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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: This Special Publication contains 43 scientific studies presented at the 5th conference on ‘Clays in natural and engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement’ held in Montpellier, France in 2012. The conference and this resulting volume cover all the aspects of clay characterization and behaviour considered at various temporal and spatial scales relevant to the confinement of radionuclides in clay, from basic phenomenological process descriptions to the global understanding of performance and safety at repository and geological scales. Special emphasis has been given to the modelling of processes occurring at the mineralogical level within the clay barriers. The papers in this Special Publication consider research into argillaceous media under the following topic areas: large-scale geological characterization; clay-based concept/large-scale experiments; hydrodynamical modelling; geochemistry; geomechanics; mass transfer/gas transfer; mass transfer mechanisms. The collection of different topics presented in this Special Publication demonstrates the diversity of geological repository research.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 632 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862396548
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Parasitology Today 2 (1986), S. 21 
    ISSN: 0169-4758
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 25 (1986), S. 319-333 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium oxide ; oxide adhesion ; dental alloys ; beryllium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and chemical makeup of oxides formed during degassing heat treatments on the surfaces of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr dental alloys designed for porcelain bonding were examined. A technique was developed for stripping intact oxides from these alloys for SEM examination of the oxide surface originally in contact with the metal. Information on the chemical composition of the films was obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The poorly adherent oxides were found to be wrinkled, but the metal surfaces beneath these films were wrinkled correspondingly. The loss of oxide-metal contact appeared to be limited to the areas of localized void formation, predominantly in the Cr-rich phases. The undersurfaces of the strongly adherent oxides were found to be covered with minute protrusions of oxide. Large pegs of oxide were found to have extended into the NiBe intermetallic phase of these alloys. Beryllium appears to be the oxygen-active element responsible for peg formation.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 28 (1972), S. 371-378 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 3 (1971), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Optimale Aufzeichnung des Bruchablaufes von Gestein in servo-gesteuerten Laborversuchen Studien zum Bruch von Gesteinsproben wurden kürzlich mit einem elektronisch geregelten Belastungssystem vorgenommen. Bei diesem System werden Meßdaten der über die maximale Bruchverformung hinaus deformierten Probe mit einem vorgegebenen Verformungs-Programm elektronisch verglichen und das hydraulische Belastungs-System wird dementsprechend kontinuierlich geregelt. Ein optimaler Ablauf des Bruchvorganges wird gewährleistet, wenn das Regelsystem durch möglichst feinstufige Meßdaten der Bruchverformung gesteuert wird. Jede gewünschte zusätzliche physikalische Größe kann dann unabhängig davon gemessen werden. Die Meßmethode wurde bei einachsigen Belastungsversuchen von verschiedenen Gesteinsproben angewendet, wobei zur Steuerung des Regelsystems die gemessene Verformung normal zur Belastungsrichtung gewählt wurde. Dabei war es möglich, auch den Bruch solcher Gesteinsproben zu beherrschen, welche bei früheren Versuchen, bei denen der Vorgang aufgrund der Verformung in Belastungsrichtung mit stetigem Verlauf programmiert wurde, explosionsartig geborsten waren.
    Abstract: Résumé Pour un meilleur contrôle de la rupture des roches dans les essais de laboratoire sur machines asservies Des études récentes sur la rupture des roches ont fait usage de machines d'essai asservies. La réponse de l'éprouvette en cours de rupture est comparée électroniquement à un programme fixé à l'avance, et le système hydraulique est ajusté continuellement et automatiquement pour faire coïncider la réponse avec le programme. On suggère que le meilleur contrôle sera obtenu, quel que soit l'essai, si le signal utilisé représente l'indicateur le plus sensible de la progression de la rupture. Toute autre grandeur physique qui est jugée nécessaire peut alors être enregistrée indépendamment. Cette méthode a été appliquée à la compression monoaxiale de diverses roches, en employant comme signal la déformation transversale. On a pu ainsi régulariser la rupture de certaines roches, qui était explosive dans des essais antérieurs où la déformation axiale augmentait suivant un programme monotone. (Dans cet article, la rupture est un processus, comportant notamment la naissance et le développement de fissures, qui ne peut être observé, avec les machines d'essai classiques, à cause de l'explosion due à une libération brutale de l'énergie de déformation emmaganisée dans la presse. Le “contrôle” de la rupture, au sens anglais, correspond à une régularisation de ce processus. Note de la Rédaction.)
    Notes: Summary Optimizing the Control of Rock Failure in Servo-Controlled Laboratory Tests Recent studies of rock failure have been made with a closed loop servo-controlled testing machine. Feedback from the failing specimen is electronically compared with a pre-determined program and the hydraulic system is continuously and automatically adjusted to ensure that feedback and program are coincident. It is suggested that optimum control of rock failure in any laboratory test is achieved when the closed loop feedback represents the most sensitive indicator of failure. Any required experimental output can then be independently monitored. This method was applied to a variety of rock specimens loaded in uniaxial compression using lateral displacement as feedback. It was possible to control the failure of some rocks which had failed explosively in previous tests where the axial displacement had been programmed to increase monotonically.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2 (1970), S. 189-204 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bestimmung des Verhaltens von sprödem Gestein nach dem Bruch mittels eines servogesteuerten Prüfgerätes. Es wird über ein neues Verfahren berichtet, den Bruch spröden Gesteins zu kontrollieren, nachdem seine maximale Bruchlast überschritten ist. Dieser Bereich ist im allgemeinen der Untersuchung nicht zugänglich, da bei der Verwendung herkömmlicher Belastungs-Maschinen vom Belastungs-System ein Überschuß an Energie frei wird, der für eine explosionsartige Zerstörung des Gesteins verantwortlich ist. Bei dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren wird das Freiwerden der im System gespeicherten Energie durch ein hochfrequentes, elektronisch geregeltes Servo-System in Verbindung mit einer Hydraulik mit kurzer Verzögerungszeit kontrolliert. Es wird dabei der Gesteinsprobe zu jedem Zeitpunkt nur so viel Energie zugeführt wie zur Aufrechterhaltung für den stabilen Bruch notwendig ist. Die theoretische Betrachtung des Systems zeigt, daß die Bedingung für den stabilen Bruch entlang der Post-Failure-Charakteristik durch die Fähigkeit des Belastungs-Systems bestimmt wird, rasch zu entladen. Der Begriff einer ‚dynamischen Steife‘ wird definiert. Für genügend kleine Verformungsgeschwindigkeiten und kurze Verzögerungszeiten des Servo-Systems kann der Bruch auch dann kontrolliert werden, wenn die Neigung der Post-Failure-Kurve sich sehr großen Werten (− ∞) nähert. Der Versuchsaufbau und die Versuchsdurchführung werden beschrieben und es werden einige Post-Failure-Kurven für Tennessee Kalkstein unter einachsiger und zweiachsiger Druckbeanspruchung wiedergegeben, wobei das neue Verfahren verwendet wurde.
    Abstract: Résumé Détermination du comportement après la rupture des roches fragiles au moyen d'une machine d'essai asservie. On présente un nouveau système pour contrôler la rupture des roches fragiles lorsque leur limite de rupture est dépassée. En général, il n'est pas possible d'étudier le comportement des roches dans ce domaine. L'emploi d'une machine d'essai traditionnelle libère inévitablement lorsque la limite de rupture est dépassée, un excès d'énergie qui provoque une violente désintégration de la roche. L'appareil, décrit dans cet article, contrôle la libération de l'énergie accumulée dans le système à l'aide d'un servosystème électronique à haute fréquence règlant un mécanisme hydraulique à temps de réponse très court. De cette facon, il est possible de limiter l'énergie transmise à la roche à la quantité nécessaire pour développer une rupture stable. L'analyse théorique du système révèle que la possibilité d'obtention d'une rupture stable, la limite de rupture ayant été dépassée, est déterminée par la rapidité avec laquelle le système hydraulique peut se décharger. Le concept de rigidité dynamique est défini. Si les vitesses de déformation sont petites et si les temps de réponse du servosystème sont courts, il est possible de contrôler la rupture, même lorsque la pente du diagramme effort-déformation tend à devenir infiniment raide, la limite de rupture étant dépassée. Le dispositif expérimental et l'exécution d'un essai sont décrits. Quelques diagrammes complets (y compris la partie descendante) d'un marbre du Tennessee pour les cas de compression simple et de compression double utilisant ce nouveau système sont présentés.
    Notes: Summary Determination of the Post-Failure Behavior of Brittle Rock Using a Servo-Controlled Testing Machine. The use of the servo-controlled testing machine to control fracture when a rock specimen is deformed beyond its peak strength is discussed. This region of deformation can not usually be examined because excess energy released by the loading system produces rapid disintegration of the specimen. In the test method described the energy release is controlled by a high frequency electronic servo-control system acting in combination with a hydraulic system of very short response time. The control causes the excess energy to be withdrawn before it can be released into the disintegrating specimen, by removing pressurized fluid from the hydraulic system. Theoretical considerations reveal that the condition for controlled fracture is determined by the ability of the hydraulic loading system to unload rapidly. This may be expressed in terms of a ‘dynamic stiffness’,K r , of the hydraulic system. For sufficiently small deformation rates and short servo-control response times the fracture process can be controlled, even though the unloading slope of the stress-strain curve of the rock specimen tends to become infinitely steep. The experimental technique is described in detail and some results obtained in studying the post-failure behavior of Tennessee Marble under uni-axial and bi-axial compression using the new system are presented.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 4 (1972), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der gesteuerte Bruch hohler Gesteinszylinder unter einachsigem Druck Das Verhalten hohler Gesteinszylinder unter einachsigem Druck ist eingehend beschrieben. Die Methode der endlichen Elemente ermöglicht die Berechnung der elastischen Spannungsverteilung und zeigt, daß die radialen Spannungen im Hohlzylinder bedeutend geringer sind als im massiven. Der Gebrauch von Druckplatten vom gleichen Querschnitt wie dem der Probe verbessert die Gleichförmigkeit der Spannungen wesentlich. Servo-gesteuerte einachsige Druckversuche an dichtwandigen hohlen und an massiven Proben von weißem Tennessee-Marmor lassen keine wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen dem Verhalten der beiden Probenarten erkennen. Ähnliche Festigkeiten und Brucherscheinungen sind im hohlen und massiven Zylinder beobachtet worden. In Versuchen mit servo-gesteuerten starren und in konventionellen Maschinen folgt der progressiven Bildung einer großen Anzahl kurzer, etwa axialer Risse die Entstehung von größeren Brucherscheinungen, wie z. B. Abschalungen und Scherbrüche, und zwar deutlich nach dem Scheitelpunkt der Arbeitslinie.
    Abstract: Résumé Fracturation contrôlée de cylindres rocheux creux en compression uniaxiale Une étude détaillée du comportement de cylindres rocheux creux soumis à une compression uniaxiale est faite ici. La répartition des contraintes en milieu élastique déterminée par la méthode des éléments finis a montré que les contraintes radiales étaient beaucoup plus petites dans les cylindres creux que dans les cylindres pleins et que l'uniformité des contraintes pouvait être considérablement améliorée en utilisant des platines de mise en charge ayant la même section que l'éprouvette. Des essais de compression simple effectués avec une presse asservie sur des cylindres de marbre du Tennessee soit pleins soit à paroi épaisse ne montrent aucune différence notable quand au comportement des deux types d'éprouvettes. La résistance à la rupture et les phénomènes de fracturation se sont avérés comparables dans les deux cas. Au cours des essais effectués avec une presse raide asservie et une presse classique, la formation progressive d'un grand nombre de courtes fissures sub axiales est suivie par le développement de macrofractures telles qu'écaillage et cisaillements une fois dépassé le pic de la courbe effort déformation.
    Notes: Summary Controlled Failure of Hollow Rock Cylinders in Uniaxial Compression Detailed consideration is given to the behavior of hollow rock cylinders loaded in uniaxial compression. Elastic stress distributions calculated by the finite element method show that radial stresses are considerably lower in hollow than in solid cylinders, and that the uniformity of the stresses can be improved considerably by using loading platens having the same cross-section as the specimen. Servo-controlled uniaxial compression tests carried out on solid and thick-walled cylinders of white Tennessee marble show no essential differences in the behavior of the two specimen types with similar strengths and fracture phenomena being observed. In tests carried out in servo-controlled, stiff, and conventional machines, the progressive formation of large numbers of short subaxial cracks is followed by the development of macrofractures such as slabbing and shearing well past the peak of the stress-strain curve.
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1623-1634 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cacodylic acid ; pheromone ; Phomopsis oblonga ; Dutch Elm disease ; elm bark beetles ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus multistrialus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diseased elms, treated with various doses of cacodylic acid in northwest England, became attractive to elm bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). This attraction seemed to be independent of pheromone baits. However attractive the trees became, they were unsuitable to the beetles as breeding sites since significantly more beetles visited the trees than were stimulated to penetrate and attempt to breed. It seems as if colonization of trap trees by the bark saprophytePhomopsis oblonga following cacodylic acid treatment made the trees unsuitable to beetles for breeding.
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  • 9
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 7 (1973), S. 471-480 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Gold-10% platinum alloys with additions of minor amounts of iron exhibits age hardening characteristics. Maximum hardness and maximum hardening rate occurred in gold-10% platinum alloys containing 0.16 wt% iron. Electron microscopy techniques employing replicas of Au-Pt-Fe alloys revealed intragranular and intergranular precipitation phenomena occured in the overaged condition. Electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction methods showed the intergranular phase to be an ordered face-centered cubic structure.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 11 (1977), S. 701-709 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bonding between porcelain and dental ceramic alloys is thought to be dependent upon the establishment of a continous electron structure across the ceramicmetal interface (Pask, Proc. Procelain Enamel Inst., 33, 1, 1971). Such a structure most likely results from the compatibility of metal ions at the metal surface saturated in an oxide form with the complex oxide structure of the ceramic matrix. Reaction zone compounds are expected to play a prominent role in the strength of the ceramic-metal bonds but thus far none have been detected or identified.The present study was centered on the determination of possible adherence zone compounds in four composite ceramic-metal couples examined by x-ray energy analysis. Elemental analysis of four couples revealed the presence of a predominant Al—Cr interaction resulting from the formation of an Al—Cr—O compound or mixed oxide complex. The Cr ions were supplied by the Cr2O3 oxide layer at the metal surface and the Al was provided by the initial bonding-agent coating.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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