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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient limitation and plant species composition in temperate salt marshes (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 111 (1997), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Nutrient limitation ; Primary production ; Plant-species interactions ; Rainfall deficit ; Salt marsh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a factorial design in two ungrazed Wadden-Sea salt marshes at low and high elevations showed that nitrogen was the limiting nutrient. No effects of nutrient addition were detected in the 1st year, probably due to a considerable rainfall deficit during the growing season. In the 2nd year, which was more humid, only nitrogen addition caused significant effects in both the low salt marsh dominated by Puccinellia maritima and the high marsh dominated by Festuca rubra. No two-way or three-way interactions with phosphorus or potassium were found. In the low marsh, nitrogen addition had a negative effect on the biomass of Puccinellia, but a positive effect on the biomass of Suaeda maritima and on the total above-ground biomass. Puccinellia was replaced by Suaeda after nitrogen addition, due to shading. In the high salt marsh, no significant effects of fertilizer application on total above-ground biomass were found, due to the weak response of the dominant species Festuca rubra, which accounted for 95% of total biomass. The biomass of Spergularia maritima increased, however, as a response to nitrogen addition.The shoot length of Festuca was positively affected by nitrogen fertilization. It is suggested that stands of Festuca reached maximal biomass at the study site without fertilization and that its growth was probably limited by self-shading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050242
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 265 (1993), S. vii 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007259
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of five years of grazing on a salt-marsh vegetation (1981)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 44 (1981), S. 81-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: diversity ; dynamics ; grazing ; management ; mapping ; salt-marsh ; succession ; vegetation ; zonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a salt-marsh, which was ungrazed from 1958 to 1971, grazing was reintroduced in 24 out of 32 ha from 1972 onwards. Vegetation changes under these conditions were investigated. The area studied is part of a larger grazed area of ca. 110 ha, grazed with a stocking rate of 1.3–1.7 cattle, ha. from May to October. This allowed a comparison between vegetation development under continued ungrazed conditions and under the reintroduction of grazing. A quantitative comparison has been made, based on sequential detailed mapping in 1971 and 1976. The ungrazed area shows a progressive succesion. Because of the erosive coast this is not the succession of a developing salt-marsh but rather a ‘recovery’ succession, after grazing was stopped in 1958. Drift deposits appear to play an important role. The grazed marsh shows successional trends in some areas, but in others signs of retrogressive succession were seen. The vegetation becomes more open, alpha- and beta-diversity increase and the vegetation develops in a more intricate pattern while some vegetation boundaries seem to become more distinct, especially on the higher salt-marsh. The large extension of Saginion maritimae types is remarkable and is probably caused by a combined effect of warm, dry summers and grazing. Further investigation is required to test whether local qualitatively different changes in communities are caused by different grazing intensities. The ungrazed area becomes more rugged, a process that can be effectively reversed by grazing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00133005
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From intensively agricultural practices to hay-making without fertilization (1981)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 46-47 (1981), S. 241-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Cluster analysis ; Grassland ; Hay-making ; Hydrology ; Nutrients ; Vegetation dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the valley of the Dutch brook ‘Drentsche A’ formerly fertilized lots came under hay-making without fertilization practices. The vegetation at the beginning of the experiments varied depending on the intensity of former agricultural practices. Clustering revealed unidirectional successional lines in all lots with relatively large changes in the first four years. Changes still occur after 30 years of unfertilized hay-making. Changes concerning vegetation types as well as increasing or appearing and decreasing or disappearing species suggest a diminishing availability of nutrients as the main environmental process. Therefore it is concluded that after a period of fertilizing some restoration of plant communities associated with former agricultural practices is possible. Variation already present within lots nearly always remained and in one lot a divarication of successional lines could be recorded, probably correlated with hydrological differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118402
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-patterns in grassland vegetation created and sustained by sheep-grazing (1984)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 55 (1984), S. 153-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Grassland ; Macro-pattern ; Micro-pattern ; Pattern stability ; Sheep-grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An initially uniform Holcus lanatus-dominated sward came partly under hay-making and partly under sheep-grazing. Preferential grazing by sheep resulted in grazing at different intensities giving rise to a macro-pattern of various plant communities. Besides this macro-pattern a micro-pattern developed in the grazed area, which was absent under hay-making. In the micro-pattern short, heavily grazed areas alternated with taller, lightly grazed patches, both having the same species composition. The heavily grazed area was characterized by equal amounts of monocots and dicots. The lightly grazed patches were dominated by Agrostis tenuis, and had a large amount of litter which probably causes the absence of mosses. The protein percentage of green material is higher in the heavily grazed areas than in the lightly grazed patches. Sequential charting indicated that the micro-pattern was more or less stable. An interaction between the vegetation micro-pattern and grazing patterns is suggested. Heavy grazing results in forage with a high protein content and hence attracts animals. Light grazing results in forage with a relatively low protein content, animals avoid the area and litter accumulates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045017
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salt marshes along the coast of The Netherlands (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 265 (1993), S. 73-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: exploitation ; fauna ; management ; nitrogen cycle ; vegetation ; salt marsh ; sea level rise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The area of salt marshes does no longer increase. The recent erosion coincides with a rise in MHT-level in the last 25 years. Despite the decrease in area, sedimentation continues, especially in the lower salt marsh, which acts as a sink of nitrogen. Assimilation and mineralization of nitrogen are in balance in most plant communities along the gradient from lower to higher salt marshes. Mineralization of nitrogen increases towards the higher salt marsh, whereas the above-ground production and the mean nitrogen content of plants decrease. There is a positive correlation between quality of food plants in salt marshes and breeding success of Brent geese in the arctic tundra. Sedimentation on mainland salt marshes can compensate for the expected sea level rise. This is not the case for island salt marshes, if the relative sea level rise is more than 0.5–1.0 cm yr−1. The natural succession on salt marshes results in an accumulation of organic material, which is related to the dominance of single plant species. It is not clear to which extent this process is enhanced by eutrophication from acid deposition and seawater. Human exploitation of unprotected salt marshes is old and heavy in the system of mound settlements. Reclamation rates by dikes in the last centuries were higher than the rate of area increase. Grazing by cattle as a management practice results in both a higher plant species-richness and community diversity than abandoning; hay-making is intermediate, but shows less structural diversity than grazing with low stocking density. The invertebrate fauna is favoured by a short period of abandoning, but eventually characteristic salt marsh invertebrates are replaced by inland species. Many bird species prefer grazed salt marshes. The final section gives some perspectives. Provided that no further embankments take place the optimal nature management option for plants and animals is a vegetation pattern, which includes areas with a low canopy (grazed) and areas with a tall canopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007263
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in a salt-marsh vegetation as a result of grazing and mowing — A five-year study of permanent plots (1978)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 38 (1978), S. 77-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Grazing ; Management experiment ; Mowing ; Salt-marsh ; Vegetation dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Part of a salt-marsh (32 ha), ungrazed from 1958 until 1971, was grazed again from 1972 onwards with young cattle (1.3–1.7 per ha, May–October). In five vegetation types management experiments, including doing nothing (control). June mowing, August mowing, June and August mowing, all in combination or not in combination with grazing have been started with the objective to compare annually their effects on the vegetational structure and composition by means of permanent plots (2×2 m). Thirteen years (1958–1971) after the grazing had ceased the vegetation types of Festuca rubra/Armeria maritima, Artemisia maritima, Juncus maritimus and Elytrigia pungens hardly changed anymore. The vegetation type of Festuca rubra/Limonium vulgare, changed considerably. The experiments showed rather specific effects during the period 1971–1975 for each type of vegetation. Changes in the Festuca rubra/Armeria maritima vegetation were small and gradually under all treatments. Changes in The Artemisia maritima, Festuca rubra/Limonium vulgare and Juncus maritimus vegetation types were rather great under the different grazing treatments, the changes being abrupt and especially taking place in the third and fourth year of the experiments. The Elytrigia pungens vegetation showed large changes under all treatments, except the control plot, whereas these changes were abrupt, particularly occurring in the first and second year of the experiments. The study is continued.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052038
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of grazing on plant communities, plant populations and soil conditions on salt marshes (1985)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 62 (1985), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Grazing ; Mowing ; Salt marsh ; Seed bank ; Soil salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Grazing an abandoned salt marsh causes retrogressive succession, since mid salt-marsh communities change into lower salt-marsh communities. Grazing and mowing are compared in detail. Both management practices enhance species diversity in an abandoned salt marsh. This can be attributed to the removal of litter. The finding that lower salt-marsh species appear more with grazing than with mowing or abandoning is not related to a higher soil salinity as compared to mowing or abandoning, but probably to locally baring of the soil by grazing animals. Only species of pioneer or unstable environments seem to have a persistent seed bank, for other species seed dispersal seems to be a limiting factor for their establishment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044766
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term changes of salt marsh communities by cattle grazing (1990)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 89 (1990), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Grazing intensity ; Invertebrates ; Nature management ; Succession ; Vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 9 years a grazing experiment was carried out in the mainland salt marsh of the Leybucht (Niedersachsen) with three stocking rates, namely, 0.5 ha-1, 1 ha-1, and 2 cattle ha-1. These were also compared with an abandoned area. The results are based on sampling of the invertebrates in 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1988, and of the vegetation in 1980 and 1988. The rate of sedimentation is highest in the Puccinellia maritima-zone and decreases with the increase of stocking rates. The Elymus pycnanthus vegetation type becomes dominant in the higher salt marsh in the abandoned site. The canopy height decreases with increasing stocking rate, whereas a gradient in the structure of the vegetation develops with the lowest stocking rate. The population densities, the species-richness and the community diversity of invertebrates increases after the cessation of grazing. The high rate of sedimentation in the abandoned site promotes the immigration of species from higher salt marsh levels and adjacent grasslands, and eventually halotopophilous species and communities may disappear. On the other hand grazing reduces numerous species living both in or on upper parts of the vegetation or being sensitive to trampling by cattle. The community structure shows that the salt marsh ecosystem changed from a food web dominated by plant feeding animals to a food web dominated by animals foraging on detritus. The salt marsh management has to be differentiated into both ungrazed and lightly grazed areas (each 50%) or an overall grazing in large areas with less than 0.5 cattle ha-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032166
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of fluctuations in tidal inundation frequency on a salt-marsh vegetation (1988)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 78 (1988), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Permanent plot ; Population dynamics ; Salinity ; Time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 15 years recordings were made of the species cover in permanent plots on the salt marsh of one of the West Frisian Islands, Schiermonnikoog (The Netherlands). Correlations between annual changes in the cover of the major species, and fluctuations in the monthly frequency of inundation by seawater were studied. First, a spectral analysis was carried out on the inundation frequency data to look for predictable patterns. Subsequently, fluctuations were defined as deviations from these predictable patterns. In a repeated multiple regression model, the effects of the season in which the fluctuations occurred, and the elevational position of the plots on the salt marsh were studied as factors influencing the correlation patterns. The behaviour of various species is discussed in relation to their seed bank characteristics and their salt tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045634
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