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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 336 (1988), S. 61-64 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Six allozyme loci, aconitase-2 (Acon-2), malic enzyme (Me), mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi), aspartate amino-trans-ferase (Aat-2), NADH-diaphorase-2 (Dia-2) and beta-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase (Had), showed significant allele frequency differences between flies collected from sympatric hawthorn ...
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) – apple maggot fly – sympatric speciation – olfaction – host fruit odor – electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. Domestic apple (Malus pumila)- and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella, Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) provide an excellent model to examine the role that host plant specificity plays during sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence in the absence of geographic isolation). Previous work has shown that these races differ in their propensities to accept apple and hawthorn fruits in behavioral choice assays, and that this discrimination translates into "host fidelity" in the field (i.e., apple flies tend to mate on and oviposit into apples and hawthorn flies on hawthorns). ¶We present the results of a study examining possible physiological factors contributing to host choice differences in R. pomonella. We tested whether apple and hawthorn flies differ in their electroantennogram (EAG) responses to biologically relevant volatile compounds emitted from apples and hawthorns. Significant differences were found in the relative EAG responses of apple and hawthorn flies to host fruit compounds at five of six paired study sites across the eastern United States. The geographic pattern of EAG variation was complex, however, with local populations of apple and hawthorn flies tending to be more similar to one another than to flies of the same race at distant sites. This pattern was largely due to EAG responses for several compounds showing longitudinal or latitudinal clines, the latitudinal clines being similar to those observed for allozyme loci in the host races. We also found evidence for sex-related differences, as males tended to have higher mean EAG responses to compounds than females. Host-associated differences were therefore nested within geographic and sex-related differentiation in R. pomonella.¶Further behavioral studies are needed to distinguish whether the EAG differences are responsible for, as opposed to being a consequence of, host-plant fidelity and adaptation. Crosses are also required to establish a genetic basis for the EAG responses, although we did find significant correlations between EAG scores for several compounds and the allozymes NADH-Diaphorase-2 and Hydroxyacid dehydrogenase at one of the study sites. Questions therefore remain concerning the evolutionary significance of the EAG response differences between apple and hawthorn fly races. Nevertheless, these differences raise the possibility that antennal responses to fruit-related volatile compounds contribute to host plant discrimination in R. pomonella. Regardless, the EAG responses represent another set of traits, in addition to diapause/eclosion time phenotypes and allozyme frequencies, differing between apple and hawthorn host races of R. pomonella.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhagoletis pomonella ; Apple Maggot Fly ; Rhagoletis zephyria ; Snowberry maggot ; mitochondrial DNA ; allozymes ; introgression ; hybridization ; ancestral polymorphism ; sympatric speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract True fruit flies belonging to the Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera:Tephritidae) sibling species complex possess several attributes consistent with a history of sympatric divergence via host plant shifts. Here, we investigate whether hybridization and genetic introgression is occurring between two members of the group, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), whose primary hosts are domestic apples (Malus pumila) and hawthorns (Crataegus spp., and R. zephyria (Snow) whose host is snowberries (Symphoricarpos spp.). These flies are important because they appear to be at a transition stage between taxa reproductively isolated solely on the basis of host plant-related adaptations and those that have evolved additional non-host dependent sterility and inviability. Observing extensive hybridization and introgression between R. pomonella and R. zephyria would have major repercussions for current models of sympatric speciation. In a survey of allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation for 1105 flies collected throughout the northern United States we found two results suggesting that low level hybridization occurs between R. pomonella and R. zephyria. (1) Two flies reared from snowberries and one fly reared from hawthoms had genotypes indicative of them being R. pomonella and R. zephyria, respectively. Rhagoletis pomonella and R. zephyria adults may therefore occasionally frequent each others host plant, providing the opportunity for hybridization. (2) Four flies collected from hawthorns and one from snowberries had genotypes that made them likely to be F1 hybrids. Likelihood analysis revealed the data were also consistent with an hypothesis of shared ancestral alleles (i.e., the pattern of genetic variation could also be explained by R. pomonella and R. zephyria sharing alleles/haplotypes whose origins date to a common ancestor). We estimated that, in the absence of interspecific mating, random assortment of genes within R. pomonella and R. zephyria populations would produce an average of 5.4 flies with genotypes suggesting they were F1 hybrids – a number equivalent to the 5 putative F1 hybrids observed in the study. Our results therefore underscore the difficulty in distinguishing between hypotheses of low level introgression and shared ancestral polymorphism. But even if hybridization is occurring, the data suggest that it is happening at a very low and probably evolutionarily insignificant level (perhaps 0.09% per generation), consistent with sympatric speciation theory. Future tests are discussed that could help resolve the hybridization issue for R. pomonella and R. zephyria.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex peptide ; mating receptivity ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Egg depositional rates of onion flies, Delia antiqua(Meigen), injected thoracically with extracts of male paragonial glands were identical (14.5 eggs/female/ day) to those of normally mated females. Moreover, when continuously exposed to males, extract-injected females refused to mate and produced unfertilized eggs for the duration of the 〉 15- day experiment. For this normally monocoitic dipteran, 〈1 male equiv of paragonial secretion completely reproduced the ovipositional responses characteristic of normal mating, and this effect required no involvement of the genitalia or genital chamber. We suggest that the receptor for the active chemical (s) (sex peptide?) would be an excellent target for biorational insect control by sterilization. Moreover, these primer sex pheromones might play an important role in insect reproductive isolation and evolution.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhagoletis pomonella ; apple maggot fly ; Rhagoletis mendax ; blueberry maggot fly ; sibling species ; allozymes ; sympatric speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé R. pomonella Walsh and R. mendax Curran sont respectivement deux mouches très nuisibles aux pommes et aux myrtilles du N E des USA. La position taxonomique de ces mouches comme espèces distinctes a été longtemps mise en doute par suite de leur grande ressemblance morphologique, de l'important chevauchement de leurs répartitions et de leur interfécondité au laboratoire. L'électophorèse sur gel d'amidon de protéines solubles a été utilisé pour établir l'importance de la différenciation génétique et du flux génique entre R. mendax contaminant des myrtilles et R. pomonella contaminant des pommiers et des aubépines. R. mendax et R. pomonella se sont révélées des espèces jumelles car, à l'exception de 11 alolozymes sur 29, chaque espèce possédait des allèles spécifiques. Les données concernant 3 populations sympatriques de mouches des myrtilles et des pommes du Michigan ont montré que des mouches ne s'hybrident pas dans la nature et n'ont fourni aucune indication sur une introgression de gènes nucléaires. Des différences concernant la découverte de hôtes sont impliquées comme obstacles prézygotiques importants au flux génique entre R. pomonella et R. mendax; ce résultat conforte l'hypothèse d'une divergence sympatrique de ces mouches.
    Notes: Abstract Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) and R. mendax (Curran) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are major economic pests of apple and blueberry fruits, respectively, in eastern North America. The taxonomic status of these flies as distinct species has been in dispute because of their close morphological similarity, broadly overlapping geographic distributions and inter-fertility in laboratory crosses. Starch gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins was performed to establish the extent of genetic differentiation and levels of gene flow between blueberry infesting populations of R. mendax and apple and hawthorn infesting populations of R. pomonella. R. mendax and R. pomonella were found to be genetically distinct sibling species as eleven out of total of twenty-nine allozymes surveyed possessed species specific alleles. Data from three sympatric apple and blueberry fly populations in Michigan indicated that these flies do not hybridize in nature and gave no evidence for nuclear gene introgression. Differences in host plant recognition were implicated as important pre-mating barriers to gene flow between R. pomonella and R. mendax; a result supporting a sympatric mode of divergence for these flies.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 123-131 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhagoletis pomonella ; Rhagoletis mendax ; sibling species ; electroantennogram ; host plant odor ; host recognition ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektroantennogramme (EAG) der Apfel- und der Weissdorn-Wirtsrasse der Apfelfruchtfliege, Rhagoletis pomonella, und der Blaubeerenfruchtfliege, Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae), wurden aufgezeichnet als Reizantworten auf Wirtsfruchtextrakte und auf neun flüchtige Duftkomponenten ihrer Wirtsfrüchte in sechs Konzentrationen. Die Sensitivität der Antennen bezüglich Apfelduft ist in beiden Arten gleich, aber die Reizantwort von R. mendax auf den Duft ihrer spezifischen Wirtsfrucht, Blaubeeren, ist signifikant stärker als diejenige beider Wirtsrassen von R. pomonella (P〈0.05), was darauf hinweist, dass die antennale Sensitivität möglicherwiese an den artspezifischen Wirtsfruchtduft adaptiert ist. Unterschiede in der antennalen Reizantwort auf mehrere Duftkomponenten der Wirtsfrüchte konnten sowohl zwischen den Arten als auch Wirtsrassen gefunden werden. Dies deutet auf Unterschiede in antennalen Rezeptorzelltypen und/oder Rezeptorzellzahl zwischen Arten und Wirtsrassen. Die Unterschiede wurden von Individuen aufgezeichnet, die keine vorherige Erfahrung mit den Wirtsfrüchten hatten und sind daher genetischen Ursprungs. Fruchtfliegen der Gattung Rhagoletis sind stark wirtsspezifische Pflanzenparasiten, die ihre Wirtspflanze als Treffpunkt und Paarungsort benützen. Diese Resultate deuten daher darauf hin, dass antennale Sensitivität eine wichtige Rolle in Wirtswechseln und Speziation in diesem Genus spielt.
    Notes: Abstract Electronantennograms (EAG) were recorded from the apple and hawthorn host race of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and from the blueberry maggot fly, R. mendax (Curran) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in response to host fruit extracts and nine volatile host fruit odor compounds at six concentrations. Mean relative EAG response to apple odor is the same in both species, but in respect to blueberry odor, it is significantly stronger in R. mendax than in both host races of R. pomonella (P〈0.05), indicating that antennal sensitivity is selectively adapted to species specific host fruit odors. Differences in antennal response to several host fruit odor compounds were found between both species as well as between the host races. This indicates differences in antennal receptor cell types and/or numbers between species and host races. The flies had no prior host fruit experience which indicates that the measured differences are genetically based. Because Rhagoletis fruit flies are highly host specific parasites which meet and mate on their respective host plants, the results suggest that antennal sensitivity plays an important role in host shifts and speciation in this genus.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 18 (1975), S. 497-507 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung befaßt sich mit der Bedeutung von optischen Reizen für das Auffinden von (Wirts-) Bäumen durch die Apfelfliege, Rhagoletis pomonella. Die Grundmethode besteht im Vergleich des Zuflugs freilebender Fliegen zu verschieden großen, zweidimensionalen, vertikal orientierten künstlichen Baummodellen. Diese wurden auf gerodeten Flächen innerhalb oder am Rand von Kirschen- und Apfelplantagen aufgestellt, 8–53 m von den nächsten Bäumen entfernt. Sie wurden mit “Bird Tanglefoot” fängig gemacht. Von großen, rechteckigen Modellen (122×244 cm) in verschiedenen Farben erwiesen sich einerseits gelbe und grüne, andrerseits dunkelrote und schwarze als anlockend. Viel schwächer oder nicht attraktiv waren Grau (19–50% von Gelb), Weiß (20–33%), farbloses Plexiglas (21–26%), Aluminiumfolie (20%) und Blau (16%), die beiden letzten vielleicht sogar repellent. Kleine rote Rechtecke (15×30 cm) lösten kaum Zuflug aus; aber mit zunehmender Größe waren solche Rechtecke mehr und mehr attraktiv; diese Zunahme erfolgte sogar pro Flächeneinheit (vgl. Tab. II). Kompakte Formen (Kreis, Quadrat, Standartrechteck) fingen als große gelbe Modelle (3,0 m2) 2–3 mal so viele Fliegen wie eine schmale, verlängerte Form (61×488 cm), vertikal oder horizontal stehend. Eine senkrecht stehende gelbe Fläche fing wesentlich mehr als eine liegende, horizontale. Die Randkontur (glatt oder gezackt) war ohne großen Einfluß. Zwei dicht hintereinander stehende große Flächen mit gelb/farblosem Schachbrettmuster (je 5×5 cm), mithin mit Parallaxeneffekt, fingen mehr Fliegen (140%) als eine einheitlich gelbe Fläche. Der Flug erfolgte vorwiegend niedrig, im Bereich von 2 m über dem Boden. Die Bedeutung der optischen Reize für das Auffinden von natürlichen Bäumen zeigte sich unmittelbar durch den Fang von viermal mehr Fliegen an durchsichtigen Plexiglasflächen vor einem belaubten Baum, im Vergleich zum Fang an solchen Flächen vor leerem Raum. Folgende Hypothese für das Auffinden von Bäumen durch R. pomonella wird vorgeschlagen: für die Fliegen wird ein Baum erkennbar und von der Umgebung unterscheidbar auf der Basis von einem Farbreiz (gelb/grün) und/oder einem Silhouettenreiz (Reaktion auf größere dunkle Flächen). Je näher die auch während des Anflugs niedrig bleibenden Fliegen einem Baum kommen, desto größer wird seine Silhouette (dabei vielleicht spezifische Reaktion auf “Größerwerden”) und desto deutlicher hebt er sich vom Hintergrund des Himmels oder der Vegetation heraus. — Ein Hinweis auf wirtsspezifische visuelle Reize ergab sich nicht. — Einige Fangdaten von R. fausta, R. cingulata und R. striatella werden ebenfalls mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Abstract Response of apple maggot flies (Rhagoletis pomonella) to two-dimensional, sticky-coated inanimate models of trees erected in clearings in orchards showed that color, size, form, and orientation of model all played a role in eliciting fly arrival. Among 122×244 cm vertical rectangular models of different colors, yellow, red, and black were the most attractive, green slightly less attractive, gray (about the same intensity of reflection as yellow) still less attractive, and white, aluminium foil, blue, and clear flexiglas least attractive. Both per model and per unit area, red vertical rectangles 122×244 cm were more attractive than smaller ones. Per model, the same was true for different-size yellow vertical rectangles, but not per unit area. Yellow vertical models 3.0 m2 whose form was compact (circular, square, slightly rectangular or triangular) were more attractive than ones whose form was narrow and elongated. Vertical models were much more attractive than horizontal ones. Contour of edge (smooth or zig-zag) was unimportant, but a model incorporating an alternating yellow and clear “checker board” pattern, shifting parallactically, elicited more R. pomonella arrivals than a solid yellow model. The normal inter-tree flight pattern of R. pomonella was low, within 2 m of the ground. As final evidence that visual stimuli play a role in tree detection, many more R. pomonella were intercepted on clear flexiglas sheets around a real cherry tree than around empty space (tree odor was not a factor). We propose the following hypothesis to explain our findings. For an apple maggot fly in flight, a tree becomes visually discernible by its hue (fly reaction to yellow-green) and/or the darkness of its silhouette (fly reaction to red-black), but the latter only if the tree is large enough. The nearer a normally low-flying fly approaches a tree, the taller becomes the silhouette and hence the more distinguishable the tree from the background. We have no evidence that any of the important visual cues are specific to host trees of R. pomonella.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tephritidae ; Rhagoletis mendax ; R. pomonella ; interspecific hybrids ; host-associated viability ; ovipositional behavior ; genetic divergence ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que des études théoriques aient analysé tant l'influence des éléments de l'adaptabilité sur l'évolution de l'utilisation d'une plante par un insecte phytophage que les caractéristiques de l'hôte limitant le flux génique entre espèces voisines, peu de données concrètes concernent ces aspects. Nos résultats portent sur deux espèces jumelles de téphritides, R. mendax Curran et R. pomonella Walsh qui vivent respectivement sur éricacées et rosacées. Pour vérifier si des différences dans le comportement d'acceptation des hôtes et dans leur survie sur des hôtes alternatifs sont apparues chez ces espèces jumelles, nous avons observé dans la nature le comportement de ponte et la survie des 2 espèces et des F1 hybrides interspécifiques sur Vaccinium corymbosum L. et Malus pumila Miller = Pyrus mali L. Le pourcentage de pondeuses, le nombre d'œufs pondus par femelle et la survie des larves ont été plus élevés pour R. mendax que pour R. pomonella sur V. corymbosum, tandis que le contraire était observé sur M. pumila. Des différences génétiques ont été observées pour la mortalité avant la nymphose et avant la mue imaginale lors des croisements hybrides et interspécifiques. Les descendants mâles et femelles de R. mendax ont mieux survécu sur V. corymbosum, tandis que la survie de la descendance des croisements entre R. pomonella était la même sur les deux plantes. Un peu plus d'hybrides ont atteint le stade adulte sur pomme que de descendants de croisements intraspécifiques, et la mortalité des descendants de femelles de R. pomonella sur V. corymbosum était plus élevée que celle des femelles de R. mendax. Les différences de survie et de comportement de ponte de R. mendax et de R. pomonella peuvent limiter le flux génique entre les 2 espèces. Des différences génétiques peuvent être observées quant à la taille et au poids des pupes de R. mendax et R. pomonella. Ces résultats confortent l'hypothèse que des divergences évolutives du comportement d'acceptation de l'hôte et de mortalité sur hôtes respectifs sont des facteurs clés séparant des taxa très voisins d'insectes parasites phytophages. La discussion intègre les autres aspects pouvant limiter le flux génique entre R. mendax et R. pomonella et les autres hypothèses sur l'évolution de l'exploitation des plantes hôtes.
    Notes: Abstract Prior theoretical studies have analyzed host-associated factors restricting gene flow between phytophagous insect species, and simulated evolutionary changes in components of fitness contributing to the adaptation of species to distinct host plants. However, there is relatively little empirical information on these topics. In this paper we report data on two host-associated sibling species of tephritid fruit flies, Rhagoletis mendax (Curran) and R. pomonella (Walsh) which infest ericaceous and rosaceous host plants, respectively. To test the hypothesis that these species have evolved viability differences on alternate hosts which can contribute to the restriction of gene flow between them, we measured the larval-to-adult viability of R. mendax, R. pomonella and F1 interspecific hybrid progeny reared on naturally-growing, highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and apple (Malus pumila Miller = Pyrus malus L.) plants in the field. Our results indicate that genetic changes associated with the adaptation of these species to distinct host plants could also cause reduced fitness of interspecific hybrids, and thereby restrict interspecific gene flow. Fewer interspecific hybrids survived to adulthood than either R. pomonella progeny reared in apples or R. mendax progeny reared in blueberries. These differences in the viability of progeny from hybrid versus conspecific crosses can substantially restrict gene flow between R. mendax and R. pomonella flies, and may be an important factor influencing their reproductive isolation. Genetic differences among hybrid and conspecific crosses were also detected for the lengths, widths and weights and weights of pupae reared from blueberries and apples. In a second experiment, the ovipositional preferences of R. mendax and R. pomonella flies were recorded on host plants inside a field cage. R. mendax flies had a strong ovipositional preference for blueberries over apples, whereas R. pomonella flies readily oviposited in both host fruits. Other studies have determined that R. pomonella flies also oviposit in the fruits of several other plants which are not hosts under field conditions; this behavior can promote host shifts to new plants by flies with suitable plant-finding and viability traits. Our results support the theoretical assumption that divergence in host-acceptance behaviors and viabilities on host plants are key aspects of evolutionary differentiation among closely-related taxa of phytophagous parasitic insects. We discuss our results in the context of other traits that can restrict gene flow between R. mendax and R. pomonella, and in relation to the findings of other studies on the evolution of host plant use.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diptera ; Tephritidae ; Rhagoletis mendax ; R. pomonella ; sibling species ; divergent egg-laying responses to artificial fruits ; apple esters ; pentane extracts from highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) and apple (Malus pumila) fruits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des fruits artificiels en cire traités avec des extraits de fruits ont provoqué chez les espèces jumelles de R. mendax (Curran) et R. pomonella (Walsh) des réactions de ponte différentes suivant les stimulations chimiques par les fruits. Le comportement de ponte sur des fruits artificiels traités avec des extraits au pentane des myrtilles mûres (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) et de pommes mûres (Malus pumila Miller = Pyrus malus L.), est le même que sur des fruits naturels, ce qui montre que la réponse aux stimulations chimiques provenant du fruit constitue un aspect important de la reconnaissance de l'hôte. R. pomonella pond plus d'œufs que R. mendax sur les fruits artificiels traités à l'extrait de pommes mûres; c'est l'inverse pour les fruits traités aux extraits de myrtille. Les fruits artificiels traités avec des pommes ou des myrtilles provoquent la ponte de R. pomonella, tandis que les myrtilles mûres seules provoquent la ponte de R. mendax. Les extraits de pommes vertes stimulent la ponte de R. pomonella mais elle est alors 2 fois plus faible qu'avec des extraits de pommes mûres. Un mélange de 7 esters identifiés dans l'extrait de pomme induit aussi la ponte de R. pomonella. Le nombre de piqûres de tarièresfli dans les fruits artificiels en cire et le nombre d'œufs par fruit ont été augmentés par addition d'esters de pommes à des fruits blancs ou noirs. La couleur des fruits artificiels influence aussi la réaction de ponte de R. pomonella; la fréquence des piqûres de tarière contenant un œuf et le nombre d'œufs par fruit étaient significativement plus élevés sur les fruits noirs que sur les fruits blancs traités avec la même concentration d'esters de pomme. Les fruits artificiels noirs traités avec la concentration la plus stimulante d'esters de pommes ont reçu 2, 3 fois plus d'œufs que les fruits blancs avec les mêmes concentrations en esters. Ces résultats montrent que les esters de pomme et la couleur noire stimulent synergiquement la ponte de R. pomonella sur des fruits artificiels.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments tested whether two economically-important sibling species of tephritid fruit flies have evolved distinct egg-laying responses to chemical stimuli on the fruits of their respective hostplants. The egg-laying preferences displayed by apple maggot flies, R. pomonella, and blueberry maggot flies, R. mendax, on artificial fruits treated with apple and blueberry extract paralleled their egg-laying responses to whole apples and blueberries. R. pomonella flies laid more eggs than R. mendax flies in artificial fruits treated with extract from ripe McIntosh apples, and vice versa for artificial fruits treated with extract from ripe Bluehaven blueberries. Furthermore, both species laid more eggs in artificial fruits treated with extract from their respective host fruits than control artificial fruits which were not treated with fruit extract. Prior electroantennogram recordings from R. mendax and R. pomonella flies exposed to volatiles from pentane extracts of apples and blueberries indicate that the antennal sensitivity of both species is selectively tuned to their respective host fruit odors. This differentiation in their olfactory responses to fruit odors could be important in mediating their distinct ovipositional responses to blueberry and apple fruits. Extract from unripe McIntosh apples also elicited egg laying by R. pomonella flies, however, artificial fruits treated with unripe apple extract received 1.9 times fewer eggs than those treated with ripe apple extract. Moreover, the numbers of R. pomonella ovipositor punctures and eggs placed in wax artificial fruits were increased when the artificial fruits were treated with a blend of 7 identified apple esters. Black coloration on these artificial fruits and the presence of apple esters had a synergistic effect on the egg-laying behavior of R. pomonella flies, which caused them to lay substantially more eggs per black fruit than white fruit treated with the same concentration of apple esters. In summary, our results indicate that the egg-laying responses of R. pomonella flies are mediated by the integration of information from fruit chemical and visual cues, and that R. mendax and R. pomonella flies have evolved divergent egg-laying responses to chemical stimuli on the fruits of their respective hostplants. These findings are discussed in the context of other studies on plant compounds which influence the ovipositional behavior of phytophagous Diptera.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 15 (1972), S. 465-480 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Problem der sympatrischen Artbildung bei phytophagen Insekten konzentriert sich auf den Mechanismus, durch welchen solche Tiere im Verlauf ihrer Evolution von einem Wirt zu einem anderen überzugehen vermögen. Gewöhnung (conditioning) ist eine der Methoden, mittels welcher solche Verschiebungen auftreten können, doch wird sie im allgemeinen nicht für genügend wirksam angesehen, um die zur Artbildung nötige Isolation zu erzeugen. Genmutationen, die solche Übergänge zu anderen Wirten bewirken könnten, sind bisher nur wenig verstanden. Die vorliegende Untersuchung benutzt die Kreuzung eines Paares sympatrischer Geschwisterarten, um die natürliche genetische Variabilität im Wirtswahlverhalten der beiden Arten aufzudecken. Ein einzelner Genort, der in der einen Art ein Allel und in der zweiten Art ein anderes trägt, wird postuliert. Diese Allele befähigen die Insektenarten, welche sie besitzen, ihre Wirte zum Zwecke der Eiablage zu finden. Außerdem scheinen diese Allele die Insekten in die Lage zu versetzen, sich an den Wirt anzupassen, auf welchem sie sich entwickelten. Mit anderen Worten, P. australis trägt das Allel p1, das sie befähight, irgendeinen Reiz, vielleicht eine bestimmte chemische Verbindung, an ihrer Wirtspflanze, Heterotheca, wahrzunehmen. Spezies A trägt ein zweites Allel, p2, welches sie befähigt, einen andersartigen Reiz, vielleicht eine zweite Verbindung, an ihrer Wirtspflanze, Machaeranthera, wahrzunehmen. Die heterozygoten Hybriden p1p2 können dann beide Wirtspflanzen erkennen. Zusätzlich können sie aber auf den Wirt eingestellt (conditioned) werden, an dem sie aufwuchsen. Eine Bestätigung dafür scheint zu sein, daß beispielsweise p2p2-Fliegen, die an Heterotheca aufwuchsen, diese Pflanzen nicht als Wirt erkennen, daher nicht an sie angepaßt werden können und daher ihre Eier vorzugsweise an Machaeranthera ablegen. Aus diesen Beobachtungen wird ein. Modell für die sympatrische Entstehung dieses Artenpaares abgeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract The genetics of host selection, in terms of oviposition behavior, was investigated in two species of monophagous gall-forming flies. The existence of a single major allele difference in the genetic basis of host selection was established by a series of hybrid crosses between these flies. The complimentary role of conditioning was also investigated. The appaently simple genetic change required to produce a change in host selection suggests a mechanism of sympatric speciation applicable to these insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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