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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of suspended sediment on development and hatching of herring (Clupea harengus) eggs
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 13 (1981), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: development ; eggs ; hatching ; herrings ; suspended sediments
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0302-3524(81)80109-0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copepod recruitment and food composition: do diatoms affect hatching success? (1996)
    Springer
    Marine biology 125 (1996), S. 743-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to differentiate between factors controlling the hatching success of copepod eggs. Factors that could affect viability of eggs; viz food quality, female condition and external factors were investigated. In a series of experiments the copepod Acartia tonsa Dana was fed several different diets while egg production and hatching success were monitored. The diet was analysed for fatty acid content as an indicator of food quality. Both egg production and hatching were found to be affected by the nutritional quality of the food. Hatching was also highly dependent on female fertility. External effects were tested by exposing eggs to diatom extracts. Negative effects were only evident at high extract concentrations, but disappeared when aeration was supplied to the solution. Oxygen measurements showed that failure to hatch was due to hypoxia in the extracts. No inhibitory or toxic effects of diatom cell components on hatching could be found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349257
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of suspended bottom material on growth and energetics in Mytilus edulis (1981)
    Springer
    Marine biology 61 (1981), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of suspended, natural silt (0 to 20 mg l-1) in addition to unicellular algal cells (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) (o to 20.000 cells ml-1) on clearance, growth and energetics in Mytilus edulis has been studied. Clearance increased by 32 to 43% by the addition of 5 mg silt l-1 as compared to clearance in a pure algal suspension. Ingestion and growth rate increased with algal concentration, and growth rate was further increased by 30 to 70% by the addition of 5 mg silt l-1. A growth rate comparable to maximum natural growth rates was reached only at the highest algal concentration in the presence of 5 mg siltl-1. Assimilation efficiency of P. tricornutum decreased from 77% at 5,000 cells ml-1 to 52% at 20,000 cells ml-1. In the experiments with silt added, some 20 to 30% of the assimilated organic matter originated from the suspended bottom material. Net growth efficiency increased with growth rate at a decelerating rate, approaching a maximum of about 70%. It is concluded that suspended bottom material, which is always present in M. edulis' natural habitats, serves as an additional food source, and that M. edulis depends on suspended bottom material to exploit fully its clearance potential, and to reach the maximum growth rates observed in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401567
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation, elimination and chemical speciation of mercury in the bivalves Mytilus edulis and Macoma balthica (1985)
    Springer
    Marine biology 86 (1985), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mussels (Mytilus edulis) transferred in net bags from clean to chronically mercury polluted water readily accumulated mercury during an exposure period of three months. Growth of the transplanted mussels had a “diluting” effect on the mercury concentration, but the absolute weight of mercury uptake increased throughout the entire period, though there was a tendency for decreased efficiency of the removal of mercury per liter of water filtered by the mussels. Mussels were also translocated from polluted to clean (laboratory) water to depurate mercury. The biological half-lives of mercury was 293 d for M. edulis from the chronically polluted area in contrast to only 53 d for mussels from a temporary massive mercury polluted area near a chemical deposit. In both cases about 75% of the total mercury in the mussels was inorganic, and it is suggested that both inorganic and organic mercury species were immobilized in mussels from the long-term mercury polluted area, whereas the immobilization capacity was exceeded in the short-term mercury exposed mussels near the chemical deposit. Very slow elimination of mercury was observed in the deposit-feeding bivalve Macoma balthica from the chronically polluted area, and about 6% of the total mercury was methyl-+phenyl-mercury. This is more than three times lower than found in M. edulis from the same collecting site. A pronounced difference in the mercury speciation (i.e., total mercury, total organic mercury, methyl-mercury and phenyl-mercury) in M. edulis from the two mercury polluted areas is thought to reflect the different character of the mercury pollution in the two areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392579
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food size spectra, ingestion and growth of the copepodAcartia tonsa during development: Implications for determination of copepod production (1988)
    Springer
    Marine biology 99 (1988), S. 341-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clearance rates on different sizes of spherically shaped algae were determined in uni-algal experiments for all developmental stages (NII through adult) of the copepodAcartia tonsa, and used to construct food size spectra. Growth and developmental rates were determined at 7 food levels (0 to 1 500 μg C l-1 ofRhodomonas baltica). The lower size limit for particle capture was between 2 and 4 μm for all developmental stages. Optimum particle size and upper size limit increased during development from ∼7 μm and 10 to 14 μm for NII to NIII to 14 to 70 μm and ∼250 μm for adults, respectively. When food size spectra were normalized (percent of maximum clearance in a particular stage versus particle diameter/prosome length) they resembled log-normal distributions with near constant width (variance). Optimum, relative particle sizes corresponded to 2 to 5% of prosome length independent of developmental stage. Since the biomass of particulate matter is approximately constant in equal logarithmic size classes in the sea, food availability may be similar for all developmental stages in the average marine environment. Juvenile specific growth rate was exponential and increased hyperbolically with food concentration. It equaled specific female egg-production rate at all food concentrations. The efficiency by which ingested carbon in excess of maintenance requirements was converted into body carbon was 0.44, very similar to the corresponding efficiency of egg-production in females. On the assumptions that food availability is similar for all developmental stages, and that juvenile and female specific growth/egg-production rates are equal, female egg-production rates are representative of turnover rates (production/biomass) of the entireA. tonsa population and probably in other copepod species as well. Therefore, in situ estimates of female fecundity may be used for a rapid time- and site-specific field estimate of copepod production. This approach is shown to be fairly robust to even large deviations from the assumptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02112126
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coagulation efficiency and aggregate formation in marine phytoplankton (1990)
    Springer
    Marine biology 107 (1990), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flocculation of phytoplankters into large, rapidly sinking aggregates has been implicated as a mechanism of vertical transport of phytoplankton to the sea floor which could have global significance. The formation rate of phytoplankton aggregates depends on the rate at which single cells collide, which is mainly physically controlled, and on the probability of adhesion upon collision (=coagulation efficiency, stickiness), which depends on physico-chemical and biological properties of the cells. We describe here an experimental method to quantify the stickiness of phytoplankton cells and demonstrate that three species of diatoms grown in the laboratory (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Skeletonema costatum) are indeed significantly sticky and form aggregates upon collision. The dependency of stickiness on nutrient limitation and growth was studied in the two latter species by investigating variation in stickiness as batch cultures aged. In nutrient repleteT. pseudonana cells stickiness is very low (〈 5 × 10−3), but increases by more than two orders of magnitude as cell growth ceases and the cells become nutrient limited. Stickiness ofS. costatum cells is much less variable, and even nutrient replete cells are significantly sticky. Stickiness is highest (〉 10−1) forS. costatum cells in the transition between the exponential and the stationary growth phase. The implications for phytoplankton aggregate formation and subsequent sedimentation in the sea of these two different types of stickiness patterns are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01319822
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptive significance of phytoplankton stickiness with emphasis on the diatom Skeletonema costatum (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 123 (1995), S. 667-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diatom aggregate formation was analyzed using coagulation theory. Population dynamics models show that coagulation has an important impact on species succession during diatom blooms. When different species collide and form mixed aggregates this process causes interspecific interference competition within the diatom community. The outcome can be predicted by a set of simple differential equations. For a twospecies system the equations reduce to the Lotka-Volterra two-species competition model. The outcome of this interference competition depends on species-specific growth rates, cell sizes, stickiness and on the species composition of the seeding populations of a bloom. Due to mutual flocculation some species may disappear from the environment. Small and fast growing diatoms are favoured by high stickiness coefficients. The impact of stickiness on species succession was found to be most pronounced in eutrophic and hydrographically isolated environments. The sticking properties of the diatom Skeletonema costatum are discussed in an evolutionary context; we suggest that mutual coagulation increases the abundance of S. costatum relative to other diatom species in coastal areas. The model was tested on field data, and the predicted dynamics of a spring bloom was very similar to that observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349109
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  • 8
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    Flow disturbances generated by feeding and swimming zooplankton (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-28
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Grazer cues induce stealth behavior in marine dinoflagellates (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-22
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Reproduction rates under variable food conditions and starvation in Mnemiopsis leidyi: significance for the invasion success of a ctenophore (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-22
    Description: The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is characterized by high growth rates and a large reproductive capacity. However, reproductive dynamics are not yet well understood. Here, we present laboratory data on food-dependent egg production in M. leidyi and egg hatching time and success. Further, we report on the reproduction of laboratory-reared and field-caught animals during starvation. Our results show that the half-saturation zooplankton prey concentration for egg production is reached at food levels of 12–23 µgC L –1 , which is below the average summer food concentration encountered in invaded areas of northern Europe. Furthermore, starved animals continue to produce eggs for up to 12 days after cessation of feeding with high overall hatching success of 65–90%. These life history traits allow M. leidyi to thrive and reproduce in environments with varying food conditions and give it a competitive advantage under unfavourable conditions. This may explain why recurrent population blooms are observed and sustained in localized areas in invaded northern Europe, where water exchange is limited and zooplankton food resources are quickly depleted by M. leidyi . We suggest that these reproductive life history traits are key to its invasion success.
    Print ISSN: 0142-7873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3774
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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