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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrafast infrared saturation spectroscopy of chloroform, bromoform, and iodoform (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 1730-1739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we present a study of the vibrational energy relaxation processes of chloroform, bromoform, and iodoform in solution after excitation of the C–H stretch vibration. The relaxation is studied with ultrafast infrared saturation spectroscopy using intense infrared pulses with a pulse duration of 19 ps. The experiments were performed in a polar and a nonpolar solvent in order to study the effects of the polarity of the solvent on the relaxation processes. We observe that in both types of solvent the relaxation takes place via two consecutive relaxation processes and that the relaxation leads to ultrafast changes of the absorption band of the C–H stretch vibrations. We discuss the differences in the time constants of the relaxation processes of the haloforms in terms of the energy differences between the vibrational levels and the interactions with the solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.459946
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of individual (macro)molecules and proteins using near-field optics (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 7799-7810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent achievements in single molecule detection using near-field optical excitation are presented. By proper control of technology, distinct advantages of near-field optics are exploited: (i) the nanometric excitation/emission volume (104–105 nm3), which provides high spatial resolution, localization of a single molecule within a few nm, and reduced background; (ii) the sensitivity for single molecule orientation in all three dimensions; (iii) the high local brightness, allowing real-time single molecule detection down to μs resolution; (iv) the simultaneous colocalization with nanometric surface topography. Real-time quantum jumps between singlet and triplet state of an individual molecule are observed. Distributions for triplet state lifetime and crossing yield are determined. Both triplet state lifetime and crossing yield of a single molecule appear to vary in time, due to the local heterogeneity. Individual dendritic molecules containing a single fluorescent core are investigated. The dendritic assemblies are discriminated from free fluorescent cores on the basis of accurate simultaneous localization of both the fluorescent core and the topography of the surrounding dendritic shell. Intramolecular rotational motion of the fluorescent core is observed. Individual green fluorescent proteins are visualized, both in fluorescence and topography. Photoinduced conformational changes to a nonemissive form of the protein are observed, leading to long dark intervals of several seconds.© 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481385
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High definition aperture probes for near-field optical microscopy fabricated by focused ion beam milling (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 3115-3117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have improved the optical characteristics of aluminum-coated fiber probes used in near-field scanning optical microscopy by milling with a focused ion beam. This treatment produces a flat-end face free of aluminum grains, containing a well-defined circularly-symmetric aperture with controllable diameter down to 20 nm. The polarization behavior of the tips is circularly symmetric with a polarization ratio exceeding 1:100. The improved imaging characteristics are demonstrated by measuring single molecule fluorescence. Count rates increase more than one order of magnitude over unmodified probes, and the molecule images map a spatial electric field distribution of the aperture in agreement with calculations. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121564
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion controlled growth of metallic nanoclusters at selected surface sites (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 2942-2947 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated the growth of three-dimensional Ag particles at atomic steps on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using a scanning electron microscope. By controlling the growth parameters the cluster growth was confined to the steps avoiding terrace nucleation. In this way quasi-one-dimensional chains of Ag nanoclusters of approximately 10 nm diam were produced. The results suggest the viability of an important new route to the creation of controlled nanoscale structures. A comprehensive surface study indicates that cluster mobility and coalescence play an important role in the growth mechanism on the steps. Evidence was also found that the graphite surface has several different types of surface steps. A quantitative analysis of the cluster distribution on the steps was performed, to investigate the nucleation and growth processes at temperatures from 50 to 205 °C. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361290
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas condensation source for production and deposition of size-selected metal clusters (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 3327-3334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe the construction and performance of a gas condensation cluster source. The source was designed for deposition of mass-selected metal clusters with controlled landing energy. We have produced clusters of Pbn (n=2–∼300) and Agn (n=∼20–∼300) with sufficient intensity to deposit size-selected clusters to a density of 1012 clusters/cm2 in 10 min. The landing energy of the clusters can be controlled from ∼25 to 800 eV. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148292
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and performance of a programmable-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 2072-2080 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this article we introduce a novel scanning tunneling microscope (STM), which operates in a sample temperature range from 60 to at least 850 K. The most important new feature of this STM is that, while one selected part of the surface is kept within the microscope's field of view, the sample temperature can be varied over a wide range of several hundreds of degrees during actual imaging. The extremely low drift of the scanner and sample was achieved by the combination of a thermal-drift compensated piezoelectric scanner design with a newly developed sample stage. The design of the sample stage defines a fixed center from which thermal expansions, in all three directions, are forced outwards. The performance of the microscope is demonstrated for several surfaces including Au(110), on which we follow one particular surface region over a temperature range of more than 270 K. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148901
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and performance of a high-temperature, high-speed scanning tunneling microscope (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 4557-4565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This article describes the design and performance of a new scanning tunneling microscope (STM) which operates at elevated temperatures and high scanning speeds. To minimize the thermal displacements within the STM, a symmetric configuration was chosen with a large temperature gradient between the sample and the piezoelectric scanner. The thermal behavior of the STM was optimized further by means of a finite element analysis. The high scan rates (105 data points/s) are accomplished with fast analogue electronics and a combination of a workstation and three transputers. The STM has imaged surfaces with atomic resolution between room temperature and 750 K, with low residual drifts only two hours after a major temperature change. The sample surface remains within the vertical range of the piezo actuator over a temperature interval of 159 K. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145289
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative photon tunneling and shear-force microscopy of planar waveguide splitters and mixers (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 3307-3314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A combined photon scanning tunneling and shear-force microscope has been developed to investigate the optical field distribution in a planar waveguide splitter and a multibranch mode mixer. The optical intensity distribution just above the surface of a planar waveguide is mapped with subwavelength resolution by a tapered optical fiber that probes the evanescent field. Simultaneously, the topography of the waveguide is recorded with subnanometer accuracy using a constant-distance feedback system based on shear-force detection with a tuning fork sensor. The experimental field patterns are quantitatively compared with field patterns simulated with the two-dimensional finite difference beam propagation method and a−mode solver. Good quantitative agreement between experiment and simulation is obtained. Moreover, the experiment reveals several details in the field distribution that results from incoupling conditions, mask imperfections, waveguide edges, and surface roughness. The surface effects in the optical field distribution are introduced by the use of the constant-distance feedback system. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1347952
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photon scanning tunneling optical microscopy with a three-dimensional multiheight imaging mode (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 4092-4094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A photon scanning tunneling microscope with a three-dimensional multiheight mode has been developed for the mapping of optical field distributions in integrated optical waveguide structures. The optical field is measured at different heights above the waveguide surface. The multiheight measurements also contain the optical information gathered with the commonly used constant gap measurements in addition to the topography of the waveguide surface. With the multiheight method, the decay length of the evanescent field is readily determined as function of the in-plane coordinate. Moreover, the evanescent light can be distinguished from scattered light. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1335851
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualization of mode transformation in a planar waveguide splitter by near-field optical phase imaging (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 910-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The gradual transformation of a guided TM00 mode into an "intermediate" double mode by a splitting junction has been investigated with a phase-sensitive photon scanning tunneling microscope. Field profiles and wave vectors of the modes have been directly determined from the phase information. Via a Fourier analysis of the measured phase and amplitude maps the decay of the TM00 mode and buildup of the intermediate mode have been directly visualized. Phase singularities and phase jumps in the transition region underline the mode transformation process. Finally, a partial polarization conversion of the TM modes to TE-polarized modes has been observed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1394175
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