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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersal of juveniles and variable recruitment in sessile marine species (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 360 (1992), S. 579-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The prediction that failure of larvae to return to shore is a common cause of variable recruitment in coastal species follows from numerous observations (such as location of fish spawning grounds10, correlations between recruitment and shifts in wind direction9'10'12'14'15, behaviour of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360579a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salt stress limitation of seedling recruitment in a salt marsh plant community (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 490-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Halophytes ; Salt marsh ecology ; Secondary succession ; Seed bank ; Seedling recruitment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seedling recruitment in salt marsh plant communities is generally precluded in dense vegetation by competition from adults, but is also relatively rare in disturbance-generated bare space. We examined the constraints on seedling recruitment in New England salt marsh bare patches. Under typical bare patch conditions seed germination is severely limited by high substrate salinities. We examined the germination requirements of common high marsh plants and found that except for one notably patch-dependent fugitive species, the germination of high marsh plants is strongly inhibited by the high soil salinities routinely encountered in natural bare patches. Watering high marsh soil in the greenhouse to alleviate salt stress resulted in the emergence of up to 600 seedlings/225 cm2. The vast majority of this seed bank consisted of Juncus gerardi, the only common high marsh plant with high seed set. We tested the hypothesis that salt stress limits seedling contributions to marsh patch secondary succession in the field. Watering bare patches with fresh water partially alleviated patch soil salinities and dramatically increased both the emergence and survival of seedlings. Our results show that seedling recruitment by high marsh perennial turfs is limited by high soil salinities and that consequently their population dynamics are determined primarily by clonal growth processes. In contrast, populations of patch-dependent fugitive marsh plants which cannot colonize vegetatively are likely governed by spatially and temporally unpredictable windows of low salinities in bare patches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317840
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate-driven interactions among rocky intertidal organisms caught between a rock and a hot place (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 120 (1999), S. 446-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Rocky intertidal ; Experimental ecology ; Facilitation ; Thermal stress ; Climate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To explore how climate may affect the structure of natural communities, we quantified the role of thermal stress in setting the high intertidal borders of the acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides. At sites north and south of Cape Cod, a major faunal and thermal boundary on the east coast of North America, we examined the interacting effects of thermal stress and recruit density on individual survivorship. At hotter southern sites, particularly in bays, high intertidal barnacle survivorship was enhanced by experimental shading or by neighbors which ameliorate heat and desiccation stresses. In contrast, at cooler northern bay and coastal sites, neither shading nor group benefits increased barnacle survival, and mortality patterns were driven primarily by predators with largely boreal distributions. Our field results, like recent laboratory microcosm studies, suggest that predicting even simple community responses to climate change may be more complex than is currently appreciated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050877
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population dynamics of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa: The costs and benefits of an aggregated distribution (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 67 (1985), S. 192-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although mussel beds are common in many intertidal habitats, the ecological significance of the aggregated distribution of mussels has not been examined. The ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa, is found in dense aggregations on the seaward margin of many salt marshes in New England. Here, we examine the population structure of G. demissa in a New England salt marsh and investigate experimentally the costs and benefits of aggregation. Size, growth rate, and settlement rates of mussels decrease with increasing tidal height, whereas survivorship and longevity increase with increasing tidal height. Winter ice dislodges mussels from the substratum, resulting in mortality over all size classes, whereas crab predation results in the mortality of smaller mussels. The intensity of each of these mortality agents decreases with increasing tidal height. Effects of intraspecific competition on individual growth and mortality also decrease with increasing tidal height. At high densities, individual growth rates were reduced, with depression of growth rates most pronounced on smaller individuals. Mortality from sources other than intraspecific crowding, however, was reduced at high mussel densities, including mortality due to winter ice and crab predators. As a result, our data suggest that the mussel population at our study site would be reduced by 90% in only five years and no juveniles would survive through their second year without an aggregated distribution. Juveniles settle gregariously with or without adults present. The aggregated distribution of settlers and the postsettlement movement of smaller mussels to favorable microhabitats result in size and age class segregation within the population. This probably reduces intraspecific competition for food, while maintaining the survivorship advantages of an aggregated distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384283
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen effects on an interaction chain in a salt marsh community (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 117 (1998), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen ; Salt marsh ; Positive interaction ; Insect herbivory ; Trophic interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrients can structure communities by influencing both plant interactions and plant herbivore interactions, though rarely do studies integrate these processes. In this study we examined how nitrogen fertilization influenced (1) the positive interaction between the marsh elder, Iva frutescens, and the black rush, Juncusgerardi, and (2) the quality of Iva as a host plant for the aphid, Uroleuconambrosiae. Previous studies have shown that by mitigating soil salt accumulation and hypoxia, Juncus is essential to the survival of Iva and its aphid herbivore at mid-marsh elevations. To address the effects of nitrogen on this interaction, we compared fertilized and unfertilized Iva plants subject to Juncus removal and control treatments in the field. Additionally, we measured the monthly population growth rates of aphids transplanted onto these Iva plants. Iva leaf biomass and flower number results indicated that fertilizing Iva eliminated its dependence upon Juncus, such that fertilized plants grown without Juncus were not different from unmanipulated plants. Aphid monthly population growth rates through mid-summer revealed that fertilization also eliminated the indirect dependency of aphids on Juncus, so that aphid growth rates on fertilized Iva without Juncus neighbors were similar to rates on unmanipulated Iva. Results also indicated that fertilizing Iva grown with Juncus increased Iva size, potentially enabling these plants to support larger aphid populations. Our results suggest that only under conditions of nitrogen limitation are the positive effects of Juncus essential to the mid-marsh persistence of Iva and its aphid herbivore. Furthermore, we found that nitrogen effects on aphid populations may arise not only from a direct effect of nutrients on Iva size but also through the indirect effects of nitrogen on the interaction between Juncus and Iva. We argue that studies integrating processes occurring both within and between trophic levels, are important to fully understanding the community-wide effects of nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050657
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How recruitment, intraspecific interactions, and predation control species borders in a tidal estuary (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 118 (1999), S. 492-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Density-dependent foraging ; Flow-mediated recruitment ; New England rocky intertidal zone ; Positive interactions ; Species borders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the relative contribution of recruitment, intraspecific species interactions, and predation in controlling the upper intertidal border of the northern acorn barnacle, Semibalanusbalanoides, in a tidal estuary in Maine. We hypothesized that the contracted border at sites that experienced low tidal currents was due to flow-mediated recruitment that resulted in reduced survival due to the absence of neighbor buffering of thermal stress (i.e., positive intraspecific interactions). We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the density of recently settled barnacles and their thermal environment in a field experiment. Counter to our original hypothesis, barnacles with neighbors suffered severe mortality at low-flow sites. When density-dependent predation by the green crab (Carcinusmaenus) was experimentally eliminated, however, we did detect evidence for positive interactions at the low-flow sites but not at the high-flow sites. In spite of the close proximity of the sites, maximum daily rock temperatures at the low-flow sites were slightly, but consistently, greater than those at high-flow sites. Our findings suggest that the upper intertidal border of S. balanoides in the Damariscotta River is limited at low-flow sites by a combination of reduced recruitment, elevated mortality from thermal stress and enhanced predation by green crabs. More generally, our findings highlight how physical stress and predation interact to alter the nature of density-dependent species interactions in natural assemblages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050752
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flood tolerance and the distribution of Iva frutescens across New England salt marshes (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Salt marsh ecology ; Halophytic plants ; Flooding ; Wetland plant communities ; Iva frutescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tidal flooding is widely believed to be an important determinant of marsh plant distributions but has rarely been tested in the field. In New England the marsh elder Iva frutescens often dominates the terrestrial border of salt marshes and we examined its flood tolerance and distribution patterns. Marsh elders only occur at elevations where their roots are not subject to prolonged water table flooding. Consequently they are found on the terrestrial border of marshes and at lower elevations associated with drainage ditches and locally elevated surfaces. Marsh elders transplanted to elevations lower than they normally occur died within a year with or without neighbors and greenhouse tests revealed that I. frutescens is much less tolerant of flooded soil conditions than plants found at lower marsh elevations. We also manipulated the water table level of field plots and found that increasing or decreasing water table drainage led to enhanced and diminished I. frutescens performance, respectively. Our results demonstrate the importance of water table dynamics in generating spatial patterns in marsh plant communities and provide further evidence that supports the hypothesis that the seaward distributional limits of marsh plant populations are generally dictated by physical processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317780
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  • 8
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    Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows spartina as a distinct solid genus (2019)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecology (2019): e02863, doi:10.1002/ecy.2863.
    Description: In 2014, a DNA‐based phylogenetic study confirming the paraphyly of the grass subtribe Sporobolinae proposed the creation of a large monophyletic genus Sporobolus, including (among others) species previously included in the genera Spartina, Calamovilfa, and Sporobolus. Spartina species have contributed substantially (and continue contributing) to our knowledge in multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, biogeography, experimental ecology, biological invasions, environmental management, restoration ecology, history, economics, and sociology. There is no rationale so compelling to subsume the name Spartina as a subgenus that could rival the striking, global iconic history and use of the name Spartina for over 200 yr. We do not agree with the subjective arguments underlying the proposal to change Spartina to Sporobolus. We understand the importance of both the objective phylogenetic insights and of the subjective formalized nomenclature and hope that by opening this debate we will encourage positive feedback that will strengthen taxonomic decisions with an interdisciplinary perspective. We consider that the strongly distinct, monophyletic clade Spartina should simply and efficiently be treated as the genus Spartina.
    Description: We are grateful to the many colleagues, students and eight anonymous expert taxonomists from Argentina, United States, Spain, UK, and Uruguay for sharing their opinions, perspectives, and ideas, improving our reasoning and encouraging us to initiate this debate. The authors’ positions are personal, and do not necessarily reflect the organizations or networks they represent or with which they are affiliated. We are also deeply grateful to two anonymous reviewers as well as to the Editor‐in‐Chief Don Strong who supplied excellent insight that truly improved our work.
    Keywords: Botanical nomenclature ; Coastal ecology ; Cordgrass ; Integrative analysis ; Interdisciplinary decisions ; Salt marsh
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Indirect human impacts reverse centuries of carbon sequestration and salt marsh accretion (2014)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e93296, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093296.
    Description: Direct and indirect human impacts on coastal ecosystems have increased over the last several centuries, leading to unprecedented degradation of coastal habitats and loss of ecological services. Here we document a two-century temporal disparity between salt marsh accretion and subsequent loss to indirect human impacts. Field surveys, manipulative experiments and GIS analyses reveal that crab burrowing weakens the marsh peat base and facilitates further burrowing, leading to bank calving, disruption of marsh accretion, and a loss of over two centuries of sequestered carbon from the marsh edge in only three decades. Analogous temporal disparities exist in other systems and are a largely unrecognized obstacle in attaining sustainable ecosystem services in an increasingly human impacted world. In light of the growing threat of indirect impacts worldwide and despite uncertainties in the fate of lost carbon, we suggest that estimates of carbon emissions based only on direct human impacts may significantly underestimate total anthropogenic carbon emissions.
    Description: This research was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation Biological Oceanography Program and the Brown University Undergraduate Teaching and Research Award Program.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/postscript
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  • 10
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    Sea-level rise and the emergence of a keystone grazer alter the geomorphic evolution and ecology of southeast US salt marshes (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-13
    Description: Keystone species have large ecological effects relative to their abundance and have been identified in many ecosystems. However, global change is pervasively altering environmental conditions, potentially elevating new species to keystone roles. Here, we reveal that a historically innocuous grazer—the marsh crabSesarma reticulatum—is rapidly reshaping the geomorphic evolution and ecological organization of southeastern US salt marshes now burdened by rising sea levels. Our analyses indicate that sea-level rise in recent decades has widely outpaced marsh vertical accretion, increasing tidal submergence of marsh surfaces, particularly where creeks exhibit morphologies that are unable to efficiently drain adjacent marsh platforms. In these increasingly submerged areas, cordgrass decreases belowground root:rhizome ratios, causing substrate hardness to decrease to within the optimal range forSesarmaburrowing. Together, these bio-physical changes provokeSesarmato aggregate in high-density grazing and burrowing fronts at the heads of tidal creeks (hereafter, creekheads). Aerial-image analyses reveal that resulting “Sesarma-grazed” creekheads increased in prevalence from 10 ± 2% to 29 ± 5% over the past
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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