these and other ancient genomes with 2,345 contemporary humans to show that most present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: west European hunter-gatherers, who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; ancient north Eurasians related to Upper Palaeolithic Siberians, who contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and early European farmers, who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harboured west European hunter-gatherer related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that early European farmers had approximately 44% ancestry from a 'basal Eurasian' population that split before the diversification of other non-African lineages.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lazaridis, Iosif -- Patterson, Nick -- Mittnik, Alissa -- Renaud, Gabriel -- Mallick, Swapan -- Kirsanow, Karola -- Sudmant, Peter H -- Schraiber, Joshua G -- Castellano, Sergi -- Lipson, Mark -- Berger, Bonnie -- Economou, Christos -- Bollongino, Ruth -- Fu, Qiaomei -- Bos, Kirsten I -- Nordenfelt, Susanne -- Li, Heng -- de Filippo, Cesare -- Prufer, Kay -- Sawyer, Susanna -- Posth, Cosimo -- Haak, Wolfgang -- Hallgren, Fredrik -- Fornander, Elin -- Rohland, Nadin -- Delsate, Dominique -- Francken, Michael -- Guinet, Jean-Michel -- Wahl, Joachim -- Ayodo, George -- Babiker, Hamza A -- Bailliet, Graciela -- Balanovska, Elena -- Balanovsky, Oleg -- Barrantes, Ramiro -- Bedoya, Gabriel -- Ben-Ami, Haim -- Bene, Judit -- Berrada, Fouad -- Bravi, Claudio M -- Brisighelli, Francesca -- Busby, George B J -- Cali, Francesco -- Churnosov, Mikhail -- Cole, David E C -- Corach, Daniel -- Damba, Larissa -- van Driem, George -- Dryomov, Stanislav -- Dugoujon, Jean-Michel -- Fedorova, Sardana A -- Gallego Romero, Irene -- Gubina, Marina -- Hammer, Michael -- Henn, Brenna M -- Hervig, Tor -- Hodoglugil, Ugur -- Jha, Aashish R -- Karachanak-Yankova, Sena -- Khusainova, Rita -- Khusnutdinova, Elza -- Kittles, Rick -- Kivisild, Toomas -- Klitz, William -- Kucinskas, Vaidutis -- Kushniarevich, Alena -- Laredj, Leila -- Litvinov, Sergey -- Loukidis, Theologos -- Mahley, Robert W -- Melegh, Bela -- Metspalu, Ene -- Molina, Julio -- Mountain, Joanna -- Nakkalajarvi, Klemetti -- Nesheva, Desislava -- Nyambo, Thomas -- Osipova, Ludmila -- Parik, Juri -- Platonov, Fedor -- Posukh, Olga -- Romano, Valentino -- Rothhammer, Francisco -- Rudan, Igor -- Ruizbakiev, Ruslan -- Sahakyan, Hovhannes -- Sajantila, Antti -- Salas, Antonio -- Starikovskaya, Elena B -- Tarekegn, Ayele -- Toncheva, Draga -- Turdikulova, Shahlo -- Uktveryte, Ingrida -- Utevska, Olga -- Vasquez, Rene -- Villena, Mercedes -- Voevoda, Mikhail -- Winkler, Cheryl A -- Yepiskoposyan, Levon -- Zalloua, Pierre -- Zemunik, Tatijana -- Cooper, Alan -- Capelli, Cristian -- Thomas, Mark G -- Ruiz-Linares, Andres -- Tishkoff, Sarah A -- Singh, Lalji -- Thangaraj, Kumarasamy -- Villems, Richard -- Comas, David -- Sukernik, Rem -- Metspalu, Mait -- Meyer, Matthias -- Eichler, Evan E -- Burger, Joachim -- Slatkin, Montgomery -- Paabo, Svante -- Kelso, Janet -- Reich, David -- Krause, Johannes -- 8DP1ES022577-04/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM40282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG002385/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG004120/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HHSN26120080001E/PHS HHS/ -- P01 HG004120/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002385/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006399/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 18;513(7518):409-13. doi: 10.1038/nature13673.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, Tubingen 72074, Germany. ; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany. ; Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany. ; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA. ; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [2] Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, 114 18, Sweden. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany. [3] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100049, China. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA and Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. ; The Cultural Heritage Foundation, Vasteras 722 12, Sweden. ; 1] National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg. [2] National Center of Archaeological Research, National Museum of History and Art, L-2345, Luxembourg. ; Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, University of Tubingen, Tubingen D-72070, Germany. ; National Museum of Natural History, L-2160, Luxembourg. ; State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Wurttemberg, Osteology, Konstanz D-78467, Germany. ; Center for Global Health and Child Development, Kisumu 40100, Kenya. ; 1] Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. [2] Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkhod, Muscat 123, Oman. ; Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular Poblacional, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Celular (IMBICE), CCT-CONICET &CICPBA, La Plata, B1906APO, Argentina. ; Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia. ; 1] Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115478, Russia. [2] Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow 119991, Russia. ; Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica. ; Institute of Biology, Research group GENMOL, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. ; Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel. ; Department of Medical Genetics and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs H-7624, Hungary. ; Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane (AUI), School of Science and Engineering, Ifrane 53000, Morocco. ; Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy. ; 1] Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina 94018, Italy. ; Belgorod State University, Belgorod 308015, Russia. ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada. ; Servicio de Huellas Digitales Geneticas, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1113 CABA, Argentina. ; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Institute of Linguistics, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland. ; Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Anthropologie Moleculaire et Imagerie de Synthese, CNRS UMR 5288, Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31000, France. ; North-Eastern Federal University and Yakut Research Center of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk 677013, Russia. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ; ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA. ; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway. ; NextBio, Illumina, Santa Clara, California 95050, USA. ; Department of Medical Genetics, National Human Genome Center, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. ; 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia. [2] Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450074, Russia. ; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA. ; Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA. ; Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-08661, Lithuania. ; Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. ; Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France. ; 1] Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russia. [2] Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa 450074, Russia. [3] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. [2] Amgen, 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece (T.L.); Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India (L.S.). ; Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. ; Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala. ; Research Department, 23andMe, Mountain View, California 94043, USA. ; Cultural Anthropology Program, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland. ; Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania. ; Research Institute of Health, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk 677000, Russia. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Universita di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy. ; 1] Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 1000000, Chile. [2] Programa de Genetica Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile. [3] Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica 1000000, Chile. ; Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK. ; 1] Institute of Immunology, Academy of Science, Tashkent 70000, Uzbekistan. [2]. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia. ; 1] Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland. [2] Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA. ; Unidade de Xenetica, Departamento de Anatomia Patoloxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenomica (GMX), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galcia 15872, Spain. ; Research Fellow, Henry Stewart Group, Russell House, London WC1A 2HN, UK. ; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan. ; Department of Genetics and Cytology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv 61077, Ukraine. ; 1] Instituto Boliviano de Biologia de la Altura, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, 591 2 La Paz, Bolivia. [2] UniversidadAutonoma Tomas Frias, Potosi, Bolivia. ; 1] Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. [2] Institute of Internal Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk 630089, Russia. [3] Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. ; Basic Research Laboratory, NCI, NIH, Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. ; Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan 0014, Armenia. ; 1] Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut 13-5053, Lebanon. [2] Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Medical Biology, University of Split, School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia. ; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. ; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. ; Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India. [2] Amgen, 33 Kazantzaki Str, Ilioupolis 16342, Athens, Greece (T.L.); Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India (L.S.). ; CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India. ; 1] Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. [2] Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia. [3] Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn 10130, Estonia. ; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain. ; 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tubingen, Tubingen 72074, Germany. [2] Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tubingen, 72070 Tubingen, Germany. [3] Max Planck Institut fur Geschichte und Naturwissenschaften, Jena 07745, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide data from 51 Eurasians from ~45,000-7,000 years ago. Over this time, the proportion of Neanderthal DNA decreased from 3-6% to around 2%, consistent with natural selection against Neanderthal variants in modern humans. Whereas there is no evidence of the earliest modern humans in Europe contributing to the genetic composition of present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans. An ~35,000-year-old individual from northwest Europe represents an early branch of this founder population which was then displaced across a broad region, before reappearing in southwest Europe at the height of the last Ice Age ~19,000 years ago. During the major warming period after ~14,000 years ago, a genetic component related to present-day Near Easterners became widespread in Europe. These results document how population turnover and migration have been recurring themes of European prehistory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fu, Qiaomei -- Posth, Cosimo -- Hajdinjak, Mateja -- Petr, Martin -- Mallick, Swapan -- Fernandes, Daniel -- Furtwangler, Anja -- Haak, Wolfgang -- Meyer, Matthias -- Mittnik, Alissa -- Nickel, Birgit -- Peltzer, Alexander -- Rohland, Nadin -- Slon, Viviane -- Talamo, Sahra -- Lazaridis, Iosif -- Lipson, Mark -- Mathieson, Iain -- Schiffels, Stephan -- Skoglund, Pontus -- Derevianko, Anatoly P -- Drozdov, Nikolai -- Slavinsky, Vyacheslav -- Tsybankov, Alexander -- Cremonesi, Renata Grifoni -- Mallegni, Francesco -- Gely, Bernard -- Vacca, Eligio -- Morales, Manuel R Gonzalez -- Straus, Lawrence G -- Neugebauer-Maresch, Christine -- Teschler-Nicola, Maria -- Constantin, Silviu -- Moldovan, Oana Teodora -- Benazzi, Stefano -- Peresani, Marco -- Coppola, Donato -- Lari, Martina -- Ricci, Stefano -- Ronchitelli, Annamaria -- Valentin, Frederique -- Thevenet, Corinne -- Wehrberger, Kurt -- Grigorescu, Dan -- Rougier, Helene -- Crevecoeur, Isabelle -- Flas, Damien -- Semal, Patrick -- Mannino, Marcello A -- Cupillard, Christophe -- Bocherens, Herve -- Conard, Nicholas J -- Harvati, Katerina -- Moiseyev, Vyacheslav -- Drucker, Dorothee G -- Svoboda, Jiri -- Richards, Michael P -- Caramelli, David -- Pinhasi, Ron -- Kelso, Janet -- Patterson, Nick -- Krause, Johannes -- Paabo, Svante -- Reich, David -- Nature. 2016 May 2. doi: 10.1038/nature17993.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVPP, CAS, Beijing 100044, China. ; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tubingen, 72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. ; CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal. ; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA-5005 Adelaide, Australia. ; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 17 Novosibirsk, RU-630090, Russia. ; Altai State University, Barnaul, RU-656049, Russia. ; Dipartimento di Civilta e Forme del Sapere, Universita di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy. ; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy. ; Direction regionale des affaires culturelles Rhone-Alpes, 69283 Lyon, Cedex 01, France. ; Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70125 Bari, Italy. ; Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistoricas, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain. ; Department of Anthropology, MSC01 1040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA. ; Quaternary Archaeology, Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1010 Vienna, Austria. ; Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria. ; Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria. ; "Emil Racovita" Institute of Speleology, 010986 Bucharest 12, Romania. ; "Emil Racovita" Institute of Speleology, Cluj Branch, 400006 Cluj, Romania. ; Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy. ; Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Universita di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. ; Universita degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70125 Bari, Italy. ; Museo di "Civilta preclassiche della Murgia meridionale", 72017 Ostuni, Italy. ; Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Firenze, 50122 Florence, Italy. ; Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Universita degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy. ; CNRS/UMR 7041 ArScAn MAE, 92023 Nanterre, France. ; INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires 21, 92023 Nanterre, France. ; Ulmer Museum, 89073 Ulm, Germany. ; University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Department of Geology, 01041 Bucharest, Romania. ; Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330-8244, USA. ; Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5199-PACEA, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France. ; TRACES - UMR 5608, Universite Toulouse Jean Jaures, Maison de la Recherche, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France. ; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. ; Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, 8270 Hojbjerg, Denmark. ; Service Regional d'Archeologie de Franche-Comte, 25043 Besancon Cedex, France. ; Laboratoire Chronoenvironnement, UMR 6249 du CNRS, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 25030 Besancon Cedex, France. ; Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tubingen, 72074 Tubingen, Germany. ; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tubingen, 72072 Tubingen, Germany. ; Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tubingen, 72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tubingen, 72070 Tubingen, Germany. ; Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Saint Petersburg 34, Russia. ; Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic. ; Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic. ; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Gillespie stochastic simulation is used extensively to investigate stochastic phenomena in many fields, ranging from chemistry to biology to ecology. The inverse problem, however, has remained largely unsolved: How to reconstruct the underlying reactions de novo from sparse observations. A key challenge is that often only aggregate concentrations, proportional to...

Description: Author(s): A. S. Mayer, C. R. Phillips, C. Langrock, A. Klenner, A. R. Johnson, K. Luke, Y. Okawachi, M. Lipson, A. L. Gaeta, M. M. Fejer, and U. Keller Compact laser frequency combs covering the midinfrared “fingerprint” spectral region are desirable light sources for high-sensitivity, high-resolution detection of target molecules. The authors leverage the nonlinear properties of chip-scale Si 3 N 4 and periodically poled LiNbO 3 waveguides to obtain a tunable, energy-efficient mid-IR frequency comb. Here the pulse energy needed for a given power per comb line is nearly two orders of magnitude lower than for conventional systems. These results are promising for applications in environmental, medical, and industrial diagnostics. [Phys. Rev. Applied 6, 054009] Published Fri Nov 18, 2016