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1

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Links between large-scale anomalies, rainfall and wine quality in the Iberian Peninsula during the last three decades (2000)

Rodó, Xavier ; Comín, F. A.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Recent strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals have been identified in precipitation records from the Iberian Peninsula. Interannual association with ENSO accounts for more than half the total annual variance in selected stations of the south-east, with ENSO leading rainfall by one year. In contrast, association with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) at the Westernmost stations is much lower (25%). The potential of simple linear models is tested in the ENSO-sensitive area, suggesting high capability of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) for predicting interannual rainfall fluctuations (mainly droughts and floods). Wine quality is associated with several factors, e.g. grape variety, soil type and processing, which can be considered invariable, mainly due to the strict regulations imposed by the quality regulating councils. Climate, however, has a great influence on resulting wine quality, and represents the most important source of variability at both short (day-to-day) and long (interannual) time scales.Over the last 30 years, high-quality harvests in the five main wine regions in Spain, show a high probability (P 〈 0.0002) of being associated with an El Niño event occurring the same year or the year before. NAO influence is not significant during the same period. Thus, apart from considering the role of local climatic conditions in certain regions, which favour the production of excellent wines, larger-scale climatic phenomena appear responsible for the year-to-year variations in quality.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00299.x

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2

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Variations in seasonal rainfall in Southern Europe during the present century: relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (1997)

Rodó, X. ; Baert, E. ; Comín, F. A.

Springer

Climate dynamics 13 (1997), S. 275-284

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ISSN: 1432-0894

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Physics

Notes: Abstract. Analysis of data from seventeen rainfall stations in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and Northern Africa has revealed significant El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals in Europe. Both North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Southern Oscillation (SO) exert an influence on Iberian climate, but at different temporal and spatial scales. Though most of the peninsula is under NAO influence in winter, some stations in the eastern region show no connection with this phenomenon. The same is found for ENSO, with a positively correlated region appearing in the eastern part of Spain, while the rest of the peninsula remains insensitive. The correlation between ENSO and Iberian rainfall has increased towards the end of the present century, with strong positive signals spanning over half of the area studied. The percentage of springtime variability due to ENSO has similarly increased, reaching up to 50% in certain areas. We also show how there are outstanding climatic sensors of these phenomena such as Lake Gallocanta, which manifests a positive response to ENSO while appears insensitive to NAO. Common long-term patterns are observed between SOI and an inferred lake level series, suggesting a constant influence of the low-frequency component of ENSO throughout the period considered. Lake drying phases every 14 years reflect the impact of this signal, approximately every four ENSO events.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050165

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3

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Rice straw decomposition in rice-field soil (1988)

Fores, E. ; Menendez, M. ; Comin, F. A.

Springer

Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 145-146

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: biomass ; carbon ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice straw

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Rice straw, buried in a rice-field during the dry season decomposed at a rate of 0.0075 day-1. Seventy five percent of the biomass, 70 percent carbon, 50 percent nitrogen and 30 percent phosphorus remained after 139 days of decomposition. Rice straw decomposition furnished 33% N and 8% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus provided by man.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197596

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4

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Hydrogeochemistry of Lake Gallocanta (Aragón, NE Spain) (1990)

Comín, F. A. ; Juliá, R. ; Comín, M. P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Hydrobiologia 197 (1990), S. 51-66

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: saline lake ; hydrology ; geochemistry

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Lake Gallocanta has undergone drastic changes during the last thirteen years. Water level changed from a high level (Zmax = 2 m) to total dryness in 1985. From 1986 to 1988 slow refilling occurred. The water volume fluctuations have been studied in relation to climatic variations recorded for that period. Variations in the major dissolved ions were related to water volume fluctuations from data at two different stages, one corresponding to the drying phase and another to the refilling phase. Mineralogical composition of the salts precipitated at different stages was examined by X-ray diffraction. Interstitial water and mineralogical composition of recent sediments were also studied along a transect through the lake. The water column decrease from 1977 to 1985 is related to decreasing annual rainfall (500-250 mm respectively). The refilling in 1986–1988 is due to high annual rainfall (537 mm). In addition to these fluctuations, seasonal changes of the water level between 20 and 50 cm occurred every year. Gallocanta is a Na-Mg-Cl-(SO4) type lake. During the drying period a typical salt enrichment occurs with linear relationships between TDS, Cl, Na and K. Alkalinity is linearly correlated with Ca at relatively low salinities. As salinity increases a linear relationship between Ca and SO4 is observed. Minerals formed from the brine are halite, bischofite, epsomite, hexahydrite, mirabilite, gypsum, aragonite, calcite and dolomite. The molar ratio Mg/Ca of the interstitial water changes from 1.5 along the shorelines, where calcite and aragonite precipitate, to 40 in the center of the lake. Sediment cores from the central part of the lake show aragonite in the top layers, magnesian calcite and low proportions of quartz and illite, while at 20 cm depth a high proportion of gypsum is present. In contrast, cores from the shore of the lake are mainly composed of low magnesium calcite in the top layers and low magnesium calcite together high magnesium calcite and dolomite between 30 and 70 cm depth. Gypsum deposits only occur in significant proportions at 80–100 cm depth. The refilling process showed relationships between volume and salt concentration following the Langbein model. The salt mass in solution decreased about 50% from the drying to the refilling phase. However, Mg content decreased about 70 % for the same period, suggesting a contribution of this element to the dolomite formation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026938

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5

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Spatial heterogeneity of macrophytes in Lake Gallocanta (Aragón, NE Spain) (1993)

Comín, F. A. ; Rodó, X. ; Menéndez, M.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 267 (1993), S. 169-178

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: macrophytes ; biomass ; distribution ; ecophysiology ; saline lake

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The spatial distribution of macrophytes (Ruppia drepanensis) Tineo and Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr.) J. Gr. was studied along transects perpendicular to the shoreline in Lake Gallocanta (Aragón, NE Spain) in 1988 and 1990. In the shallow zone, a gradient from the shoreline to offshore waters was clear: Small R. drepanensis plants were the only colonizers of nearshore waters affected by wave action and desiccation. R. drepanensis and L. papulosum coexisted at intermediate depths in the shallow zone. L. papulosum reached higher biomasses than R. drepanensis in the deepest parts of the shallow zone. In the deepest zone of the lake, stands of the two species did not overlap. Individual plants of R. drepanensis occured patchily within a sparse prairie of L. papulosum. This spatial pattern was observed at different lake levels, suggesting that macrophytes are adapted to fluctuations of environmental conditions. In very shallow water the macrophytes decay as indicated by negative net production and low chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b and plant K+ concentration/water K+ concentration ratios.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018799

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6

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Spanish salt lakes: Their chemistry and biota (1988)

Comin, F. A. ; Alonso, M.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 158 (1988), S. 237-245

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: Spanish salt lakes ; chemistry ; biota

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract A large number of small saline lakes are distributed throughout Spain. Four main lake districts occur from sea level to 1000 m.a.s.l. Most lakes are temporary because of the arid conditions in the Spanish endorheic areas. Many lakes are situated in Tertiary depressions in NE. and S. Spain. Lake basins were formed in karstic areas by hydrologic and aeolian erosion. Saline lakes in NE. Spain occupy areas isolated between river basins. The major ions encountered in these lakes are usually sodium-chloride and magnesium-sulphate; sodium carbonate or sodium-sulphate rich waters also occur. The biota of Spanish salt lakes is related to that of a larger biogeographical region which includes the Mediterranean countries. The main types of salt lakes in Spain include: (1) temporarily mineralized but not highly saline lakes, salinity is less than 7 g l-1. Chara canescens, C. aspera, Zanichellia palustris, Daphnia atkinsoni, Mixodiaptomus incrassatus and Arctodiaptomus wierzejskii are the most characteristic organisms. (2) Temporary salt lakes, salinity fluctuates between 7 and 300 g l-1. Chara galioides, Lamprothamnion papulosum, Daphnia mediterranea, Arctodiaptomus salinus and Cletocamptus retrogressus are the most common species. (3) Permanent salt lakes, Ruppia maritima, Najas marina and Artemia salina are the characteristic organisms.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026281

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7

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Limnology of Gallocanta Lake, Aragon, northeastern Spain (1983)

Comín, F. A. ; Alonso, M. ; Lopez, P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Hydrobiologia 105 (1983), S. 207-221

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: saline lakes ; Spain ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; macrophytes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract A limnological study was sustained from September 1980 to October 1981 to show the evolution of Gallocanta Lake (N.E. Spain) under very dry climatic conditions. It is the physical terminus within an endorheic basin of 500 km2 situated 1 000 m over the sea level. In 1977 its maximum depth was 2.5 m but it decreased to 60 cm in 1981 as a consequence of the last very dry years. It is actually 6 km long and 2.5 km wide, and its area is approximately 12 km2. Salt concentration was quite constant (32–43 g l-1) since September 1980 until June 1981. The equivalent ratio Cl-:SO inf4 sup2- varied between 2.2 and 2.8. From June through October 1981 salinity increased up to 105 g l-1 and Cl-:SO inf4 sup2- equivalent ratio varied between 2.5 and 3.4. The relative concentrations of ions were retained all year ordinated as follows: Cl- 〉 SO inf4 sup2- 〉 HCO inf3 sup- 〉. CO inf3 sup2- ; Na+ 〉 Mg2+ ≫ Ca2+ 〉 K+. Total reactive phosphorus was less than 1.5 µg-at l-1 from September 1980 to January 1981. During the rest of the studied period it varied between 2 and 8 µg-at l-1 (the maximum, in February 1981). Nitrogen oxidized forms were relatively high in winter (4–8 µg-at N-NO inf3 sup- l-1; 0.5–2.5 µg-at N-NO inf2 sup- l-1), and early May 1981 (25 µg-at N-NO inf3 sup- l-1; 1 µg-at N-NO inf2 sup- l-1). Neither reached 1 µg-at l-1 from September through December 1980, or from June through October 1981. Planktonic algae increased in density during the period of the study from 103 to 5 105 cells ml-1. Chromulina sp. was the main species during autumn and winter (〉50% in number of cells ml-1) while the copepod Arctodiaptomus salinus decreased its population. Lobocystis dichotoma increased its density from December 1980 to May 1981 and was dominant in spring (〉90%), when a typical reproductive activity was observed in the Arctodiaptomus population. This species disappeared in late spring. In June 1981 Brachionus plicatilis reached up to near 2 000 individuals ml-1. This species was not observed after August 1981. Then the ciliate Fabrea salina was the only zooplankter staying in the free waters of the lake and Nannochloris sp. the dominant alga (〉90%). Dense macrophytic beds constituted of Lamprothamnium papulosum and Chara galioides covered the bottom of the lake in September 1980 and before that date since the observations began in 1977. They decreased in covered area since October 1980 and disappeared during summer 1981. Gallocanta Lake is in a very stressed situation produced by prolonged drought. The increased salt concentration together with the extremely cold and hot temperatures, and the lack of nitrogen relative to phosphorus are the main environmental factors that controlled the biological populations during the period of the present study.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025189

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8

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Saline lakes: integrating ecology into their management future (1999)

Comín, F. A. ; Cabrera, M. ; Rodó, X.

Springer

Hydrobiologia 395-396 (1999), S. 241-251

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ISSN: 1573-5117

Keywords: saline lake ; fluctuations ; management ; legislative

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Defining the key temporal scales of variability in ecological processes is fundamental to saline lake management because the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of saline lakes undergo fluctuations at different time scales, compared to those of freshwater lakes. A long-term study of Lake Gallocanta (25 km2 area inland saline lake in NE Spain) provides the ecological basis for its management. The coupling of the administrative framework with its ecological processes is examined. Limnological and climatological parameters were measured using standard methods during 1977–1995. Complete desiccation of the lake occurred in 1983–86 and in 1994–95. Water level fluctuations were strongly correlated with meteorological events, particularly rainfall for seasonal and decadal time scales. The relationship between salinity and water volume follows the typical model described for playa lakes. However, the intensity and frequency of the salinity and water volume fluctuations in Lake Gallocanta also change over time. Most species show pulsing population dynamics at the larger time scales (annual, decadal). However, many of these show a continuous population development at shorter time scales. Examples are provided for several phytoplankton and zooplankton species. Fluctuations in water level also influence phyto and zooplankton community structure. The combination of the number of species, S, and the number of individuals, N, as K=log S/log N indicates that the community structure also fluctuates at different time scales. Most of the present laws established for the management of saline lakes are centered on the conservation of waterfowl. Although some generic laws attempt to preserve the overall natural ecosystem, only those dealing with the protection of wild flora and fauna, and threatened species, are implemented. However, ecological knowledge now suggests that the major objective for the conservation of saline lakes should be to preserve the fluctuation of the hydrological balance, avoiding groundwater extraction in the catchment area and surface water. Generic laws regulate water use in Spain and in many other countries. These laws are not useful for saline lake management because they do not offer solutions to the frequent conflicts arising between the water demand for intensive agriculture and nature conservation, which are common in the semi-arid zones where saline lakes are located. Integrated management of the land and water resources in the catchment area is required to preserve saline lake characteistics. Recent legislation aims to promote such management. A model of conservation and development of the overall ecosystem is presented.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017014023505

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