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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aerobic incubation ; anaerobic incubation ; carbon ; fertilisation ; nitrogen immobilisation ; mineralisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of 15N labelling duration on the mineralisation and immobilisation of native and applied (residual) N in the humus layer of a Humo-Ferric Podzol. Ammonium sulphate, labelled with 15N, was applied to 1 m2 plots at a rate of 200 kg N ha−1. Fertiliser application was timed so that when samples were collected they had been labelled with 15N for 24 hours, 7 months and 31 months. In a 42-day aerobic incubation of the samples, net mineralisation of total and applied N was greatest in the 24-hr treatment followed by those from the 31-month treatment (p〈0.05), indicating that immobilised 15N was more remineralisable in the samples with 15N labelled for 24 hours. The percentage of applied N found in the total N mineralised (net) ranged from 76.6 to 87.4%, 13.1 to 42.0% and 10.6 to 14.0% in samples from the 24-hr and 7- and 31-month treatments, respectively, showing reduced relative availability of residual N with increased labelling duration. The carbon mineralisation rate had the following order: 7-month 〉 24-hr 〉 31-month treatment. Net mineralisation of C and N was poorly correlated with each other (r=-0.02, p=0.89). Anaerobic incubation showed net mineralisation for the 7- and 31-month treatments but net immobilisation for the 24-hr treatment for both total and applied N, suggesting that immobilisation of inorganic N was encouraged when there was a large pool of mineral N in the soil. Both total and applied N in the extractable organic N fraction and in the N flushed after fumigation with chloroform had the following order: 24-hr 〉 7-month 〉 31-month treatment. The results confirmed that N fertiliser was being immobilised within hours after application by the humus material through the microbial population and that the immobilised N had a low mineralisation potential after one growing season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: Phytolith-occluded organic carbon (PhytOC) is an important long-term (up to several thousand years) terrestrial carbon (C) fraction in forest ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to (i) investigate the spatial distribution of PhytOC in Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu & C.S. Chao.) forests under intensive management (mulching and fertilization) and (ii) assess the role of PhytOC in C sequestration in a Lei bamboo stand and across subtropical China. Phytolith concentrations in Lei bamboo plant components were (P 〈 0.05) in the following order: rhizome ≈ stump 〉 leaf ≈ branch 〉 culm. The distribution of PhytOC in bamboo leaves, branches, culms, rhizomes, and stumps was 22.2%, 12.1%, 16.1%, 15.9%, and 33.7%, respectively. The PhytOC stock was in the following order (P 〈 0.05): soil (9361 kg C·ha−1) 〉 mulching materials (197.5 kg C·ha−1) 〉 belowground plant parts (13.0 kg C·ha−1) ≈ aboveground plant parts (12.8 kg C·ha−1) ≈ litterfall (11.3 kg C·ha−1). The PhytOC accretion rate in the vegetation in the Lei bamboo stand was 19.4 kg C·ha−1·year−1, equivalent to 71 kg CO2-eq·ha−1·year−1. The soil PhytOC stock decreased markedly with depth and had an accretion rate of 325 kg C·ha−1·year−1 for the 0–60 cm soil layer. Based on a PhytOC accretion rate of 0.795 Mg CO2-eq·ha−1·year−1, PhytOC accretion rate in the 2.62 × 106 ha of Lei bamboo stands in southern China is estimated to be 2.08 × 106 Mg CO2-eq·year−1. In conclusion, intensively managed Lei bamboo stands have a large potential in long-term C sequestration in the form of PhytOC, and the PhytOC stock belowground should not be ignored due to its contribution to the ecosystem level PhytOC stock.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-01-01
    Description: Exponential fertilization has been shown to be a useful technique for improving seedling quality during nursery production. In this study, we evaluated (i) the impact of exponential vs. conventional fertilization on trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings during nursery production and (ii) the growth performance and nitrogen (N) utilization of those seedlings in response to foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) competition after the transplantation of seedlings in a greenhouse experiment. Exponential fertilization with an application rate higher than the conventional fertilization increased the internal N reserve in trembling aspen and white spruce seedlings during nursery production and also increased new leaf, new stem, and old stem biomass and N retranslocation rates in trembling aspen seedlings but not in white spruce seedlings after transplantation. Foxtail barley competition decreased N concentrations in seedlings and soil N uptake by the seedlings; however, increased N retranslocation rates with foxtail barley competition were observed in white spruce seedlings but not in trembling aspen seedlings. Our results suggest that the growth performance of seedlings was improved by N loading, whereas the impact of vegetation management was species specific.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-02-01
    Description: Temperate forests in northeastern China play a key role in the national carbon (C) budget; however, this role has been poorly quantified. The objective of this study was to quantify C storage, net primary production (NPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) in four major temperate forest types in northeastern China. The four forest types include a primary mixed broadleaf – Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) old-growth forest and three mid-aged regenerating forests, i.e., a secondary birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) forest, a Korean pine plantation, and a Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) plantation. Total C storage differed significantly among the four forest types, with the highest storage (315.4 t C·ha−1) in the old-growth forest. Soil organic C accounted for 55%–70% of the ecosystem C, whereas vegetation C accounted for 28%–43% of the ecosystem C. Soil organic C storage in the two plantations was significantly lower than that in old-growth and secondary birch forests. The allocation (aboveground and belowground) of NPP, but not the total NPP, differed significantly among the forest types. Litterfall (44%–60%) and fine root production (43%–47%) contributed the largest proportion of the aboveground and belowground NPP, respectively. The highest NEP was in the Korean pine plantation (328.0 g C·m−2·year−1), followed by the old-growth (311.9 g C·m−2·year−1) and secondary birch (231.1 g C·m−2·year−1) forests, with the lowest NEP in the Dahurian larch plantation (187.9 g C·m−2·year−1). These results suggest that the major forest types are currently C sinks and Korean pine plantation establishment can be a promising approach for increasing C sequestration in northeastern China.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1996-02-01
    Description: Fertilizer labeled with 15N was used to study the fate of N in forest soil–plant systems with (control) and without competition (treated) from an ericaceous evergreen shrub, salal (Gaultheriashallon Pursh), on a western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don)–western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) clear-cut site on northern Vancouver Island. Fertilizer was applied in April 1991 at 200 kg N•ha−1 as (NH4)2SO4 (3.38044% 15N enrichment) to single-tree plots of 1 m radius. Four-year-old western red cedar, western hemlock, and Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) were used and the plots were destructively sampled after two growing seasons (October 1992). The distribution of 15N within trees was virtually unaffected by the treatment but displayed differences among species. The majority of the 15N in a tree was found in the current-year needles. Because of the dilution effect, 15N abundances in the above ground tree components were not different between treatments but 15N contents were significantly increased by salal removal. The pattern of and treatment effect on total N distribution were similar to those of 15N. Total recovery by trees of applied 15N was 7.7, 17.8, and 10.3% in the treated plots planted with cedar, hemlock, and spruce, respectively. The corresponding values for the control plots were 4.1, 2.0, and 4.9%. Understory in the control plots immobilized 14.8, 24.6, and 13.5% of the applied N for plots planted with the respective species. Total recoveries in soil and vegetation ranged from 57 to 87%, of which 59 to 82% was recovered in the soil compartments. Results clearly showed that trees competed poorly with the understory vegetation for the applied fertilizer N.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2000-09-01
    Description: Growth of planted seedlings in cutovers dominated by salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh) is poor largely because of low N availability and understorey competition. In this paper, the response of tree growth and fertilizer recovery to understorey competition was studied. The trees were four years old when (15NH4)2SO4 (200 kg N/ha, 3.38004% enrichment) was applied in 1991 to single-tree plots, with either understorey removed from (treated) or left (control) in the plots. Half of the plots were either sampled after two (1992) or six (1996) growing seasons. Understorey competition continued to significantly reduce height and diameter growth between 1992 and 1996, except diameter growth for western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn.). Nitrogen and 15N concentration in both tree and understorey components decreased from 1992 to 1996 and N concentration in 1-year-old foliage in 1996 (but not in 1992) was significantly lower in the control than in the treated plots, indicating that the site was low in N supply and the effect of fertilizer application on tissue N concentration did not last for 6 years. Results strongly indicated that the trees or understorey vegetation had no net uptake of fertilizer N beyond the second growing season. Understorey vegetation components played a significant role in the uptake and recycling of fertilizer N in this forest ecosystem.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2005-04-01
    Description: Many experiments conducted under controlled environmental conditions suggest that deciduous tree species are adapted to NO3 rather than NH4+ uptake. To test this under field conditions, we studied soil retention, tree uptake, and tree resorption of 15N derived from either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3 applied to trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides) at planting. Overall, the hybrid had greater dry-matter yield and took up more total N than the trembling aspen over two growing seasons after fertilization. The recovery of 15N per tree was also higher for the hybrid aspen than for the trembling aspen. Trembling aspen showed higher resorption efficiency of foliage N before abscission than hybrid aspen; however, the total amount of N retranslocated before leaf senescence was the reverse because of higher foliar dry-matter yield of hybrid aspen. The higher recovery of 15NH4+ than 15NO3 by trees seemed to be governed by higher N retention potential of NH4+ than NO3 in the soil. These results suggest that fertilization strategies need to be made based on both N acquisition capability of species and site-related factors, such as soil pH and immobilizationmineralization potential.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-02-22
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-07-01
    Description: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of P and S fertilization on the growth and nutrition of two aspens, a clonal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and a hybrid aspen (a mixture of Populus tremu loides × P. tremula L. and Populus tremula × P. tremuloides), grown in a Gray Luvisol fertilized with N. Phosphorus application significantly increased basal diameter (BD) increment and most other growth parameters for both clonal and hybrid aspens, whereas S application increased BD increment only for the hybrid aspen. Diameter increment, leaf area, and seedling biomass were generally increased by P application, regardless of S levels, but they responded to S application only if P was also applied. Phosphorus application significantly increased foliar P concentrations and foliar N and P contents and their uptake for the clonal aspen. For the hybrid aspen, P application increased foliar N, P, and S concentrations, contents, and uptake. Sulfur application significantly increased foliar S concentration, content, and uptake for the hybrid aspen but not foliar N concentration, content, and uptake for the clonal aspen. Except for height increment, growth parameters were significantly related to foliar percent P and N/P ratios and percent S and N/S ratios. It can be concluded that both P and S were deficient, but P was more limiting after potential N limitation was removed.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2008-05-02
    Description: Distinction of autotrophic (root, Rr) versus heterotrophic (Rh) soil respiration is important to understanding C balance in forest ecosystems and the contribution of both respiration components to total soil respiration (Rs) may change as stands mature. We studied Rr and Rh in a chronosequence of hybrid poplar plantations that were 4, 6, 8, and 13 yr old in summer 2005. We hypothesized that Rr will become increasingly larger and will also represent a greater proportion of Rs as plantation age increases. Our results showed that both Rs and Rh showed significant seasonal variations; however,Rr were much more variable. No significant differences among plantation ages were observed for any of the respiration parameters (Rr, Rh and Rs) measured throughout the summer. No significant differences were found for the contribution of Rh to Rs between plantation ages or between sampling dates. The average proportion of Rh to Rs across all sites and sampling dates was 0.63 ± 0.026 (mean ± standard error), indicating that heterotrophic respiration dominated total soil respiration in the studied hybrid poplar plantations.The power of the statistical tests in this study was likely quite low due to the inclusion of only two replicates for each plantation age. Key words: Autotrophic, heterotrophic respiration, root exclusion, trenching, hybrid poplar, chronosequence
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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