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  • 1
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    Inferring echolocation in ancient bats (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: Laryngeal echolocation, used by most living bats to form images of their surroundings and to detect and capture flying prey, is considered to be a key innovation for the evolutionary success of bats, and palaeontologists have long sought osteological correlates of echolocation that can be used to infer the behaviour of fossil bats. Veselka et al. argued that the most reliable trait indicating echolocation capabilities in bats is an articulation between the stylohyal bone (part of the hyoid apparatus that supports the throat and larynx) and the tympanic bone, which forms the floor of the middle ear. They examined the oldest and most primitive known bat, Onychonycteris finneyi (early Eocene, USA), and argued that it showed evidence of this stylohyal-tympanic articulation, from which they concluded that O. finneyi may have been capable of echolocation. We disagree with their interpretation of key fossil data and instead argue that O. finneyi was probably not an echolocating bat.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simmons, Nancy B -- Seymour, Kevin L -- Habersetzer, Jorg -- Gunnell, Gregg F -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 19;466(7309):E8; discussion E9. doi: 10.1038/nature09219.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA. simmons@amnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Structures/physiology ; Animals ; Bone and Bones/physiology ; Chiroptera/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Echolocation/*physiology ; *Fossils ; Models, Biological ; Reproducibility of Results
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-14
    Description: Bats (Chiroptera) represent one of the largest and most diverse radiations of mammals, accounting for one-fifth of extant species. Although recent studies unambiguously support bat monophyly and consensus is rapidly emerging about evolutionary relationships among extant lineages, the fossil record of bats extends over 50 million years, and early evolution of the group remains poorly understood. Here we describe a new bat from the Early Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming, USA, with features that are more primitive than seen in any previously known bat. The evolutionary pathways that led to flapping flight and echolocation in bats have been in dispute, and until now fossils have been of limited use in documenting transitions involved in this marked change in lifestyle. Phylogenetically informed comparisons of the new taxon with other bats and non-flying mammals reveal that critical morphological and functional changes evolved incrementally. Forelimb anatomy indicates that the new bat was capable of powered flight like other Eocene bats, but ear morphology suggests that it lacked their echolocation abilities, supporting a 'flight first' hypothesis for chiropteran evolution. The shape of the wings suggests that an undulating gliding-fluttering flight style may be primitive for bats, and the presence of a long calcar indicates that a broad tail membrane evolved early in Chiroptera, probably functioning as an additional airfoil rather than as a prey-capture device. Limb proportions and retention of claws on all digits indicate that the new bat may have been an agile climber that employed quadrupedal locomotion and under-branch hanging behaviour.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simmons, Nancy B -- Seymour, Kevin L -- Habersetzer, Jorg -- Gunnell, Gregg F -- England -- Nature. 2008 Feb 14;451(7180):818-21. doi: 10.1038/nature06549.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA. simmons@amnh.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Cochlea/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Echolocation/*physiology ; Extremities/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Phylogeny ; Rivers ; Wyoming
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging behavior and Doppler shift compensation in echolocating hipposiderid bats,Hipposideros bicolor andHipposideros speoris (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 155 (1984), S. 559-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Two hipposiderid bats,H. bicolor andH. speoris, were observed in their natural foraging areas in Madurai (South India). Both species hunt close together near the foliage of trees and bushes but they differ in fine structure of preferred hunting space:H. bicolor hunts within the foliage, especially whenH. speoris is active at the same time, whereasH. speoris never flies in dense vegetation but rather in the more open area (Fig. 1, Table 1). 2. Both species emit CF/FM-sounds containing only one harmonic component in almost all echolocation situations. The CF-parts of CF/FM-sounds are species specific within a band of 127–138 kHz forH. speoris and 147–159 kHz forH. bicolor (Tables 2 and 3). 3. H. speoris additionally uses a complex harmonic sound during obstacle avoidance and during laboratory tests for Doppler shift compensation.H. bicolor consistently emits CF/FM-sounds in these same situations (Fig. 2). 4. Both hipposiderid bats respond to Doppler shifts in the returning echoes by lowering the frequency of the emitted sounds (Fig. 3). However, Doppler compensations are incomplete as the emitted frequencies are decreased by only 55% and 56% (mean values) of the full frequency shifts byH. speoris andH, bicolor, respectively. 5. The differences in Doppler shift compensation, echolocating and hunting behavior suggest thatH. speoris is less specialized on echolocation with CF/FM-sounds thanH. bicolor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611919
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny of sounds in the echolocating batHipposideros speoris (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 158 (1986), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. YoungHipposideros speoris emit multiharmonic sounds in groups of three to four notes. Newborns emit a relatively uniform pattern of FM- and FM/CF/FM-sounds. From ten days of age onwards the initial sound (first note) of a group is a FM-sound whereas the successive ones are CF/FM-sounds of consistently higher frequencies. At prevolant and volant stages of the bat's development most of the sound energy is concentrated in the second harmonic which is raised to the frequency range of the adults' CF/FM-sounds (127–138 kHz). Subsequently other harmonics disappear. 2. Harmonic components are suppressed or filtered out when they fall in a frequency range of approximately 65–75 kHz. This was found for bats of different ages regardless which fundamental frequency the suppressed harmonic components corresponded to, indicating a mechanical filtering process. These measurements coincide with the absence of the first harmonics in the same frequency range in the sounds of adults. 3. Temporal sound emission patterns were measured for bats of different ages. There was an increase in sound duration and an increase in the number of sounds (notes) per group as the bat matured to adulthood. 4. The sound emission of juveniles aids mothers in finding their young ones. Mothers located their infants even when the juveniles were displaced far from where they were left behind by their mothers. Behavioral experiments under both natural and captive conditions showed that the sound emission of young ones attracts mothers but do not give sufficient cues to allow the mother to discriminate their own from a group of young. 5. The ontogeny of the two types of sounds (CF/FM and complex harmonic FM) of adultHipposideros speoris is discussed and compared with the vocalisations of other bat species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01338568
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrimination of surface-structured targets by the echolocating batMyotis myotis during flight (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 152 (1983), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Myotis myotis was trained to discriminate a plate with 8 mm deep holes from plates of stepwise varied hole depth. Depth differences in the two plates equal or larger than 1 mm were discriminated by the echolocating bat (Fig. 3). 2. In a second series of experiments a plate with 4 mm deep holes was discriminated from other plates with hole depth differences equal or larger than 0.8 mm (Fig. 3). 3. Echolocation sounds emitted during discrimination are of the same type as those used for catching prey in air or on the ground (Fig. 2). With increasing difficulty of the discrimination task the flight speed of the bat was reduced (Fig. 1). 4. An incidental experiment disclosed the ability to discriminate surface structures with the resolution of roughness produced by 30 μm protrusions in the surface (Fig. 4). 5. We conclude thatMyotis myotis discriminated hole depth differences by spectral, and not by time, cues in the echoes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00611192
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cochlea size in extant chiroptera and middle eocene microchiropterans from messel (1992)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 79 (1992), S. 462-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01139198
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring migratory restlessness in captive birds by an ultrasonic system (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 411-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Birds, captive ; birds, migratory restlessness of ; ultrasonic system ; migratory restlessness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new simple ultrasonic system is described with which whirring and hopping, expressions of noctural migratory activity in captive birds, can be measured. Pronounced differences are found if the results are compared with those from the most often used perch-microswitch system, which responds only to hopping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02004533
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of bats during a lunar eclipse (1980)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 7 (1980), S. 79-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hunting activity of tropical bats was observed during a lunar eclipse at night. During the eclipse, the activity was significantly higher than before and after when the bright full moon was visible. The decrease of hunting activity in bright light is interpreted as a direct adaptation to the light conditions, whereas endogenous factors seem not to be involved. The possible role of predators feeding on bats is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302522
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  • 9
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    Melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils [Evolution] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-14
    Description: In living organisms, color patterns, behavior, and ecology are closely linked. Thus, detection of fossil pigments may permit inferences about important aspects of ancient animal ecology and evolution. Melanin-bearing melanosomes were suggested to preserve as organic residues in exceptionally preserved fossils, retaining distinct morphology that is associated with aspects of...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Measuring migratory restlessness in captive birds by an ultrasonic system (1985)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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