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  • 1
    Keywords: Wilson Cycle ; plate tectonics
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction --- Fifty years of the Wilson Cycle concept in plate tectonics: an overview / R. W. Wilson, G. A. Houseman, S. J. H. Buiter, K. J. W. McCaffrey and A. G. Doré / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 1-17, 25 July 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470-2019-58 --- The Classic Wilson v. Supercontinent Cycles --- The classic Wilson cycle revisited / Ian W. D. Dalziel and John F. Dewey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 19-38, 9 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.1 --- Supercontinents: myths, mysteries, and milestones / Daniel Pastor-Galán, R. Damian Nance, J. Brendan Murphy and Christopher J. Spencer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 39-64, 8 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.16 --- Supercontinents and the case for Pannotia / R. Damian Nance and J. Brendan Murphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 65-86, 1 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.5 --- Mantle Dynamics in the Wilson Cycle --- Mantle plumes and mantle dynamics in the Wilson cycle / Philip J. Heron / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 87-103, 19 November 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470-2018-97 --- Tectonic Inheritance in the Lithosphere --- Tectonic inheritance, structure reactivation and lithospheric strength: the relevance of geological history / A. M. C. Şengör, Nalan Lom and Nurbike G. Sağdıç / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 105-136, 15 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.8 --- Exploring the theory of plate tectonics: the role of mantle lithosphere structure / Philip J. Heron, Russell N. Pysklywec and Randell Stephenson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 137-155, 1 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.7 --- Potential role of lithospheric mantle composition in the Wilson cycle: a North Atlantic perspective / Pauline Chenin, Suzanne Picazo, Suzon Jammes, Gianreto Manatschal, Othmar Müntener and Garry Karner / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 157-172, 6 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.10 --- Rheological inheritance: lessons from the Death Valley region, US Basin and Range Province / Rodrigo D. Lima, Nicholas W. Hayman and Elena Miranda / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 173-204, 21 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.14 --- Multi-phase reactivations and inversions of Paleozoic–Mesozoic extensional basins during the Wilson cycle: case studies from the North Sea (UK) and the Northern Apennines (Italy) / Vittorio Scisciani, Stefano Patruno, Enrico Tavarnelli, Fernando Calamita, Paolo Pace and David Iacopini / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 205-243, 3 May 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470-2017-232 --- Revisiting Tuzo's question on the Atlantic --- Examining the influence of tectonic inheritance on the evolution of the North Atlantic using a palinspastic deformable plate reconstruction / Bridget E. Ady and Richard C. Whittaker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 245-264, 19 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.9 --- Role of Avalonia in the development of tectonic paradigms / J. Brendan Murphy, R. Damian Nance, J. Duncan Keppie and Jaroslav Dostal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 265-287, 23 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.12 --- Diachronous Paleozoic accretion of peri-Gondwanan terranes at the Laurentian margin / John W. F. Waldron, David I. Schofield and J. Brendan Murphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 289-310, 29 March 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.11 --- Inversion of Taconian extensional structures during Paleozoic orogenesis in western Newfoundland / Shawna E. White and John W. F. Waldron / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 311-336, 6 June 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.17 --- Tectonic inheritance at multiple scales during more than two complete Wilson cycles recorded in eastern North America / William A. Thomas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 337-352, 9 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.4 --- Late Paleozoic extensional reactivation of the Rheic–Rhenohercynian suture zone in SW England, the English Channel and Western Approaches / Andrew C. Alexander, Robin K. Shail and Brian E. Leveridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 353-373, 4 January 2019, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.19 --- Opening and Closing of Oceans --- Non-Wilsonian break-up predisposed by transforms: examples from the North Atlantic and Arctic / E. R. Lundin and A. G. Doré / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 375-392, 21 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.6 --- The Jan Mayen microplate complex and the Wilson cycle / Christian Schiffer, Alexander Peace, Jordan Phethean, Laurent Gernigon, Ken McCaffrey, Kenni D. Petersen and Gillian Foulger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 393-414, 1 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.2 --- The subduction initiation stage of the Wilson cycle / Robert Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 415-437, 19 February 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.3 --- 3D numerical modelling of the Wilson cycle: structural inheritance of alternating subduction polarity / Stéphane J. Beaussier, Taras V. Gerya and Jean-Pierre Burg / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 439-461, 2 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.15 --- Cratonic Basins and their place in the Wilson Cycle --- Cratonic basins and the Wilson cycle: a perspective from the Parnaíba Basin, Brazil / M. C. Daly, B. Tozer and A. B. Watts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470, 463-477, 3 May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP470.13
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 490 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 9781786203830
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-10-08
    Description: The mild compressional structures of Cenozoic age on the passive margins bordering Norway, the UK, the Faroes and Ireland have been the subject of much discussion in the literature. Nevertheless, their origin remains enigmatic. Candidate mechanisms must be able to explain the generation of sufficient stress to cause deformation, the episodic nature of the structures and why they developed where they did. We examine these mechanisms and conclude that multiple causes are probable, while favouring body force as potentially the most important agent. The geometry and setting of the structures are incompatible with gravitational sliding and toe-thrusting, probably the commonest compressive' structuring around the Atlantic margins. A passive mode of origin featuring drape or flank sedimentary loading probably emphasized some of the structures, but cannot be invoked as a primary mechanism. Likewise, reactivation of basement structure probably focused deformation but did not initiate it. Far-field orogenic stress from Alpine orogenic phases and from the West Spitsbergen-Eurekan folding and thrusting is also examined. This mechanism is attractive because of its potential to explain episodicity of the compressional structures. However, difficulties exist with stress transmission pathways from these fold belts, and the passive margin structures developed for much of their existence in the absence of any nearby contemporaneous orogeny. Breakup and plate spreading forces such as divergent asthenosheric flow have potential to explain early post-breakup compressional structuring, for example on the UK-Faroes margin, but are unlikely to account for later (Neogene) deformation. Ridge push, generally thought to be the dominant body force acting on passive margins, can in some circumstances generate enough stress to cause mild deformation, but appears to have low potential to explain episodicity. It is proposed here that the primary agent generating the body force was development of the Iceland Insular Margin, the significant bathymetric-topographic high around Iceland. Circumstantially, in Miocene times, this development may also have coincided with the acme of the compressional structures. We show that, dependent on the degree of lithosphere-asthenosphere coupling, the Iceland Plateau may have generated enough horizontal stress to deform adjacent margins, and may explain the arcuate distribution of the compressional structures around Iceland. Assuming transmission of stress through the basement we argue that, through time, the structures will have developed preferentially where the basement is hotter, weaker and therefore more prone to shearing at the relatively low stress levels. This situation is most likely at the stretched and most thermally-blanketed crust under the thickest parts of the young (Cretaceous-Cenozoic) basins. Although several elements of this model remain to be tested, it has the potential to provide a general explanation for passive margin compression at comparatively low stress levels and in the absence of nearby orogeny or gravitational sliding.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: Depressurization of reservoirs in petroliferous basins commonly occurs through cap-rocks at structural crests where pore pressures are locally elevated because of either the presence of a hydrocarbon column or the redistribution of overpressures by water flow along laterally extensive inclined permeable aquifers. In exhumed petroliferous basins this deflation of excess pore pressures is enhanced by the denudation process, which results in the large-scale removal of overburden during regional uplift. Evidence from the exhumed basins of the Atlantic margin indicates that hydrocarbon accumulations in these basins are commonly characterized by underfilled traps and hydrostatically pressured or modestly overpressured reservoirs. These observations are reviewed in the context of the generic mechanisms by which top-seals leak, the properties of cap-rocks and the physical processes that occur during exhumation. Water-wet shaly cap-rocks can form a capillary seal to a hydrocarbon column while simultaneously accommodating brine flow and equilibration of pressures between the reservoir and the top-seal. In contrast, thick, low-permeability shale or evaporite sequences may form pressure seals that restrict vertical brine and hydrocarbon flow and prevent the equilibration of aquifer pressures above and below the seal. In any sedimentary basin, the presence of regional pressure seals can result in a layered hydrogeological regime with hydrostatically pressured strata decoupled from over- or underpressured cells. Recently exhumed basins typically show limited overpressuring and in a number of these basins underpressured reservoirs have been described. Post-exhumation overpressure generation is primarily driven by tectonic compression, aquathermal pressuring and hydraulic head. The fluid retention capacity of any cap-rock lithology during exhumation is dependent upon the physical and mechanical characteristics of the cap-rock at the time of exhumation and the timing and conditions of the associated deformation relative to the timing of hydrocarbon emplacement. The permeability and deformational characteristics of halite render it an excellent cap-rock with a high retention capacity, even under conditions of exhumation. However, mudrocks may also form effective cap-rocks in exhumed basins when the deformation associated with exhumation occurs before embrittlement and the shale cap-rock exhibits ductile behaviour. Shale and evaporite cap-rocks form the main regional seals to hydrocarbon accumulations in exhumed basins of the Atlantic margin and borderlands. Syn-exhumation top-seal efficiency (fluid retention capacity) is a major exploration risk in these basins, although post-exhumation top-seal integrity in these basins may be relatively high under certain conditions. Consequently, a major exploration risk factor in exhumed basin settings pertains to the limited hydrocarbon budget available post-regional uplift and the efficiency of the remigration process.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: Uplift, erosion and removal of overburden have profound effects on sedimentary basins and the hydrocarbon systems they contain. These effects are predictable from theory and from observation of explored exhumed basins. Exhumed basins are frequently evaluated in the same way as normal' subsiding basins, leading to errors and unrealistic expectations. In this paper we discuss the consequences of exhumation in terms of prospect risk analysis, resource estimation, and overall basin characteristics. Exhumation should be taken into account when assigning risk factors used to estimate the probability of discovery for a prospect. In general, exhumation reduces the probability of trapping or sealing hydrocarbons, except where highly ductile seals such as evaporites are present. Exhumation modifies the probability of reservoir in extreme cases; for example, where a unit may have been buried so deeply before uplift that it is no longer an effective reservoir, or where fracturing on uplift may have created an entirely new reservoir. The probability of sourcing or charging is affected by multiple factors, but primarily by the magnitude of the post-exhumation hydrocarbon budget and the efficiency of remigration. Generally gas will predominate as a result of methane liberation from oil, formation water and coal, and because of expansion of gas trapped before uplift. These factors in combination tend to result in gas flushing of exhumed hydrocarbon basins. Compared with a similar prospect in a non-exhumed basin, resource levels of a prospect in an exhumed basin are generally lower. Higher levels of reservoir diagenesis influence the standard parameters used to calculate prospect resources. Porosity, water saturation and net-to-gross ratio are adversely affected, and (as a consequence of all three) lower recovery factors are likely. Hydrostatic or near-hydrostatic fluid pressure gradients (as observed in exhumed NE Atlantic margin basins) will also reduce the recovery factor and, in the case of gas, will adversely affect the formation volume factor. Hydrocarbon systems in exhumed settings show a common set of characteristics. They can include: (1) large, basin-centred gas fields; (2) smaller, peripheral, remigrated oil accumulations; (3) two-phase accumulations; (4) residual oil columns; (5) biodegraded oils; (6) underfilled traps. Many basins on the NE Atlantic seaboard underwent kilometre-scale uplift during Cenozoic time and contain hydrocarbon systems showing the effects of exhumation. This knowledge can constrain risk and resource expectation in further evaluation of these basins, and in unexplored exhumed basins.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: Since consolidation during the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies, NW Europe has undergone repeated episodes of exhumation (the exposure of formerly buried rocks) as a result of such factors as post-orogenic unroofing, rift-shoulder uplift, hotspot activity, compressive tectonics, eustatic sea-level change, glaciation and isostatic readjustment. Modern measurement techniques, such as apatite fission-track analysis, have helped to establish useful denudation chronologies for this entire time span. However, the main observational legacy of exhumation around the North Atlantic is preserved in the comparatively young (Mesozoic and Cenozoic) geological record of this region. This is clearly reflected by the unifying theme of this volume, which documents evidence for the widespread uplift and emergence of large sections of the North Atlantic margin in Cenozoic time. All students of NW European geology are aware of the compelling palaeogeographical evidence for the transition at the end of the Cretaceous from shelf seas and low-relief landmasses to an area dominated by highlands and newly emergent landmasses, flanked by shelves dominated by rejuvenated clastic deposition. Similarly, it is also widely known that the highlands of Norway and Scotland do not represent the original Caledonian mountain range but must be instead a product of late emergence or uplift. The Cenozoic uplift of Fennoscandia in particular has a long history of study. It is arguably one of the oldest debates in the history of systematic geology and featured prominently in Lyell's Principles of Geology (Lyell 1830-1875). All of this early work was, of course, based on onshore observations. By the late ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-12-16
    Description: Transform-margin development around the Arctic Ocean is a predictable geometric outcome of multi-stage spreading of a small, confined ocean under radically changing plate vectors. Recognition of several transform-margin stages in the development of the Arctic Ocean enables predictions to be made regarding tectonic styles and petroleum systems. The De Geer margin, connecting the Eurasia Basin (the younger Arctic Ocean) and the NE Atlantic during the Cenozoic, is the best known example. It is dextral, multi-component, features transtension and transpression, is implicated in microcontinent release, and thus bears close comparison with the Equatorial Shear Zone. In the older Arctic Ocean, the Amerasia Basin, Early Cretaceous counterclockwise rotation around a pole in the Canadian Mackenzie Delta was accommodated by a terminal transform. We argue on geometric grounds that this dislocation may have occurred at the Canada Basin margin rather than along the more distal Lomonosov Ridge, and review evidence that elements of the old transform margin were detached by the Makarov–Podvodnikov opening and accommodated within the Alpha–Mendeleev Ridge. More controversial is the proposal of transform along the Laptev–East Siberian margin. We regard an element of transform motion as the best solution to accommodating Eurasia and Makarov–Podvodnikov Basin opening, and have incorporated it into a three-stage plate kinematic model for Cretaceous–Cenozoic Arctic Ocean opening, involving the Canada Basin rotational opening at 125–80 Ma, the Makarov–Povodnikov Basin opening at 80–60 Ma normal to the previous motion and a Eurasia Basin stage from 55 Ma to present. We suggest that all three opening phases were accompanied by transform motion, with the right-lateral sense being dominant. The limited data along the Laptev–East Siberian margin are consistent with transform-margin geometry and kinematic indicators, and these ideas will be tested as more data become available over less explored parts of the Arctic, such as the Laptev–East Siberia–Chukchi margin.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-11-29
    Description: The Norwegian Atlantic margin, although frequently described as passive, has seen several significant and highly variable deformation events prior to and after early Cenozoic break-up. This chronology is strongly exemplified in the northern Vøring Basin, where deformation resulted in significant vertical motions, including deep erosion and sediment reworking. Post-break-up compressional deformation is well documented in the NE Atlantic margins, and is represented in the north Vøring Basin by the Vema and Naglfar domes. A prominent Maastrichtian–Paleocene pre-break-up phase of compression inverted the northern prolongation of the latest Turonian Vigrid Syncline. This syncline was the fairway for the approximately 1 km-thick Santonian–Campanian Nise Formation sandstone, shed from NE Greenland and/or the western Barents Sea margin. The inversion focused on the Vigrid Syncline axis, forming an anticline here referred to as the Vema–Nyk Anticline. The anticline may have been a major trap but was breached by erosion prior to collapse due to Late Paleocene extension. The remnant eastern half of the anticline is the Nyk High. The associated flanking syncline, the Någrind Syncline, also remains preserved. The collapsed side of the anticline is the Hel Graben, which itself was inverted in the Middle Miocene time forming the Naglfar and Vema domes. More speculatively, the development of the Vigrid Syncline and its bounding structural highs, the Gjallar Ridge and Utgard High, may also represent folds, marking the onset of compressional buckling in the mid-Norwegian–NE Greenland rift system. The repeated compressional deformation, as well as the extensional collapse, was focused on the area subjected to Early Cretaceous hyperextension. Compressional buckling under relatively low stress levels is proposed to have been due to significant lithosphere weakening caused by the hyperextension, whereby both high attenuation of the crystalline crust and serpentinization of the upper mantle contribute to the weakening. The Late Cenozoic compression post-dated the hyperextension by approximately 110 Ma, which suggests that the weakening is long-lived and that lithosphere has not been strengthened significantly through time.
    Print ISSN: 1354-0793
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉The Atlantic Ocean margins formed the basis for the seminal Wilson cycle concept, which suggests that oceans close, form fold belts, and later reopen in a concertina-like fashion. However, we observe that continental break-up of the North Atlantic–Arctic region only weakly reflects Wilson's concept. Rather than utilizing fold belts, transforms have been the dominant weaknesses that guided break-up, primarily because less force is required to break a plate via strike-slip related shearing than via rifting. Some transforms were inherited features, whereas others formed as part of the continental break-up process. Regardless of cause, once a transform has formed, the plate is broken and further rifting is not required before seafloor spreading can start. This is particularly well expressed in the NE Atlantic, where the line of Early Eocene break-up is very sharp, with minor or no preceding Paleocene rifting. Other examples include the De Geer, Ungava and Lomonosov transforms. We propose that the transform break-up mechanism is an important adjunct to the Wilson cycle theory and that it provides an explanation for ‘non-Wilson’ oceans, where old collision zones are not reactivated.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0375-6440
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-04-13
    Description: The study focuses on the role of wrenching-involved continental break-up in microcontinent release, drawing from a review of examples. It indicates that the main groups of release mechanisms in this setting are associated with ‘competing wrench faults’, ‘competing horsetail structure elements’, ‘competing rift zones’ and ‘multiple consecutive tectonic events’ controlled by different stress regimes capable of release. Competing-wrench-fault-related blocks are small, up to a maximum 220 km in length. They are more-or-less parallel to oceanic transforms. The competing horsetail-structure-element-related blocks are larger (up to 610 km in length) and are located at an acute angle to the transform. Competing-rift-zone-related blocks are large (up to 815 km) and are either parallel or perpendicular to the transform. The multiple-consecutive-tectonic-event-related blocks have variable size and are generally very elongate, ranging up to 1100 km in length. The role of strike-slip faults in release of continental blocks resides in: linking the extensional zones, where the blocks are already isolated, by their propagation through the remaining continental bridges and subsequent displacement; facilitating rapid crustal thinning across a narrow zone of strike-slip-dominated faults; and slicing the margin into potentially detachable fault blocks.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-07-05
    Description: While Davis et al. provide convincing evidence for dynamic support of modern topography in NW Scotland, we take issue with their claims that the spatial distribution of Cenozoic denudation correlates poorly with the pattern of upper crustal shortening, and that the magnitude of shortening is insufficient to cause the observed denudation. We disagree with Davis et al. 's map of denudation, which forms the basis of their claims, and believe that their conclusions seriously downplay the widely documented contribution of crustal shortening to Cenozoic denudation of many areas of the British Isles.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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