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  • 1
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    Plant Phenotyping and Phenomics for Plant Breeding (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: As a consequence of the global climate change, both the reduction on yield potential and the available surface area of cultivated species will compromise the production of food needed for a constant growing population. There is consensus about the significant gap between world food consumption projected for the coming decades and the expected crop yield-improvements, which are estimated to be insufficient to meet the demand. The complexity of this scenario will challenge breeders to develop cultivars that are better adapted to adverse environmental conditions, therefore incorporating a new set of morpho-physiological and physico-chemical traits; a large number of these traits have been found to be linked to heat and drought tolerance. Currently, the only reasonable way to satisfy all these demands is through acquisition of high-dimensional phenotypic data (high-throughput phenotyping), allowing researchers with a holistic comprehension of plant responses, or ‘Phenomics’. Phenomics is still under development. This Research Topic aims to be a contribution to the progress of methodologies and analysis to help understand the performance of a genotype in a given environment.
    Keywords: QK1-989 ; Q1-390 ; software development ; reverse phenomics ; forward phenomics ; phenotyping ; high-throughput phenotyping ; phenomics ; breeding ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Pages 1244: UAV and Ground Image-Based Phenotyping: A Proof of Concept with Durum Wheat (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Climate change is one of the primary culprits behind the restraint in the increase of cereal crop yields. In order to address its effects, effort has been focused on understanding the interaction between genotypic performance and the environment. Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have enabled the assembly of imaging sensors into precision aerial phenotyping platforms, so that a large number of plots can be screened effectively and rapidly. However, ground evaluations may still be an alternative in terms of cost and resolution. We compared the performance of red–green–blue (RGB), multispectral, and thermal data of individual plots captured from the ground and taken from a UAV, to assess genotypic differences in yield. Our results showed that crop vigor, together with the quantity and duration of green biomass that contributed to grain filling, were critical phenotypic traits for the selection of germplasm that is better adapted to present and future Mediterranean conditions. In this sense, the use of RGB images is presented as a powerful and low-cost approach for assessing crop performance. For example, broad sense heritability for some RGB indices was clearly higher than that of grain yield in the support irrigation (four times), rainfed (by 50%), and late planting (10%). Moreover, there wasn’t any significant effect from platform proximity (distance between the sensor and crop canopy) on the vegetation indexes, and both ground and aerial measurements performed similarly in assessing yield.
    Electronic ISSN: 2072-4292
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by MDPI
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  • 3
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    Agronomic conditions and crop evolution in ancient Near East agriculture (2014)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-25
    Description: Article The evolution of agronomic conditions after domestication in the Fertile Crescent remains poorly understood. Here, Araus et al . show that water availability and soil fertility for crops were higher in the past and that domesticated cereals showed a progressive increase in kernel size following domestication. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms4953 Authors: José L. Araus, Juan P. Ferrio, Jordi Voltas, Mònica Aguilera, Ramón Buxó
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Pages 349: Phenotyping Conservation Agriculture Management Effects on Ground and Aerial Remote Sensing Assessments of Maize Hybrids Performance in Zimbabwe (2018)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-25
    Description: Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Pages 349: Phenotyping Conservation Agriculture Management Effects on Ground and Aerial Remote Sensing Assessments of Maize Hybrids Performance in Zimbabwe Remote Sensing doi: 10.3390/rs10020349 Authors: Adrian Gracia-Romero Omar Vergara-Díaz Christian Thierfelder Jill E. Cairns Shawn C. Kefauver José L. Araus In the coming decades, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces challenges to sustainably increase food production while keeping pace with continued population growth. Conservation agriculture (CA) has been proposed to enhance soil health and productivity to respond to this situation. Maize is the main staple food in SSA. To increase maize yields, the selection of suitable genotypes and management practices for CA conditions has been explored using remote sensing tools. They may play a fundamental role towards overcoming the traditional limitations of data collection and processing in large scale phenotyping studies. We present the result of a study in which Red-Green-Blue (RGB) and multispectral indexes were evaluated for assessing maize performance under conventional ploughing (CP) and CA practices. Eight hybrids under different planting densities and tillage practices were tested. The measurements were conducted on seedlings at ground level (0.8 m) and from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform (30 m), causing a platform proximity effect on the images resolution that did not have any negative impact on the performance of the indexes. Most of the calculated indexes (Green Area (GA) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) were significantly affected by tillage conditions increasing their values from CP to CA. Indexes derived from the RGB-images related to canopy greenness performed better at assessing yield differences, potentially due to the greater resolution of the RGB compared with the multispectral data, although this performance was more precise for CP than CA. The correlations of the multispectral indexes with yield were improved by applying a soil-mask derived from a NDVI threshold with the aim of corresponding pixels with vegetation. The results of this study highlight the applicability of remote sensing approaches based on RGB images to the assessment of crop performance and hybrid choice.
    Electronic ISSN: 2072-4292
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidative damage to thylakoid proteins in water-stressed leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 108 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The production of reactive oxygen species in the chloroplast may increase under water deficit. To determine if this causes oxidative damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, we analyzed the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins in thylakoids of water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. Water stress was imposed on 4-week-old plants by withholding watering for 10 days to reach a soil water potential of about −2.0 MPa. In thylakoids of water-stressed leaves there was an increase in oxidative damage, particularly in polypeptides of 68, 54, 41 and 24 kDa. High molecular mass oxidized (probably cross-linked) proteins accumulated in chloroplasts of droughted leaves. Oxidative damage was associated with a substantial decrease in photosynthetic electron transport activity and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (Fv/Fm). Treatment of stressed leaves with l-galactono-1,4-lactone (GL) increased their ascorbic acid content and enhanced photochemical and non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. GL reduced oxidative damage to photosynthetic proteins of droughted plants, but it reverted the decrease in electron transport activity and PSII efficiency only partially, suggesting that other factors also contributed to loss of photosystem activity in droughted plants. Increasing the ascorbic acid content of leaves might be an effective strategy to protect thylakoid membranes from oxidative damage in water-stressed leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.t01-1-100409.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative effects of growth irradiance on photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of Flaveria brownii (C4-like), Flaveria linearis (C3–C4) and their F1 hybrid (1991)
    Springer
    Planta 183 (1991), S. 497-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Leaf anatomy ; C4-like plant ; C3–C4 plant ; Flaveria ; Growth (irradiance effect) ; Photosynthesis (growth-irradiance effect)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic rates and related anatomical characteristics of leaves developed at three levels of irradiance (1200, 300 and 80 umol · m−2 · s−1) were determined in the C4-like species Flaveria brownii A.M. Powell, the C3–C4-intermediate species F. linearis Lag., and the F1 hybrid between them (F. brownii × F. linearis). In the C3–C4 and F1 plants, increases in photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area were strongly correlated with changes in mesophyll area per unit leaf area. The C4-like plant F. brownii, however, showed a much lower correlation between photosynthetic capacity and mesophyll area per unit leaf area. Plants of F. brownii developed at high irradiance showed photosynthetic rates per unit of mesophyll cell area 50% higher than those plants developed at medium irradiance. These results along with an increase in water-use efficiency are consistent with an increase of C4 photosynthesis in high-irradiance-grown F. brownii plants, whereas in the other two genotypes such plasticity seems to be absent. Photosynthetic discrimination against 13C in the three genotypes was less at high than at low irradiance, with the greatest change occurring in F. brownii. Discrimination against 13C expressed as δ 13C was linearly correlated (r 2 = 0.81; P〈0.001) with the ratio of bundle-sheath volume to mesophyll cell area when all samples from the three genotypes were combined. This tissue ratio increased for F. brownii and the F1 hybrid as growth irradiance increased, indicating a greater tendency towards Kranz anatomy. The results indicated that F. brownii had plasticity in its C4-related anatomical and physiological characteristics as a function of growth irradiance, whereas plasticity was less evident in the F1 hybrid and absent in F. linearis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194270
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and photosynthetic gas-exchange characteristics in ears of Triticum durum Desf. (1993)
    Springer
    Planta 191 (1993), S. 507-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ear bract ; Kernel ; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (immunolocalization) ; Photosynthesis ; Triticum (photosynthesis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The presence and distribution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) in the glumes and immature grains of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were studied by electron-microscopical immunolabeling of PEPCase with polyclonal antibodies followed by protein A-gold. Plants were grown under mediterranean field conditions and samples were obtained two weeks after anthesis. In the kernels, high gold label was associated with the unstained areas of the protein bodies of aleurone cells, whereas labeling in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts of the pericarp was slight, although significantly above the background. In the glumes, high gold label was only located in cytoplasmic granules (vesicles) of the mesophyll cells, although labeling in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts was also significantly above the background. These observations in immature kernels and glumes are in accordance with the anaplerotic role of this enzyme, as evidenced in C3 plants. Measurements of apparent photosynthesis and its O2 dependence and CO2 compensation concentration were made on ears and flag leaves of durum wheat. In addition, an analog of phosphoenolpyruvate, 3,3-dichloro-2-dihydroxy-phosphinoylmethyl-2-propenoate, was used to inhibit PEPCase and, thereby, to assess the contribution of the PEPCase to photosynthesis in detached ears. There was no effect of the inhibitor on the apparent photosynthesis of ears. Whereas inhibition of apparent photosynthesis by 210 mL · L−1 O2 in flag leaves was typical of C3 species, inhibition in ears was even greater. The CO2 compensation concentrations in different ear parts were similar to or higher than in flag leaves and the O2 dependence was also comparable (about 70%). Therefore, gas-exchange data give further support to the assumption that a C4 cycle is absent or limited to very low rates in ears of durum wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195752
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of photoautotrophy and photoinhibition of Gardenia jasminoides plantlets during micropropagation (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; leaf anatomy ; photosynthesis ; root induction ; shoot multiplication ; stable carbon isotope composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the fast fluorescence responses of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis plantlets, at two successive stages (shoot multiplication and root induction) of culture in vitro. We test whether plantlets in vitro suffer photoinhibition during culture and whether the degree of photoautotrophy of these mixotrophic plantlets has any effect on the extent of photoinhibitory impairment. In this regard the effects of different sucrose levels in the medium and PPFD during growth on the development of photoautotrophy and the extent of photoinhibition were evaluated. Plantlets were grown under low, intermediate, and high (50, 100, and 300 μmol m-2 s-1) PPFD, and at 3 different sucrose concentrations (0.5, 1.5, and 3.0%, w/v) in the medium, during shoot multiplication. During root induction the same growth conditions were assayed except for the high PPFD. The development of photoautotrophy was assessed via the difference between the stable carbon isotope composition of sucrose used as heterotrophic carbon source and that of leaflets grown in vitro. Plantlets from root induction showed more developed photoautotrophy than those from shoot multiplication. For both stages the low-sucrose medium stimulated the photoautotrophy of plantlets in vitro. In addition, intermediate PPFD induced photoautotrophy during shoot multiplication. For plantlets of both culture stages at the lowest PPFD no photoinhibition occurred irrespective of the sucrose concentration in media. However, during the shoot multiplication stage chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed a decrease in F v /F m and in t 1/2 as growing PPFD increased, indicating photoinhibitory damage. The decline of F v /F m was caused mostly by an increase in F o , indicating the inactivation of PSII reaction centers. However plantlets growing under low sucrose showed reduced susceptibility to photoinhibition. During root induction, only plantlets cultured with high sucrose showed a decrease in F v /F m as PPFD increased, although t 1/2 remained unchanged. In this case, the decline of F v /F m was mostly due to a decrease in F m , which indicates increased photoprotection rather than occurrence of photodamage. Therefore, growth in low-sucrose media had a protective effect on the resistance of PSII to light stress. In addition, plantlets were more resistant to photoinhibition during root induction than during shoot multiplication. Results suggest that increased photoautotrophy of plantlets reduces susceptibility to photoinhibition during gardenia culture in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043422
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf anatomical characteristics in Flaveria trinervia (C4), Flaveria brownii (C4-like) and their F1 hybrid (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 26 (1990), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chloroplasts ; Kranz anatomy ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several leaf anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics usually related with photosynthetic capacity were examined in two Flaveria species with strong differences in anatomy and their F1 hybrid. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr (C4) was the female parent and F. brownii A.M. Powell (C4-like) was the male parent. Quantitative anatomical analysis was made on transverse sections of leaves at both the light and electron microscope level. Four kinds of photosynthetic tissues were considered: bundle sheath (BS), mesophyll adjacent to the BS, mesophyll not adjacent to the BS, and larger spongy mesophyll cells. Flaveria trinvervia partitioned a larger proportion of its photosynthetic cells to BS and the mesophyll layer adjacent to BS and also possessed larger chloroplasts, especially in BS, than did F. brownii. These results suggest that although F. brownii is very C4-like, its anatomy is not as completely C4 as is the case for F. trinervia. In the F1 hybrid the relative contribution of the different tissues to the total photosynthetic tissue volume and area per unit leaf area was quite similar to that of F. trinervia. On the other hand, the chloroplast density and size of the F1 hybrid were fairly similar to those of F. brownii, especially in BS. Thus, there was no evidence of maternal inheritance in the chloroplast characteristics studied. A negative correlation (P〈0.05) between chloroplast size and density was observed among species and relicates within each kind of tissue. This correlation was highest (r=−0.94, P〈0.001) for the BS and when values were plotted on a logarithmic scale. Thus, higher chloroplast numbers for F. brownii and the F1 hybrid were offset by larger chloroplasts in F. trinervia. Less complete C4 photosynthesis in F. brownii may be partially due to incomplete development of Kranz anatomy usually associated with C4 photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048976
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of different closure types, light, and sucrose concentrations on carbon isotope composition and growth ofGardenia jasminoides plantlets during micropropagation and subsequent acclimationex vitro (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 47 (1997), S. 217-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: photoautotrophy ; photosynthesis ; shoot multiplication ; root induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth ofGardenia jasminoides Ellis plantlets and the development of photoautotrophy during two successive culture stages (shoot multiplication and root induction)in vitro was analyzed. We examined the effects of changes in growth conditions (type of tube closure, light, and sugar levels) on the development of photoautotrophy and growth during micropropagation and sought to establish whether they affected later acclimation to conditionsex vitro. During the two stagesin vitro, plantlets were grown in tubes under two different PPFD (50 and 110 µmol m−2 s−1), in media with three different sucrose concentrations (0, 1.5, and 3.0%, w/v) and with two different CO2 levels inside the tubes (controlled by either tightly closed caps or loosely sealed caps, and with an external CO2 concentration of 750 µmol mol−1). The development of photoautotrophy was assessed by determining the difference between the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of sugar cane sucrose used as a heterotrophic carbon source and that of leaflets grownin vitro. Plantlets from the root-induction stage showed a more highly developed photoautotrophy than those from the shoot- multiplication stage. At both stages, utilization of closed caps was the treatment which most stimulated development of photoautotrophy in plantlets. Also, lowering PPFD or sucrose concentration induced a greater degree of photoautotrophic development, the strongest effect being observed in plantlets cultured inside loosely sealed tubes. During acclimationex vitro, plantlets taken from loosely sealed tubesin vitro performed better than those cultured inside tightly sealed tubes. The former, as well as recording a larger increase in fresh weight during this stage, also showed more negative δ13C in the newly developed leaves, which would seem to indicate a better water status during acclimation. Present results validate the usefulness of δ13C analysis of leaflets as a simple technique in assessing the development of photoautotrophy during culturein vitro. In addition, δ13C analysis can be extended to evaluate growth conditions during acclimation toex vitro conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02318976
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