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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 24 (1989), S. 61-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den Teilchenentstehungsprozeß der Fällungsdesoxidation von Stahl-Schmelzen mit Aluminium verstehen zu können, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine Beziehung für den Aufbau des Konzentrationsüberschusses abgeleitet. Nach Slezov werden die Differential-Gleichungen für konvektive Diffusion und simultane Reaktion und das Massenwirkungsgesetz für das System Fe-Al-O unter Verwendung des eindimensionalen Strömungsfeldes nach Nakanishi und Mitarbeitern benutzt. Die Geschwindigkeit des Aufbaus des entstehenden Konzentrationsüberschusses ist ein Produkt aus dem effektiven Diffusionskoeffizienten, dem Quadrat der Konzentrationsdifferenz (Differenz zwischen äquivalenter Konzentration von Sauerstoff und Aluminium) und dem Massenwirkungsterm. Der Massenwirkungsterm beschreibt den Einfluß der Einstellung des Gleichgewichtsgehaltes (aktueller Gehalt bei ungehinderter Reaktion) von Aluminium und Sauerstoff nach dem Massenwirkungs-, dem Teilchenwachstums-und dem Diffusionsgesetz auf den Aufbau der Konzentrationsüberschußrate. Er nimmt in einem engen Bereich des Gleichgewichtsgehaltes von Sauerstoff, infolge eines geringen Löslichkeitsproduktes für das System Fe-Al-O, hohe Werte an, genauso wie die Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaurate. Bei einer Temperatur von 1600 °C hat der Massenwirkungsterm einen Höchstwert bei einem Sauerstoffgehalt von 24,1 ppm und liegt dabei über der Hälfte seines Spitzenwertes bei einem Sauerstoffgehalt zwischen 12,4 und 44,6 ppm, so daß sich bei diesen Gleichgewichtsgehalten 61% des Konzentrationsüberschusses aufbauen. Die Position des maximalen Aufbaues des Konzentrationsüberschusses verschiebt sich langsam mit ansteigender Mischzeit und Abstand von dem Ort, an welchem das Aluminium zugesetzt wird; dieser Prozeß läuft aber bei zunehmendem Verhältnis von „End-Aluminium- zu Anfangs-Sauerstoff-Gehalt“ sehr schnell ab infolge des früheren Erreichens des Sauerstoffgleichgewichtsgehaltes entsprechend dem maximalen Konzentrationsüberschußaufbau. Die Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaus steigt mit zunehmenden Anfangs-Sauerstoff- und End-Aluminium-Gehalten und infolge der größeren Abhängigkeit des Konzentrationsdifferenz-Gradienten von dem Anfangs-Sauerstoff-Gehalt steigt die Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaus stärker mit dem Anfangs-Sauerstoff-Gehalt als mit dem End-Aluminium-Gehalt. An der gleichen Stelle nimmt der Gradient der Konzentrationsdifferenz mit ansteigender Mischzeit ab. Dementsprechend sinkt auch die lokale Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaus.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the particle formation processes during the precipitation deoxidation of steel melts with aluminium, in the present work a relationship for the rate of the concentration excess buildup is derived according to Slezov from the differential equations for convective diffusion and simultaneous reaction and from the mass action law for the system Fe-Al-O, using the one-dimensional circulation flow field proposed by Nakanishi and coworkers because of computation expense. The rate of concentration excess buildup is a product of effective diffusion coefficient, square of gradient of concentration difference (difference between equivalent concentration of oxygen and aluminium) and mass action term. The mass action term describes the influence of the adjustment of the equilibrium contents (actual contents at unhindered reaction) of aluminium and oxygen according to the mass action, particle growth and diffusion law on the rate of the concentration excess buildup; it has high values in a narrow range of the equilibrium content of oxygen due to a low solubility product for the system Fe-Al-O, consequently, the rate of concentration excess bildup, too. At 1600°C the mass action term has a peak value at oxygen equilibrium content of 24.1 ppm and lies above half of its peak value at oxygen equilibrium contents between 12.4 and 44.6 ppm, so that at these equilibrium contents 61% of concentration excess build up. From the place of aluminium adding the position of the maximum concentration excess buildup displaces slowly with increasing mixing time and distance, but rapidly with increasing ratio “final aluminium/initial oxygen content” due to the earlier attainment of the equilibrium oxygen content corresponding to the maximum concentration excess buildup. The rate of the concentration excess buildup increases with increasing initial oxygen and final aluminium contents, and, due to the larger dependence of the gradient of the concentration difference on the initial oxygen content, more strongly with the initial oxygen content than with the final aluminium content. At the same place, with increasing mixing time the gradient of concentration difference decreases. Consequently, the local rate of concentration excess buildup decreases, too.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 1803-1811 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) linewidths and spin–lattice relaxation times for poly(propylene-glycol) complexed with a range of concentrations of LiCF3SO3 are reported over the temperature region from 205 to 405 K. Calculations suggest that the spin–lattice relaxation mechanism is caused by the interaction between the 7Li (I=3/2) quadrupole moment and fluctuations in the surrounding electric field gradients, whereas the line shapes are influenced by both the dipolar and quadrupolar interactions. The motional parameters reported indicate that ion–polymer or ion–ion interactions are important in determining the Li+ cation mobilities. This is reflected in the lengthening of the correlation time with increase in Li+ ion concentration which suggests a decreased mobility for the cations resulting from a transient coordination of the cation to the polymer matrix or ion aggregation. Also, the activation energies in this study (∼0.24 eV) are in agreement with values obtained from recent pulsed field gradient studies suggesting that the NMR techniques employed in this study are approriate methods for probing the dynamics of ion transport on a macroscopic scale in these materials.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 8515-8521 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) of varying concentrations have ionic conductivities as high as 0.25 Scm−1 at ambient temperatures which cannot be accounted for on the basis of regular hydrodynamic movement of mobile ions. We report careful measurements of self-diffusion coefficients (D) of mobile species for the 85 wt% (14.6 M) phosphoric acid solution over a range of temperature from 293 to 353 K, using 1H (I=1/2) and 31P (I=1/2) pulsed gradient Hahn spin-echo (PGSE) techniques. The experimental D values are interpreted together with previously published viscosity (η) and conductivity (σ) data. The data show that protons diffuse faster than the phosphorus carrying species. The diffusion data for both nuclear species are found to be linear on an Arrhenius plot with activation energies of 25 and 36 kJ mol−1 for 1H and 31P species, respectively. Analysis on the basis of the Nernst–Einstein relation yields a proton transference number of t(approximate)0.99 and a proton charge carrier number density of n(approximate)1.6×1028 m−3. A plot of the product Dη as a function of temperature suggests that the proton and phosphorus species undergo significantly different mass transport mechanisms. In particular the 31P data show a nonlinear increase in Dη with temperature, while the 1H data exhibit a decrease in Dη with increasing temperature which is not expected for hydrodynamically simple fluids. The latter behavior is attributed to the water mediated transfer of protons between the phosphate groups. Room temperature 31P diffusion coefficients of condensed phosphates are also reported, and as expected the diffusion coefficient is dependent on the size of the moving species. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 65 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Twenty-three powdered foods and ingredients were subjected to 2 treatments: temperature scan from -20 to 110 °C within 2 hours, and storage at 37 °C and 55 °C for 60 d. During temperature scans, the spin-spin relaxation time T2 values of individual samples were determined using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique, resulting in a temperature-T2 curve for each sample. Four typical temperature-T2 curve patterns were identified and were found to be closely related to the physical changes in the samples, including agglomeration, water vaporization, and caking observed during temperature scans. Based on the temperature-T2 curve patterns, the samples were classified into 4 groups each having distinguished caking behavior. In the storage tests, the samples were removed from the incubators every half an hour during first 2 d of storage period and every day afterwards. The storage test also suggests a strong relationship between molecular mobility and caking. Monitoring changes in T2 as a function of temperature provides information useful for predicting whether and when caking would occur.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 1196 (1994), S. 131-138 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: Cardiac sodium ion channel ; Digital signal processing technique ; Hidden Markov Model processing ; Single channel ; Sodium ion channel
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Trends in Biochemical Sciences 2 (1977), S. 267 
    ISSN: 0968-0004
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 98 (1994), S. 9047-9055 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 108 (1998), S. 3360-3372 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amorphous poly(propylene oxide), PPO (molecular weights, 425 and ∼106), complexed with NaClO4 salt has ionic conductivities as high as 10−5 S/cm at room temperature. In an attempt to directly study the dynamics of the Na+ ions, (I=3/2) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, and spin–spin relaxation times, T2, at a resonance frequency of 77.0 MHz have been measured over the temperature range from 150 to 390 K. A range of salt compositions [(PPO)nNaClO4; n=8–30] have been investigated. In addition, the glass transition temperature for each sample is reported. The recovery of equilibrium magnetization following a π/2 pulse is biexponential as expected for a spin I=3/2 system in the viscous liquid region. Below Tg a better fit to the magnetization recovery curve can be obtained if Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) functions are used in place of the exponential functions. At low temperature the molecular motion has slowed to the point where a common spin temperature is not achieved by ionic diffusion. Two T2 values are observed over a limited temperature region near the T1 minimum. In the remaining low temperature region only the T2 associated with the central transition could be determined because the large 23Na quadrupole coupling constant made detection of the satellite transitions impossible. There is no evidence from the NMR relaxation time data for two Na+ populations. The experimental spin-lattice relaxation times can be analyzed to determine the correlation time for the ionic motion as a function of reciprocal temperature. The correlation time data display a distinct change in behavior at Tg which is interpreted as an indication of a crossover between two ionic transport mechanisms. Plots of T1 as a function of Tg/T indicate that dynamics for T〉Tg are largely determined by the flexibility of the polymer host (the α process) whereas a different process dominates for T〉Tg (presumably the β process). A comparison of correlation times derived from NMR relaxation times and ionic conductivities show a marked difference especially in the region of Tg. The conductivity decreases rapidly while the sodium ion motion continues with a correlation time ∼10−6 s through the glass transition. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 6784-6786 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A commercial atomic force microscope/magnetic force microscope (MFM) was modified to cool magnetic samples down to around 100 K under a high vacuum while maintaining its routine imaging functionality. MFM images of a 120 nm thick La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 film on a LaAlO3 substrate at low temperature show the paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition. Evolution of magnetic domains and magnetic ripples with decreasing temperature are also observed near the edge of a 20 nm thick patterned Co film on a Si substrate. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biophysical Chemistry 52 (1994), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 0301-4622
    Keywords: Conductance-temperature relationship ; Electrolytes ; Ion transport ; Ohm's law ; Single ion channels ; Temperature
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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