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The birth of the Alps: Ediacaran to Paleozoic accretionary processes and crustal growth along the northern Gondwana margin (2021)

Siegesmund, S. ; Oriolo, S. ; Schulz, B. ; [et al.]

Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Publication Date: 2023-07-20

Description: New whole-rock geochemical and coupled U–Pb and Lu–Hf LA-ICP-MS zircon data of metasedimentary rocks of the Austroalpine, South Alpine and Penninic basement domains are presented, to disentangle the pre-Variscan tectonic evolution of the proto-Alps. The studied units seem to record distinct stages of protracted Late Ediacaran to Carboniferous tectonosedimentary processes prior to the Variscan collision. In the case of Austroalpine and South Alpine units, nevertheless, no major differences in terms of provenance are observed, since most detrital zircon samples are characterized by a major Pan-African peak. Their detrital zircon spectra record a provenance from the northeastern Saharan Metacraton and the Sinai basement at the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield, being thus located along the eastern Early Paleozoic northern Gondwana margin, whereas sources located further west are inferred for the Penninic Unit, which might have been placed close to the Moldanubian Unit of the Bohemian Massif. In any case, it is thus clear that the Alpine basement remained in a close position to the Gondwana mainland at least during the Early Paleozoic. The Late Ediacaran to Silurian tectonic evolution, which includes Cadomian and Cenerian tectonometamorphic and magmatic processes, seem thus to record a continuum related to a retreating-mode accretionary orogen, with diachronous back-arc basin opening and possibly discrete compressional/transpressional pulses linked to changes in subduction zone dynamics. On the other hand, it is inferred that the Alpine basement essentially comprises Pan-African metasedimentary and subordinate metaigneous rocks, possibly with very few Early Neoproterozoic relics. This basement was significantly reworked during the protracted Paleozoic orogenic evolution, due to anatexis and/or assimilation by mantle-derived juvenile magmatism.

Description: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (1018)

Keywords: ddc:551 ; Alpine basement ; Cadomian orogeny ; Cenerian orogeny ; Retreating-mode accretionary orogen ; Sedimentary provenance ; Detrital zircons

Language: English

Type: doc-type:article

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Book reviews (1980)

Lammerer, B. ; Möller, P. ; Friedrich, G. ; [et al.]

Springer

Mineralium deposita 15 (1980), S. 406-408

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ISSN: 1432-1866

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202807

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Geologische und geochemische Untersuchungen im Zentralgneis und in der Greiner Schiefer Serie (Zillertaler Alpen, Tirol) (1976)

Lammerer, B. ; Fruth, I. ; Klemm, D. D. ; [et al.]

Springer

International journal of earth sciences 65 (1976), S. 436-459

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ISSN: 1437-3262

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Geologic, petrological and geochemical investigations have been carried out in the western part of the “Zillertaler Alpen”. Important results are: 1. The premetamorphic material of the Greiner series consists of conglomerates, breccias, arcosic-sandstones or greywackes, bituminous shales, volcanic lavas and tuffs. 2. The southern part of the “Zentralgneis” shows a differentiation trend from alkaline granite to quarzdiorite with predomination of granodiorite. 3. Chemical relationships of granodiorite to its restitic inclusions allow the supposition of a palingenetic origin of the granitic rocks. 4. At least two stages of metamorphism can be differentiated. 5. Parts of the Greiner series, covered by triassic metasediments, are supposed to be of Permian age. A lower age boundary can not yet be given. 6. Some vertical, northeast striking faults with throws of more than 1 or 2 kilometers produced southward verging drag folds. 7. Geodynamic aspects, revealed from regional metamorphism and tectonics, are discussed.

Abstract: Résumé Les «Zillertaler Alpen» occidentales ont fait l'objet de recherches géologiques, pétrologiques et géochimiques dont les principaux resultats sont les suivants: 1. Les matériaux détritiques prémetamorphiques des schistes de Greiner comprennent des conglomérats et brèches, des arkoses ou grauwackes, des argiles bitumineuses, des laves volcaniques et des tufs. 2. La partie sud du «Zentralgneis» comprend des granites et granites alcalines, des granodiorites, des quarzdiorites et gabbros, avec prédominance de granodiorite. 3. La nature palingénétique des roches du «Zentralgneis» est vérifiée par des relations chimiques avec des restites. 4. Une phase métamorphique plus ancienne et une phase plus récente peuvent être distinguées. 5. Les schistes de «Greiner» sont recouverts dans la partie ouest par des quarzites et calcaires du Trias. 6. Le domaine exploré comprend plusieurs failles de direction nord-est, avec des rejets verticaux qui peuvent depasser 1–2 kilomètres. 7. Quatre stades géodynamiques sont proposés.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In den westlichen Zillertaler Alpen wurden geologisch-petrographische und geochemische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Wichtigste Ergebnisse: 1. Das prämetamorphe Ausgangsmaterial der Greiner Schiefer beinhaltet: Konglomerate und Brekzien, Arkosesandsteine oder Grauwacken, bituminöse Tonschiefer, vulkanische Laven und Tuffe. 2. Der südliche Zentralgneisast umfaßt Glieder einer Differentiationsreihe Alkaligranit — Granit — Granodiorit — Quarzdiorit mit Vorherrschen von Granodiorit. 3. Die palingene Natur der Zentralgneisgesteine wird durch chemische Beziehungen zu den Restiteinschlüssen belegt. 4. Mindestens zwei Stadien der Metamorphose können unterschieden werden. 5. Permische Anteile der Greiner Serie unter triassischer Überdeckung sind wahrscheinlich. Eine untere Altersgrenze kann vorläufig nicht gegeben werden. 6. Es existieren mehrere steilstehende, nordöstlich streichende Störungen, deren Sprunghöhen 1–2 km übersteigen können. Dabei kommt es zur Ausbildung südvergenter Schleppfalten. 7. Geodynamische Aspekte aus dem Baustil und der metamorphen Prägung werden diskutiert.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01808475

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Thrust-regime and transpression-regime tectonics in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps) (1988)

Lammerer, B.

Springer

International journal of earth sciences 77 (1988), S. 143-156

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ISSN: 1437-3262

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Below the Penninic nappes of the Tauern-Window, the deepest level of the Alpine thrust system is exposed in the parautochthonous sedimentary sequence of Helvetic facies. During and after nappe emplacement and imbrication (D1), large scale tight to isoclinal recumbent folds formed (D2). They were accompanied by an axial surface schistosity and a stretching lineation in the fold limbs at a high angle to its axes. Refolding by slightly inclined large scale folds (D3) included all the exposed crystalline basement of the »Zentralgneis«. Stretching lineation was now east-west directed and parallel to the D3-fold axes, due to a transpressional regime, which acted during Neogene time. By superposition with D2, oblate or prolate finite strain ellipsoids formed in dependence of local heterogeneities. While the Insubric Lineament system is the brittle expression of the westward movement of the Italian Peninsula relative to the rest of Europe north of it, the Tauern-Window seems to have acted as ductile coupling between the two plates.

Abstract: Résumé Dans la fenêtre des Hohe Tauern, sous les nappes penniques, affleurent des sédiments parautochtones de facies helvétique qui constituent l'unité la plus inférieure de l'édifice tectonique alpin. Pendant et après la mise en place des nappes et leur écaillage (D1), des plis couchés serrés à isoclinaux, de grande dimension, ont été engendrés (D2). A ces plis sont associées une schistosité de plan axial et une linéation d'étirement subperpendiculaire aux axes. Des plis D3 de grande amplitude, à faible vergence sud, ont ensuite repris les structures D2; ils affectent également les domaines plus profonds, constitués par le «Zentralgneiss«. Ces plis sont accompagnés d'une linéation d'étirement E-W, parallèle à leurs axes, et liée à un régime de décrochement d'âge néogène. Les ellipsoïdes des déformations finies présentent des formes en galette ou en cigare, résultant de la superposition des structures D2 et D3, jointe à des hétérogénéités locales. La fenêtre des Tauern semble s'être comportée comme une jonction ductile entre la péninsule italienne et l'Europe septentrionale, tandis que le linéament insubrien est l'expression cassante d'un mouvement vers l'Ouest de la péninsule italienne.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter den penninischen Decken des Tauernfensters sind als tiefste Einheiten des Alpinen Deckenstapels parautochthone Sedimente in helvetischer Fazies exponiert. Während und nach der Deckenüberschiebung und einer damit in Zusammenhang stehenden lokalen Verschuppung (D1) bildeten sich enge bis isoklinale liegende Falten mit großer Aplitude (D2). Eine kräftige Achsenflächenschieferung und eine Streckungslineation etwa senkrecht zur Faltenachse entwickelten sich. (D3)-Wiederfaltung durch leicht südvergente Falten großer Amplitude erfaßte auch die tiefen Bereiche der Zentralgneise. Sie ist als Folge einer transpressiven Deformation zu sehen, da die begleitende Streckungslineation parallel zur Faltenachse ist. Oblate bzw. prolate finite Strainellipsoide bildeten sich durch Überlagerung und in Abhängigkeit von lokalen Heterogenitäten. Während am Insubrischen Lineamentsystem die Westbewegung der Italienischen Halbinsel relativ zu Europa nördlich davon in spröder Deformation erfolgte, scheinen die Gesteine des Tauernfenster-Inhaltes als duktile »Kupplung« zwischen den beiden Kontinentalplatten reagiert zu haben.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01848681

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Post-Variscan to Early Alpine sedimentary basins in the Tauern Window (eastern Alps) (2008)

Vesela, P. ; Lammerer, B. ; Wetzel, A. ; [et al.]

In: Geological Society Special Publication 298: 83-100.

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Publication Date: 2008-07-10

Description: The crystalline basement of the Tauern Window is locally covered by Palaeozoic to Mesozoic sediments that experienced Alpine tectonometamorphism. The sedimentary cover has been subdivided into mappable lithological units. The correlation of these units, the use of some dated marker intervals and independent palinspastic restoration provide evidence that the depositional area was differentiated into basins and swells. At the end of the Variscan orogeny, during the Carboniferous and Permian, intermontane basins formed in basement rocks and mainly continental clastics accumulated in elongate troughs. Later, probably during the Triassic, there was levelling of the previous relief and subsidence of the basins, but continental sedimentation still prevailed although interrupted by some marine transgressions. Thereafter, probably during the Jurassic, the area was progressively flooded and the sedimentation became increasingly calcareous. The Upper Jurassic carbonates document complete submergence. In some areas, the Upper Jurassic carbonates directly rest on crystalline basement indicating renewed tectonic stretching. The sedimentary cover shows striking similarities with coeval deposits within the Germanic Basin and the study area is therefore considered to have been part of the southern European continental margin of the Tethys (the so-called Vindelician Land).

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A crustal-scale cross-section through the Tauern Window (eastern Alps) from geophysical and geological data (2008)

Lammerer, B. ; Gebrande, H. ; Luschen, E. ; [et al.]

In: Geological Society Special Publication 298: 219-229.

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Publication Date: 2008-07-10

Description: A restorable geological cross-section through the entire crust of the Tauern Window is presented. It is drawn from surface geology and seismic data of the TRANSALP vibroseis section using balancing software. The architecture of the window is characterized by three horses in a large duplex structure and folded granitic sills. The duplex was later uplifted along two large faults at its northern rim. The first is a blind fault along the deep-reaching sub-Tauern ramp with a displacement of 17 km. The tip of the hanging wall block wedged underneath the Austroalpine and Penninic nappes and caused a triangle structure. This led to backthrusting and backfolding within the marginal rocks of the window. At the second one, the Tauern North Boundary Fault occurred in our retrodeformation, a throw of c. 3 km. A total shortening of the crust or parts of the crust of c. 60 km in north-south direction led to uplift of the Tauern Window.

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