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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced efficiency and extended wavelength range of dye lasers operated with DCM (2000)
    Springer
    Applied physics 70 (2000), S. 527-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 42.55.Mv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. It is observed that the efficiency of the DCM dye dissolved in ethylene glycol benzyl alcohol can be enhanced if the dye is preheated at a temperature of 150 °C. Peak powers as high as 1.5 W have been achieved with a single-mode ring dye laser at 640 nm when pumped by 9 W (all lines) from an argon-ion laser. The wavelength region has been also extended beyond both ends of the tuning curve compared to a conventionally prepared DCM dye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400050856
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Set of Neural Tools for Human-Computer Interactions: Application to the Handwritten Character Recognition, and Visual Speech Recognition Problems (2000)
    Springer
    Neural computing & applications 9 (2000), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Keywords: Human-machine interaction; Lipreading; On-line handwritten character recognition; Spatio-temporal coding; Spatio-temporal neural networks; Spatio-temporal patterns; Spiking neurons; Visual speech recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: This paper presents a new technique of data coding and an associated set of homogenous processing tools for the development of Human Computer Interactions (HCI). The proposed technique facilitates the fusion of different sensorial modalities and simplifies the implementations. The coding takes into account the spatio-temporal nature of the signals to be processed in the framework of a sparse representation of data. Neural networks adapted to such a representation of data are proposed to perform the recognition tasks. Their development is illustrated by two examples: one of on-line handwritten character recognition; and the other of visual speech recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005210070007
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EPR Properties of Synthetic Apatites, Deorganified Dentine, and Enamel (1998)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 62 (1998), S. 443-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Apatite — Enamel — Dentine — Dosimetry — EPR.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) was used to study synthetic hydroxyapatite and ∼1, 2, and 6% synthetic carbonated apatites, deorganified dentine, and enamel. The carbonated apatites were synthesized by hydrolysis of dicalcium phosphate. Comparisons were made with spectra from enamel and deorganified dentine. Microwave power saturation and dose responses were determined for the synthetic materials. The Marquardt version of the Levenberg decomposition method was used to extract individual signals from the apatite data. Two samples of dentine were irradiated with 25 and 100 Gy, respectively, from a 60Co source. The first sample was then deorganified at 200°C using the Soxhlet extraction technique. A third sample was irradiated with 100 Gy after deorganification. The resulting EPR spectra were then compared. It was determined that the dosimetric signal of 2% synthetic carbonated apatite was approximately the same as that of enamel. It was also verified that the dosimetric signal saturates at about 2% in synthetic carbonated apatites. The study established that the precenters responsible for the dosimetric signal (g⊥= 2.0018, g∥= 1.9985) are preferentially concentrated in the surface-accessible region of the mineral component, as shown by the approximately 80% attenuation of the dosimetric signal in dentine following deorganification. The precenters responsible are not destroyed by the deorganification since the magnitude of the dosimetric signal from the dentine specimen irradiated following deorganification was approximately twice that of the comparable untreated, irradiated sample. Finally, the dose response of 2 and 6% synthetic carbonated apatites was determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900457
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metastable Equilibrium Solubility Behavior of Bone Mineral (1999)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 64 (1999), S. 329-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Carbonated apatites — Bone mineral — Solubility — Crystallinity — Calcium phosphates.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Previous studies have shown that carbonated apatites with a range of carbonate contents and crystallinities exhibit the phenomenon of metastable equilibrium solubility (MES) distributions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the solubility behavior of bone mineral using the concepts of MES and MES distributions and, together with crystallinity and chemical composition data, examine the similarity of bone mineral to carbonated apatite (CAP). Bone samples were harvested from 1-, 5-, and 8-month-old rats. The organic components of the bone samples were removed by hydrazine deproteination. Carbonated apatite was synthesized by the hydrolysis of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) in a NaHCO3-containing media at 50°C. The MES distributions of bone mineral and CAP were determined by equilibrating predetermined amounts of CAP or bone mineral in a series of 0.1 M acetate buffers containing calculated levels of calcium and phosphate and maintained at essentially constant pHs of 5.0, 5.3, 5.7, and 6.5. From the compositions of the equilibrating buffer solutions, ion activity products based upon the stoichiometries of octacalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and carbonated apatite were calculated in an attempt to determine the function governing the dissolution of CAP and bone mineral. The results of this study demonstrated that the MES distribution phenomenon appeared to hold for bone mineral and that the changes in crystallinity of bone mineral with age correlated well with changes in the MES values. A CAP sample was prepared that was found to be an excellent synthetic prototype closely mimicking the physicochemical behavior of bone mineral from an 8-month-old rat. Another finding of this study was that the ion activity product function based upon the hydroxyapatite stoichiometry well described the MES results obtained with both CAP and bone mineral. The interpretation that a surface complex with hydroxyapatite stoichiometry governs the solubility behavior of bone mineral is, therefore, consistent with the experimental data. Other calcium phosphate stoichiometries for the surface complex showed systematic variations in the MES profiles when the pH of the equilibrating solution was varied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900628
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships Among Carbonated Apatite Solubility, Crystallite Size, and Microstrain Parameters (1999)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 64 (1999), S. 437-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Carbonated apatites — Solubility — Calcium phosphates — Crystallite size — Microstrain.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The use of the metastable equilibrium solubility (MES) concept to describe the solubility properties of carbonated apatites (CAPs) and human dental enamel (HE) has been well established in previous studies using a range of CAPs with varying carbonate contents and crystallinities. It was shown in these studies that the mean value of the CAP MES is directly related to the broadening parameter full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 002 reflection of the X-ray diffraction profile. The apparent solubility of the CAPs increased monotonically with an increase in the broadening of the diffraction peaks, and when this peak broadening was taken into account, carbonate had no additional effect upon the MES. The broadening of the diffraction peaks has been used as an indicator of crystallinity, and is generally influenced by both crystallite size and microstrain. The purpose of the present study was to extract the crystallite size and microstrain parameters separately from the X-ray diffraction peaks and then to determine their relationships to the corresponding MES values. The samples studied were CAPs synthesized by precipitation from Ca(NO3)2 and NaH2PO4 solutions in carbonate containing media at temperatures of 95, 80, and 70°C, and powdered HE. The crystallite size and microstrain parameters were determined simultaneously with the refinement of the structural parameters with the Rietveld method of whole-pattern-fitting structure-refinement. A modified pseudo-Voigt function was used to model the observed peak profiles. The MES distributions for the CAPs and HE were determined by a previously described method. The results of this study showed that the CAPs possessed an MES distribution and therefore provided further support that MES distribution is a common phenomenon, regardless of the method of CAP synthesis. The crystallite size decreased and the microstrain increased with increasing carbonate content and decreasing temperature of synthesis of the CAPs. A plot of the mean of the MES distribution versus the microstrain parameter showed that the apparent solubility of the CAPs and HE correlated very well with the microstrain parameter. On the other hand, a plot of the mean of the MES distribution versus the crystallite size parameter showed a poor correlation between MES and crystallite size. These findings support a view that microstrain, rather than crystallite size, is the dominant factor governing the effective solubility of the CAPs and dental enamel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005826
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a flame photometric detector to the gas chromatographic measurement of sulphur compounds in hydrocarbon fractions (1982)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 16 (1982), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Trace organic sulphur analysis ; Dual flame photometric detector ; Opposition of detector signals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of individual sulphur compounds in a complex hydrocarbon matrix is complicated either by quenching or by simultaneous hydrocarbon response. In the latter case the hydrocarbon response can be subtracted by opposing the signals from two different detectors, leaving a simplified chromatogram of the sulphur compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02258924
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  • 7
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    Excited-State Proton Transfer from 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonate to Urea (1998)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-01
    Print ISSN: 1089-5639
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5215
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 8
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    Formation and dissociation of M1 muscarinic receptor dimers seen by total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of single molecules (2010)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-20
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Application of a flame photometric detector to the gas chromatographic measurement of sulphur compounds in hydrocarbon fractions (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0009-5893
    Electronic ISSN: 1612-1112
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Can small events (M 0)? (2012)
    Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-14
    Description: It is becoming evident that under different circumstances, such as injection rates and geologic conditions, it might be possible to generate larger magnitude (M 〉 0) events during hydraulic fracture stimulations. By utilizing fully integrated passive seismic monitoring programs, we can examine the relationship between the occurrence of small magnitude events (M 〈 0) and the fracture and stress conditions that may lead to larger events. In our investigations, we identify that over all scales of observation the events follow a self-similar behavior; however, the small magnitude events are generally lower in stress release than observed for the larger events. These differences can be explained by the observed failure mechanisms where smaller events tend to be driven by shear-tensile failures of pre-existing discrete fractures (joints) whereas the larger events appear to be dominated by shear-driven failure processes associated with pre-existing faults. These observations suggest that there can be sufficient stress transfer and stress buildup resulting from the smaller events associated with hydraulic stimulation to allow for nearby pre-existing faults to slip in shear.
    Print ISSN: 1070-485X
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-3789
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
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