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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Physical geography. ; Sustainability. ; Climatology. ; Geology. ; Ecology . ; Paleoecology. ; Earth System Sciences. ; Sustainability. ; Climate Sciences. ; Geology. ; Ecology. ; Paleoecology.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Part I Weather and Climate -- 2. Chapter 1. Manifestations and contours of extreme high altitude climate change in the upper Karakoram Himalaya -- 3. Chapter 2. Changes in the large-scale circulations over north-west India -- 4. Chapter 3. Himalayan uplift and the Human evolution -- 5. Chapter 4. Projected Climate Change in the Himalayas during the 21st Century -- 6. Chapter 5. Dynamic Downscaling of Himalayan Climate -- 7. Chapter 6. Representation of the Himalayas in Weather and Climate models -- 8. Chapter 7. The Himalayan System: A Perspective -- 9. Chapter 8. Changes in pan evaporation and causative parameters: A case study from eastern Himalayan region -- 10. Chapter 9. Land atmosphere interaction over the Himalayan region -- 11. Chapter 10. Impact of Nino phases on the summer monsoon ISO modes of northwestern and eastern Himalaya -- 12. Chapter 11. Remotely-sensed rain and snowfall in the Himalaya -- 13. Part II. Paleoclimate -- 14. Chapter 12. Multi-proxy records of climate variations for the Himalaya -- 15. Chapter 13. Erosion in the Himalaya and its Coupling with Climate and Tectonics -- 16. Chapter 14. Tracking back the climatic variability and role of Indian winter monsoon in the central and western Himalaya: using proxy data -- 17. Chapter 15. Spatio-temporal variability of Stream flow in the Himalayan Region -- 18. Chapter 16. Quaternary glaciation of the Himalaya -- 19. Chapter 17. Geomorphological changes during Quaternary Period vis a vis role of climate and tectonics in Ladakh sector of Trans-Himalaya -- 20. Chapter 18. Climate and Source Identification of Organic Matter Using C/N Ratio in Freshwater Lakes of Kashmir Himalaya -- 21. Chapter 19. Deciphering Climate Variability over Western Himalaya Using Instrumental and Tree-ring Records -- 22. Part III. Snow, glaciers and hydrology -- 23. Chapter 20 Hydrology of cold-arid system cryosphere -- 24. Chapter 21. Glacio-hydrological model based on degree-day factor useful for the Himalayan River basins -- 25. Chapter 22. Observed changes in north west and central Himalayan cryosphere due to climate change -- 26. Chapter 23. Impacts of climate change on Himalayan glaciers: processes, predictions and uncertainties -- 27. Chapter 24. Hydrology of Himalayas -- 28. Chapter 25. Permafrost and seasonally frozen soil in the Himalaya -- 29. Chapter 26. Sensitivity of glaciers in part of the Suru basin, western Himalaya to ongoing climatic perturbations -- 30. Chapter 27. Floods and changes in their activity in the Indian Himalayan Region -- 31. Part IV. Ecology/Forestry -- 32. Chapter 28. Solving life on the move: developing a disperser functional classification for sub-Himalayan tropical forests -- 33. Chapter 29. Climate Change Trends and Ecosystem Resilience in the Hindu Kush Himalayas -- 34. Chapter 30. Social science perspectives on vulnerability to seasonal to interannual variability in the Himalayan region -- 35. Chapter 31. Issues of sustainability in a rapid warming Himalayas -- 36. Chapter 32. Challenges of Urban Growth Himalaya with Reference to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Mitigation. .
    Abstract: This book proposes a unique and comprehensive integrated synthesis of the current understanding of the science of Himalayan dynamics and its manifestations on physical systems and ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales. In particular, this work covers relevant aspects of weather and climate, paleoclimate, snow, glacier and hydrology, ecology/forestry among other topics associated with the Himalayas. It highlights the role of the Himalayas in defining local to regional to global scale impact on weather and climate. It includes Himalayan impact on defining physical basis of changing glacier systems, permafrost melting/thawing, climate variability, and hydrological balances. As a result, this volume represents an important synthesized overview both for environmental and earth science researchers, and for policy makers and stakeholders interested in the physical and dynamical processes associated with the Himalayan massif.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XIV, 577 p. 210 illus., 185 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030296841
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29684-1
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29684-1
    DDC: 550
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Effect of vegetation cover on millennial-scale landscape denudation rates in East Africa (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: The mechanisms by which climate and vegetation affect erosion rates over various time scales lie at the heart of understanding landscape response to climate change. Plot-scale field experiments show that increased vegetation cover slows erosion, implying that faster erosion should occur under low to moderate vegetation cover. However, demonstrating this concept over long time scales and across landscapes has proven to be difficult, especially in settings complicated by tectonic forcing and variable slopes. We investigate this problem by measuring cosmogenic 10 Be-derived catchment-mean denudation rates across a range of climate zones and hillslope gradients in the Kenya Rift, and by comparing our results with those published from the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda. We find that denudation rates from sparsely vegetated parts of the Kenya Rift are up to 0.13 mm/yr, while those from humid and more densely vegetated parts of the Kenya Rift flanks and the Rwenzori Mountains reach a maximum of 0.08 mm/yr, despite higher median hillslope gradients. While differences in lithology and recent land-use changes likely affect the denudation rates and vegetation cover values in some of our studied catchments, hillslope gradient and vegetation cover appear to explain most of the variation in denudation rates across the study area. Our results support the idea that changing vegetation cover can contribute to complex erosional responses to climate or land-use change and that vegetation cover can play an important role in determining the steady-state slopes of mountain belts through its stabilizing effects on the land surface.
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 3
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    Along-strike changes in Himalayan thrust geometry: Topographic and tectonic discontinuities in western Nepal (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-01
    Description: Geodetic and seismologic studies support a tectonic model for the central Himalaya wherein ~2 cm/yr of Indo-Asian convergence is accommodated along the primary décollement under the range, the Main Himalayan thrust. A steeper midcrustal ramp in the Main Himalayan thrust is commonly invoked as driving rapid rock uplift along a range-parallel band in the Greater Himalaya. This tectonic model, developed primarily from studies in central Nepal, is commonly assumed to project along strike with little lateral variation in Main Himalayan thrust geometry or associated rock uplift patterns. Here, we synthesize multiple lines of evidence for a major discontinuity in the Main Himalayan thrust in western Nepal. Analysis of topography and seismicity indicates that west of ~82.5°E, the single band of steep topography and seismicity along the Main Himalayan thrust ramp in central Nepal bifurcates around a high-elevation, low-relief landscape, resulting in a two-step topographic front along an ~150 km segment of the central Himalaya. Although multiple models could explain this bifurcation, the full suite of data appears to be most consistent with a northward bend to the Main Himalayan thrust ramp and activation of a young duplex horse to the south. This poorly documented segmentation of the Main Himalayan thrust has important implications for the seismogenic potential of the western Nepal seismic gap and for models of the ongoing evolution of the orogen.
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 4
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    Formation of passive-roof duplexes in the Colombian Subandes and Peru (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: Passive-roof duplexes are important features for accommodating shortening in active orogens, but their occurrences have been previously demonstrated only with significant subsurface data or after their exhumation. In this study, we describe a series of thin-skinned passive-roof duplexes along the Subandean front in Colombia and compare them with potential analogues in southern Peru. We suggest type localities for this structural style, which display conditions favorable for formation of these structures. It appears that passive-roof duplexes in the Subandean zones are mostly late Miocene features. Our main data for placing temporal and thermokinematic constraints on their development are 25 apatite fission-track (AFT) analyses, including track-length distributions. We show that these areas require high shortening, surface erosion, and downstream sedimentation rates at the time of their formation, as well as two distinct low-friction detachments. These features, which have been previously described by analog models, appear to have been conditioned by a phase of late Miocene topographic growth and denudation in the hinterland and subsequent increase in accommodation as well as sedimentation rates in the foreland.
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 5
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    Dating growth strata and basin fill by combining 26 Al/ 10 Be burial dating and magnetostratigraphy: Constraining active deformation in the Pamir–Tian Shan convergence zone, NW China (2018)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉Cosmogenic burial dating enables dating of coarse-grained, Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary units that are typically difficult to date with traditional methods, such as magnetostratigraphy. In the actively deforming western Tarim Basin in NW China, Pliocene–Pleistocene conglomerates were dated at eight sites, integrating 〈sup〉26〈/sup〉Al/〈sup〉10〈/sup〉Be burial dating with previously published magnetostratigraphic sections. These samples were collected from growth strata on the flanks of growing folds and from sedimentary units beneath active faults to place timing constraints on the initiation of deformation of structures within the basin and on shortening rates on active faults. These new basin-fill and growth-strata ages document the late Neogene and Quaternary growth of the Pamir and Tian Shan orogens between 〉5 and 1 Ma and delineate the eastward propagation of deformation at rates up to 115 km/m.y. and basinward growth of both mountain belts at rates up to 12 km/m.y.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Dating growth strata and basin fill by combining 26 Al/ 10 Be burial dating and magnetostratigraphy: Constraining active deformation in the Pamir–Tian Shan convergence zone, NW China (2018)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈span〉Cosmogenic burial dating enables dating of coarse-grained, Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary units that are typically difficult to date with traditional methods, such as magnetostratigraphy. In the actively deforming western Tarim Basin in NW China, Pliocene–Pleistocene conglomerates were dated at eight sites, integrating 〈sup〉26〈/sup〉Al/〈sup〉10〈/sup〉Be burial dating with previously published magnetostratigraphic sections. These samples were collected from growth strata on the flanks of growing folds and from sedimentary units beneath active faults to place timing constraints on the initiation of deformation of structures within the basin and on shortening rates on active faults. These new basin-fill and growth-strata ages document the late Neogene and Quaternary growth of the Pamir and Tian Shan orogens between 〉5 and 1 Ma and delineate the eastward propagation of deformation at rates up to 115 km/m.y. and basinward growth of both mountain belts at rates up to 12 km/m.y.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 7
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    Fault activity, tectonic segmentation, and deformation pattern of the western Himalaya on Ma timescales inferred from landscape morphology (2018)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉The location and magnitude of Himalayan tectonic activity has been debated for decades, and several aspects remain unknown. For instance, the spatial distribution of crustal shortening that ultimately sustains Himalayan topography and the activity of major fault zones remain unknown at Ma timescales. In this study, we address the spatial deformation pattern in the data-scarce western Himalaya. We calculated catchment averaged, normalized river-steepness indices of non-glaciated drainage basins with tributary catchment areas between 5 and 200 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 (n = 2138). We analyzed the spatial distribution of the relative change of river steepness both along and across strike to gain information about the regional distribution of differential uplift pattern and relate this to the activity of distinctive fault segments. For our study area, we observe a positive correlation of averaged k〈sub〉sn〈/sub〉 values with long-term exhumation rates derived from previously published thermochronologic datasets combined with thermal modeling as well as with millennial timescale denudation rates based on cosmogenic nuclide dating. Our results indicate three tectono-geomorphic segments with distinctive landscape morphology, structural architecture, and fault geometry along the western Himalaya: Garhwal-Sutlej, Chamba, and Kashmir Himalaya (from east to west). Moreover, our data recognize distinctive fault segments showing varying thrust activity along strike of the Main Frontal Thrust, the Main Boundary Thrust, and in the vicinity of the steep topographic transition between the Lesser and Greater Himalaya. In this region, we relate out-of-sequence deformation along major basement thrust ramps, such as the Munsiari Thrust with deformation along a mid-crustal ramp along the basal décollement. We suggest that during the Quaternary, all major fault zones in the Western Himalaya experienced out-of-sequence faulting and have accommodated some portion of crustal shortening.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 1941-8264
    Electronic ISSN: 1947-4253
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 8
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    What controls the growth of the Himalayan foreland fold-and-thrust belt? (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: We provide empirical evidence for the impact of surface processes on the structure of the present-day foreland fold-and-thrust belt of the Himalaya. We have reconstructed and analyzed ten balanced cross sections distributed along the entire length of the Himalayan arc. Here, we focus on the Siwalik Group, which represents the deformed part of the foreland basin and consists of synorogenic Middle Miocene to Pleistocene sediments that form the youngest and frontal part of the Himalayan orogen. We make two important observations: (1) a distinct west-to-east increase in strain and strain rate correlates with plate convergence rates, and (2) belt morphology is inversely correlated with rainfall amount. According to the predictions of the critical taper model, an eastward increase in convergence rate would induce higher rates of material accretion. Thus, the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt should widen eastward, yet we have observed the opposite. However, higher annual rainfall amounts and specific stream power appear to favor a narrower belt. Thus, we suggest that the morphology of the Himalayan foreland fold-and-thrust belt is controlled primarily by surface processes, in accordance with the critical taper model.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 9
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    Dominance of tectonics over climate in Himalayan denudation (2014)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: Landscape denudation in actively deforming mountain ranges is controlled by a combination of rock uplift and surface runoff induced by precipitation. Whereas the relative contribution of these factors is important to our understanding of the evolution of orogenic topography, no consensus currently exists concerning their respective influences. To address this question, denudation rates at centennial to millennial time scales were deduced from 10 Be concentrations in detrital sediments derived from 30 small basins (10–600 km 2 ) in an ~200-km-wide region in central Nepal. Along a northward, strike-perpendicular transect, average denudation rates sharply increase from 〈0.5 mm/yr in the Lesser Himalayas to ~1 mm/yr when crossing the Physiographic Transition, and then accelerate to 2–3 mm/yr on the southern flank of the high peaks in the Greater Himalayas. Despite a more than five-fold increase in denudation rate between the southern and northern parts of this transect, the corresponding areas display similar precipitation rates. The primary parameter that presents a significant co-variation with denudation is the long-term rock-uplift rate that is interpreted to result from the ramp-flat transition along the Main Himalayan Thrust. We propose that, in this rapidly uplifting mountain range, landscapes adjust quickly to changing climatic conditions, such that denudation is mainly limited by the rate at which material is pushed upward by tectonic processes and made available for removal by surface processes. In this particular context, variations in precipitation appear to have only a second-order role in modulating the denudation signal that is primarily set by the background rock-uplift rate.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 10
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    Changes in seasonal snow water equivalent distribution in High Mountain Asia (1987 to 2009) (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-18
    Description: Snow meltwaters account for most of the yearly water budgets of many catchments in High Mountain Asia (HMA). We examine trends in snow water equivalent (SWE) using passive microwave data (1987 to 2009). We find an overall decrease in SWE in HMA, despite regions of increased SWE in the Pamir, Kunlun Shan, Eastern Himalaya, and Eastern Tien Shan. Although the average decline in annual SWE across HMA (contributing area, 2641 x 10 3 km 2 ) is low (average, –0.3%), annual SWE losses conceal distinct seasonal and spatial heterogeneities across the study region. For example, the Tien Shan has seen both strong increases in winter SWE and sharp declines in spring and summer SWE. In the majority of catchments, the most negative SWE trends are found in mid-elevation zones, which often correspond to the regions of highest snow-water storage and are somewhat distinct from glaciated areas. Negative changes in SWE storage in these mid-elevation zones have strong implications for downstream water availability.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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