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  • 1
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    Special issue "Central Alps" (2005)
    Zürich : Staeubli
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    Call number: Z 94.0638/85
    In: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen
    Pages: S. 103-264 + 1 Kt.-Beil., 1 CD-ROM
    Series Statement: Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen 85, 2-3
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    Petrochronology : Methods and Applications (2017)
    Chantilly, Va. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Significant ages—An introduction to petrochronology by Martin Engi, Pierre Lanari, Matthew J. Kohn, p. 1-12 --- Chapter 2. Phase relations, reaction sequences and petrochronology by Chris Yakymchuk, Chris Clark, Richard W. White, p. 13-54 --- Chapter 3. Local bulk composition effects on metamorphic mineral assemblages by Pierre Lanari and Martin Engi, p. 55-102 --- Chapter 4. Diffusion: Obstacles and opportunities in petrochronology by Matthew J. Kohn and Sarah c. Penniston–Dorland, p. 103-152 --- Chapter 5. Electron microprobe petrochronology by Michael L. Williams, Michael J. Jercinovic, Kevin H. Mahan, and Gregory Dumond, p. 153-182 --- Chapter 6. Petrochronology by laser–ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by Andrew R. C. Kylander–Clark, p. 183-198 --- Chapter 7. Secondary ionization mass spectrometry analysis in petrochronology by Axel K. Schmitt and Jorge A. Vazquez, p. 199-230 --- Chapter 8. Petrochronology and TIMS by Blair Schoene and Ethan F. Baxter, p. 231-260 --- Chapter 9. Zircon: The metamorphic mineral by Daniela Rubatto, p. 261-296 --- Chapter 10. Petrochronology of zircon and baddeleyite in igneous rocks: Reconstructing magmatic processes at high temporal resolution by Urs Schaltegger and Jishua H. F. L. Davies, p. 297-328 --- Chapter 11. Hadean zircon petrochronology by T. Mark Harrison, Elizabeth A. Bell, and Patrick Boehnke, p. 329-364 --- Chapter 12. Petrochronology based on REE–minerals: monazite, allanite, xenotime, apatite by Martin Engi, p. 365-418 --- Chapter 13. Titanite petrochronology by Matthew J. Kohn, p. 419-442 --- Chapter 14. Petrology and geochronology of rutile by Thomas Zack and Ellen Kooijman, p. 443-468 --- Chapter 15. Garnet: A rock-forminf mineral petrochronometer by E. F. Baxter, M. J. Caddick, p. 469-534 --- Chapter 16. Chronometry and speedometry of magmatic processes using chemical diffusion in olivine, plagioclase and pyroxenes by Ralf Dohmen, Kathrin Faak, and Jon D. Blundy, p. 535-575
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 575 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9780939950058
    URL: https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/rimg/issue/83/1
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of titanian clinohumite: Experiments and thermodynamic analysis (1980)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 72 (1980), S. 415-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Reversed hydrothermal experiments on a natural titanoclinohumite [Ti-Cl; approximate formula Mg7.5FeTi0.5O16(OH)] show that it breaks down at 475°±11° C (3.5 kbar), 620°±11° C (14 kbar) and 675°±8° C (21 kbar) to the assemblage olivine +ilmenite+vapor. An internal-consistency analysis of the data yields Δ r G s /0 (298 K, 1 bar)=36,760±3,326 cal (mole Ti-Cl)−1. Δ r S s /0 (298 K, 1 bar)=34.14±5.91 cal deg−1(mole Ti-Cl)−1. Linear correlation coefficient r G−S ≈1.0. A solution model that accounts for TiO2-M(OH)2 and F-OH substitution shows that the results for our nearly F-free Ti-Cl are in reasonable agreement with the unreversed breakdown experiments of Mer-rill et al. (1972) on a F-bearing Ti-Cl. Because fluorine is necessary to stabilize Ti-Cl under mantle conditions, we suggest that Ti-Cl is much more likely to be a “storage device” for fluorine than for water in the mantle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371348
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental study of the Fe-Mn exchange between garnet and ilmenite (1998)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 131 (1998), S. 379-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The exchange equilibrium was studied by reversal experiments as a function of temperature (650 ≤ T ≤ 1000 °C), pressure (10 ≤ P ≤ 20 kbar), and chemical composition. Experiments were performed in a piston-cylinder apparatus using starting mixtures consisting of 95% garnet and 5% ilmenite. At the lower temperatures, 3–5% PbO flux was added to the reactants. The PbO was reduced to metallic lead by the graphite of the capsules. The EMP analysis shows that ilmenite is essentially a solid solution of FeTiO3 and MnTiO3 with up to 4.5 mol% Fe2O3 (for Fe-rich compositions). Garnet is compositionally close to (Fe,Mn)3 Al2Si3O12 but apparently contains up to 1.0 wt% TiO2. As garnet was usually analyzed within 5–15 μm distance from ilmenite grains, the Ti measured in garnet appears to be largely an analytical artifact (due to secondary fluorescence). This was confirmed by analyzing profiles across a couple constructed from ilmenite and Ti-free garnet. The more than 100 exchange runs indicate that the distribution coefficient KD [=(X Mn gnt·X Fe ilm)/(X Fe gnt·X Mn ilm)] is essentially independent of P and decreases with T. With a few exceptions at Mn-rich compositions, the present results are consistent with previous studies on the Fe-Mn partitioning between garnet and ilmenite. Contrary to previous studies, however, the narrow experimental brackets obtained during the present calibration constrain that, at constant T, KD is larger for Mn-rich compositions than for Fe-rich ones. This compositional dependence of KD will complicate garnet-ilmenite geothermometry. Mutually consistent activity models for Fe-Mn garnet and ilmenite, based on a thermodynamic analysis of the present results and other phase equilibria studies in the system Fe-MnO-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2-O2, will be presented in a following contribution (M. Engi and A. Feenstra, in preparation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050399
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A re-evaluation of the olivine-spinel geothermometer: Discussion (1980)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 73 (1980), S. 201-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The recent contribution on the olivine-spinel geothermometer by Roeder, Campbell, and Jamieson (1979) contains several noteworthy inconsistencies that result in what we consider misleading conclusions. The paper fails to present an up-to-date “reevaluation” of the geothermometer. We note the following points: (1) The criteria of geological reasonableness used by Roeder et al. to evaluate previously proposed versions of the geothermometer are not applied to their own revised model. (2) The experimental results presented are (a) of questionable quality as equilibrium data, and (b) if anything, more supportive of other published calibrations than of the revised thermometer put forward by the authors. (3) Despite the repeated acknowledgment by Roeder et al. of the problems inherent in formulating a thermodynamic model of the geothermometer based on a set of (independently gathered) free-energy data for the spinel end-members, the authors do just that. We conclude that the thermometric Eq. (3) derived by Roeder et al. does not give meaningful temperatures. Reconciliation of their isotherms with those inferred from suites of natural samples would suggest kinetic problems in interpreting the latter, for which there is no evidence. We do not dispute the likelihood that olivine and spinel undergo exchange re-equilibration at subsolidus temperatures in slowly-cooled intrusions. However, we believe that the suggested closure temperatures (in the range 500°–800° C) are inaccurate, since their proposed geothermometer yields temperature-composition relations that are entirely at odds with those indicated by metamorphic assemblages in that temperature range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371395
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  • 6
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    Metamorphism of metasediments at the scale of an orogen: a key to the Tertiary geodynamic evolution of the Alps (2008)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 298: 393-411.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-10
    Description: Major discoveries in metamorphic petrology, as well as other geological disciplines, have been made in the Alps. The regional distribution of Late Cretaceous-Tertiary metamorphic conditions, documented in post-Hercynian metasediments across the entire Alpine belt from Corsica-Tuscany in the west to Vienna in the east, is presented in this paper. In view of the uneven distribution of information, we concentrate on type and grade of metamorphism; and we elected to distinguish between metamorphic paths where either pressure and temperature peaked simultaneously, or where the maximum temperature was reached at lower pressures, after a significant temperature increase on the decompression path. The results show which types of process caused the main metamorphic imprint: a subduction process in the western Alps, a collision process in the central Alps, and complex metamorphic structures in the eastern Alps, owing to a complex geodynamic and metamorphic history involving the succession of the two types of process. The western Alps clearly show a relatively simple picture, with an internal (high-pressure dominated) part thrust over an external greenschist to low-grade domain, although both metamorphic domains are structurally very complex. Such a metamorphic pattern is generally produced by subduction followed by exhumation along a cool decompression path. In contrast, the central Alps document conditions typical of subduction (and partial accretion), followed by an intensely evolved collision process, often resulting in a heating event during the decompression path of the early-subducted units. Subduction-related relics and (collisional/decompressional) heating phenomena in different tectonic edifices characterize the Tertiary evolution of the Eastern Alps. The Tuscan and Corsica terrains show two different kinds of evolution, with Corsica resembling the western Alps, whereas the metamorphic history in the Tuscan domain is complex owing to the late evolution of the Apennines. This study confirms that careful analysis of the metamorphic evolution of metasediments at the scale of an entire orogen may change the geodynamic interpretation of mountain belts.
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  • 7
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    Redistribution of REE, Y, Th, and U at high pressure: Allanite-forming reactions in impure meta-quartzites (Sesia Zone, Western Italian Alps) (2012)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: Accessory phases are important hosts of trace elements; allanite may contain 〉90% of the REE in a bulk rock. The mobility and redistribution of several trace elements, notably HREE, Th, U, and Y is thus controlled by reactions involving allanite and other REE phases, as well as several rock-forming minerals. As these elements are commonly concentrated in mature clastic sediments, a suite of impure quartzite was studied. Two eclogite facies samples from the Monometamorphic Cover Complex of the Sesia Zone (Western Italian Alps) are presented in some detail, as they reveal a remarkably rich spectrum of reaction relationships that involve REE phases.Two allanite-forming reactions were inferred from textures and phase compositions
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 8
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    Pervasive Eclogitization Due to Brittle Deformation and Rehydration of Subducted Basement: Effects on Continental Recycling? (2018)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-01
    Description: The buoyancy of continental crust opposes its subduction to mantle depths, except where mineral reactions substantially increase rock density. Sluggish kinetics limit such densification, especially in dry rocks, unless deformation and hydrous fluids intervene. Here we document how hydrous fluids in the subduction channel invaded lower crustal granulites at 50–60 km depth through a dense network of probably seismically induced fractures. We combine analyses of textures and mineral composition with thermodynamic modeling to reconstruct repeated stages of interaction, with pulses of high-pressure (HP) fluid at 650–670°C, rehydrating the initially dry rocks to micaschists. SIMS oxygen isotopic data of quartz indicate fluids of crustal composition. HP growth rims in allanite and zircon show uniform U-Th-Pb ages of ∼65 Ma and indicate that hydration occurred during subduction, at eclogite facies conditions. Based on this case study in the Sesia Zone (Western Italian Alps), we conclude that continental crust, and in particular deep basement fragments, during subduction can behave as substantial fluid sinks, not sources. Density modeling indicates a bifurcation in continental recycling: Chiefly mafic crust, once it is eclogitized to 〉60%, are prone to end up in a subduction graveyard, such as is tomographically evident beneath the Alps at ∼550 km depth. By contrast, dominantly felsic HP fragments and mafic granulites remain positively buoyant and tend be incorporated into an orogen and be exhumed with it. Felsic and intermediate lithotypes remain positively buoyant even where deformation and fluid percolation allowed them to equilibrate at HP. © 2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 9
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    An inverse modeling approach to obtain P–T conditions of metamorphic stages involving garnet growth and resorption (2017)
    Schweizerbart
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Description: This contribution presents an approach and a computer program (GRTMOD) for numerical simulation of garnet evolution based on compositions of successive growth zones in natural samples. For each garnet growth stage, a new local effective bulk composition is optimized, allowing for resorption and/or fractionation of previously crystallized garnet. The successive minimizations are performed using the Nelder–Mead algorithm; a heuristic search method. An automated strategy including two optimization stages and one refinement stage is described and tested. This program is used to calculate pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of crystal growth as archived in garnet from the Sesia Zone (Western Alps). The compositional variability of successive growth zones is characterized using standardized X-ray maps and the program XMapTools. The model suggests that Permian garnet cores crystallized under granulite-facies conditions at T 〉 800 °C and P = 6 kbar. During Alpine times, a first garnet rim grew at eclogite-facies conditions (650 °C, 16 kbar) at the expense of the garnet core. A second rim was added at lower P (∼11 kbar) and 630 °C. In total, garnet resorption is modeled to amount to ∼9 vol% during the Alpine evolution; this value is supported by our observations in X-ray compositional maps.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 10
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    An inverse modeling approach to obtain P–T conditions of metamorphic stages involving garnet growth and resorption (2017)
    Schweizerbart
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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