ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

1

Electronic Resource

Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland amended with sewage sludge (1998)

Scott, A. ; Ball, B. C. ; Crichton, I. J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 14 (1998), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00611.x

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2

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Oxidation of atmospheric methane in Northern European soils, comparison with other ecosystems, and uncertainties in the global terrestrial sink (2000)

Smith, K. A. ; Dobbie, K. E. ; Ball, B. C. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: This paper reports the range and statistical distribution of oxidation rates of atmospheric CH4 in soils found in Northern Europe in an international study, and compares them with published data for various other ecosystems. It reassesses the size, and the uncertainty in, the global terrestrial CH4 sink, and examines the effect of land-use change and other factors on the oxidation rate.Only soils with a very high water table were sources of CH4; all others were sinks. Oxidation rates varied from 1 to nearly 200 μg CH4 m−2 h−1; annual rates for sites measured for ≥1 y were 0.1–9.1 kg CH4 ha−1 y−1, with a log-normal distribution (log-mean ≈ 1.6 kg CH4 ha−1 y−1). Conversion of natural soils to agriculture reduced oxidation rates by two-thirds –- closely similar to results reported for other regions. N inputs also decreased oxidation rates. Full recovery of rates after these disturbances takes 〉 100 y. Soil bulk density, water content and gas diffusivity had major impacts on oxidation rates. Trends were similar to those derived from other published work. Increasing acidity reduced oxidation, partially but not wholly explained by poor diffusion through litter layers which did not themselves contribute to the oxidation. The effect of temperature was small, attributed to substrate limitation and low atmospheric concentration.Analysis of all available data for CH4 oxidation rates in situ showed similar log-normal distributions to those obtained for our results, with generally little difference between different natural ecosystems, or between short-and longer-term studies. The overall global terrestrial sink was estimated at 29 Tg CH4 y−1, close to the current IPCC assessment, but with a much wider uncertainty range (7 to 〉 100 Tg CH4 y−1). Little or no information is available for many major ecosystems; these should receive high priority in future research.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00356.x

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3

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Soil structural quality, compaction and land management (1997)

BALL, B. C. ; CAMPBELL, D. J. ; DOUGLAS, J. T. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

European journal of soil science 48 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Soil compaction is a concern worldwide, particularly where compactible soils are used for intensive agriculture in a wet climate. We have investigated the impact of compaction and the associated changes in soil structural qualities on crop production and environmental pollution. The overall objective was to develop soil management systems that provide suitable conditions for crop growth and minimize environmental damage. We ran large-scale field experiments studying the preservation of structural quality in arable and permanent grassland, using management systems such as the control or elimination of field traffic and the application of conservation tillage and zero tillage. We measured bulk density, shear strength, cone resistance, macroporosity, relative diffusivity, air permeability and water infiltrability to identify soil qualities that could be used for selecting suitable soil management. Along with crop yield, we measured environmental impacts, such as the emissions of nitrous oxide from the soil, which require the interaction of soil structure and water content near the soil surface. Soil structure influenced wetness, which affected trafficability, compaction and nitrogen retention. Measurement of properties that affect fluid storage and transport, such as macroporosity, provided soil quality indices that helped in recommending suitable soil management systems. Spatial variation of structure associated with wheel-track locations could be estimated rapidly using a cone penetrometer. Variation was particularly important in determining crop yield consistency. Crop productivity and soil structural qualities were preserved best when field traffic was eliminated. A reduced ground-pressure system successfully minimized compaction in grassland but was less effective in an arable rotation. Unless traffic is eliminated, good timing of operations is the most effective way to preserve soil structural quality.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1997.tb00559.x

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4

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Short-range spatial variation of nitrous oxide fluxes in relation to compaction and straw residues (2000)

Ball, B. C. ; Horgan, G. W. ; Parker, J. P.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 51 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: The spatial heterogeneity of N2O flux at short distances (0.1–2 m) was characterized in relation to various soil physical and chemical properties and the location of incorporated crop residues in arable soils. Plots were prepared with uniform compaction (either zero or compacted by a laden two-wheel-drive tractor) in two field experiments, one under winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), the other under oil-seed rape (Brassica napus). Flux measurements were made of N2O using small chambers (7.3 cm diameter) placed at intervals of approximately 10 cm along a transect (c. 2 m long) across the direction of application of the treatments of compaction and residue incorporation. The flux of N2O and many other measurements showed large variation over short distances, particularly when fluxes were small. The spatial variation of the flux was not closely related to the soil properties. Correlations showed that cone resistance, air permeability and closeness to incorporated residues were as important as soil NO3, NH4 and soluble C in determining flux of N2O from non-compacted soils. Most properties of compacted soils did not correlate with N2O flux. Correlation and multiple regression analysis failed to establish consistent relations between soil environmental variables and N2O flux, but principal component regression indicated that, overall, N2O flux increased with decreasing distance from straw residues and air permeability, and with increasing cone resistance and wet bulk density.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2000.00347.x

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5

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Modelling the effect of water distribution and hysteresis on air-filled pore space (2005)

Horgan, G. W. ; Ball, B. C.

Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Soil pore networks have a complex geometry, which is challenging to model in three dimensions. We use a Boolean model of pore space that has proved useful in modelling gas diffusion in dry structures to investigate the distribution of water in this pore space and to quantify the effects on pore connectivity to the soil surface. We first show how total porosity in dry soil influences connectivity via the percolation threshold. Then we show that our model simulation of the ‘ink-bottle effect’ can account for much of the hysteresis of the soil water. The differences in distribution of water between wetting and drying result in maintaining greater connectivity of the air-filled pore space during drying than during wetting. Hysteresis is large at small total porosities and slowly declines as porosity increases. During wetting much pore space is blocked when more than 40% of the pore space is filled with water, although during drying all non-isolated air-filled pores are connected to the surface. Even when soil is allowed to wet to near saturation, there are rapid increases in pore connectivity during drying, which may explain, for example, rapid increases in production and emission of nitrous oxide in soils near saturation.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00714.x

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The role of crop rotations in determining soil structure and crop growth conditions (2005)

Ball, B. C. ; Bingham, I. ; Rees, R. M. ; [et al.]

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 2005; 85(5): 557-577. Published 2005 Nov 01. doi: 10.4141/s04-078.

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Publication Date: 2005-11-01

Description: Increasing concern about the need to provide high-quality food with minimum environmental impact has led to a new interest in crop rotations as a tool to maintain sustainable crop production. We review the role of rotations in the development and preservation of soil structure. After first introducing the types of rotations in current practice and their impact on yield, we assess how soil and crop management in rotations determines soil structure, and in turn how soil structure influences crop growth and yield. We also briefly consider how soil structure might contribute to other beneficial effects of rotations, namely nutrient cycling and disease suppression. Emphasis is given to the influence of crop choice and, where relevant, interaction with tillage system and avoidance of compaction in the improvement and maintenance of soil structure. Crop rotations profoundly modify the soil environment. The sequence of crops in rotation not only influences the removal of nutrients from a soil, but also the return of crop residues, the development and distribution of biopores and the dynamics of microbial communities. These processes contribute to the development of soil structure. We have identified areas where further research is needed to enable the potential benefits of rotations in the management of soil structure to be fully exploited. These include: improved quantitative linkages between soil structure and crop growth, the consequences to soil structure and nutrient cycling of crop residue incorporation, developing natural disease suppression, amelioration of subsoils by crop roots, the fate of carbon deposited by plant roots in soil and the fate of organic nitrogen in soil. Key words: Organic farming, microbial activity, nutrient cycling, compaction, disease suppression, soil structure

Print ISSN: 0008-4271

Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition