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  • 1
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    Rib remodelling changes with body size in fossil hippopotamuses from Cyprus and Greece (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  Journal of Mammalian Evolution vol. 30 no. 4, pp. 1031-1046
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Large species that are isolated for thousands of years on islands often evolve extreme degrees of dwarfism. Very little is \nknown about physiological processes that accompany such extreme transitions in extinct dwarf species. We tested whether \nphysiological cycles of bone maintenance (remodelling) in dwarf adult hippopotamuses correlate with insularity-driven \nbody mass shifts that may occur due to variables such as ecological release from predation pressure and change in access \nto resources. We hypothesised that hippopotamuses with the smallest body size should show higher values of osteocyte \nlacunae, proxies for osteoblast proliferation during cycles of remodelling, when compared to relatively larger dwarf forms, \nas well as much larger mainland common hippopotamuses. We examined 20 ribs from three extinct Pleistocene Hippopotamus species spanning a gradient in body size: H. minor (~132 kg, Cyprus), H. creutzburgi (~398 kg, Crete), and H. \nantiquus (~3200 kg, mainland Greece). Ribs were selected because they reflect bone metabolic rates that are not completely clouded by factors such as biomechanics. Densities of osteocyte lacunae (Ot.Dn) were examined in 864 individual \nsecondary osteons observed in histology sections. We found the highest average Ot.Dn in the H. minor ribs, intermediate \nOt.Dn in the H. creutzburgi ribs, and the lowest Ot.Dn in the H. antiquus ribs. It appears that Ot.Dn distinctly separated \nthese three species, possibly signifying a gradient in bone remodelling such that bone tissue optimises maintenance in the \nface of insularity-driven reduction of body size. We discuss hippopotamus rib bone microstructure and the utility of Ot.Dn \nin palaeontological analyses for elucidating intricate biological processes occurring in bone of insular fossil mammals.
    Keywords: Fossil mammals ; Haversian bone ; Hippopotamus ; Insularity ; Palaeohistology
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    Eugène Dubois’ work in Sumatra (2024)
    ANU Press
    In:  Quaternary Palaeontology and Archaeology of Sumatra vol. 56, pp. 15-59
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: This chapter presents the historical story of Dubois’ cave research on Sumatra. Over two years in the Padang Highlands, Dubois explored a number of cave sites in his search for the ‘missing link’. These include not only caves such as Lida Ajer, Jambu and Sibrambang that yielded large amounts of fossils, but also many other caves, often much smaller or with fewer or no fossils in them. As a supplement to the story, Dubois’ field notes and official reports are disclosed and translated into English. Dubois’ observations in the field indicate that he had a strong grasp of geological and palaeontological principles, given the knowledge current at the time. Dubois’ later success in Java greatly overshadowed his accomplishments in Sumatra, which, although not as well known, have been significant for understanding its biological history.
    Keywords: Lida Ajer ; Jambu ; Sibrambang ; Padang Highlands ; palaeontology ; cave exploration
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 3
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    Quaternary Palaeontology and Archaeology of Sumatra (2024)
    ANU Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: The late Quaternary history of Sumatra has experienced relatively little attention compared to that of the other large islands in the Indonesian archipelago. The first reports of fossils from the island date to the 1880s; they were discovered largely through the efforts of Dubois in the caves of the Padang Highlands. Following these efforts, focus shifted in the 1920s and 1930s to the archaeological records of the midden deposits of northern Sumatra and the Hoabinhian cultures preserved therein. There was little new fieldwork between 1940 and 1970, but by the mid-1970s several new campaigns seemed to herald a renewed interest in the history and prehistory of the island. This enthusiasm does not appear to have been sustained, however, and work was intermittent again in the 1980s and 1990s. Beginning in the mid-1990s and extending into the first two decades of the twenty-first century, more work at existing sites and new investigations have both taken place, extending our knowledge of both the deep-time and more recent history of the island. The application of new techniques on existing sites and the exploration and excavation of new sites are making an increasingly significant contribution to understanding the role of Sumatra in human biological and cultural evolution.
    Keywords: Hoabinhian ; Dubois ; van Stein Callenfels ; caves ; fossils ; history of archaeology ; sumatralith
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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