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  • 1
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    New ages for the last Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: All Australian land mammals, reptiles, and birds weighing more than 100 kilograms, and six of the seven genera with a body mass of 45 to 100 kilograms, perished in the late Quaternary. The timing and causes of these extinctions remain uncertain. We report burial ages for megafauna from 28 sites and infer extinction across the continent around 46,400 years ago (95% confidence interval, 51,200 to 39,800 years ago). Our results rule out extreme aridity at the Last Glacial Maximum as the cause of extinction, but not other climatic impacts; a "blitzkrieg" model of human-induced extinction; or an extended period of anthropogenic ecosystem disruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, R G -- Flannery, T F -- Ayliffe, L K -- Yoshida, H -- Olley, J M -- Prideaux, G J -- Laslett, G M -- Baynes, A -- Smith, M A -- Jones, R -- Smith, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1888-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. rgrobe@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Birds ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Humans ; *Mammals ; Optics and Photonics ; *Reptiles ; Thorium ; Time ; Uranium
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Mutations in aquaporin-1 in phenotypically normal humans without functional CHIP water channels (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-09
    Description: The gene aquaporin-1 encodes channel-forming integral protein (CHIP), a member of a large family of water transporters found throughout nature. Three rare individuals were identified who do not express CHIP-associated Colton blood group antigens and whose red cells exhibit low osmotic water permeabilities. Genomic DNA analyses demonstrated that two individuals were homozygous for different nonsense mutations (exon deletion or frameshift), and the third had a missense mutation encoding a nonfunctioning CHIP molecule. Surprisingly, none of the three suffers any apparent clinical consequence, which raises questions about the physiological importance of CHIP and implies that other mechanisms may compensate for its absence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Preston, G M -- Smith, B L -- Zeidel, M L -- Moulds, J J -- Agre, P -- DK32753/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL33991/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL48268/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 9;265(5178):1585-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7521540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaporin 1 ; *Aquaporins ; Base Sequence ; Blood Group Antigens ; Cell Membrane Permeability ; Erythrocyte Membrane/chemistry/physiology ; Exons ; Female ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Ion Channels/blood/*genetics/urine ; Kidney Tubules/chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oocytes ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Reduced Protein Expression in a Virus Attenuated by Codon Deoptimization (2017)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-08
    Description: A general means of viral attenuation involves the extensive recoding of synonymous codons in the viral genome. The mechanistic underpinnings of this approach remain unclear, however. Using quantitative proteomics and RNA sequencing, we explore the molecular basis of attenuation in a strain of bacteriophage T7 whose major capsid gene was engineered to carry 182 suboptimal codons. We do not detect transcriptional effects from recoding. Proteomic observations reveal that translation is halved for the recoded major capsid gene, and a more modest reduction applies to several coexpressed downstream genes. We observe no changes in protein abundances of other coexpressed genes that are encoded upstream. Viral burst size, like capsid protein abundance, is also decreased by half. Together, these observations suggest that, in this virus, reduced translation of an essential polycistronic transcript and diminished virion assembly form the molecular basis of attenuation.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 4
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    Modes of higher education: private sectors in higher education (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 May 23;232(4753):1008-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17759284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical investigation of the entrainment and mixing processes in neutral and stably-stratified mixing layers (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 11 (1999), S. 162-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a temporally-growing mixing layer has been carried out, for a variety of initial conditions at various Richardson and Prandtl numbers, by means of a pseudo-spectral technique; the main objective being to elucidate how the entrainment and mixing processes in mixing-layer turbulence are altered under the combined influence of stable stratification and thermal conductivity. Stratification is seen to significantly modify the way by which entrainment and mixing occur by introducing highly-localized, convective instabilities, which in turn cause a substantially different three-dimensionalization of the flow compared to the unstratified situation. Fluid which was able to cross the braid region mainly undisturbed (unmixed) in the unstratified case, pumped by the action of rib pairs and giving rise to well-formed mushroom structures, is not available with stratified flow. This is because of the large number of ribs which efficiently mix the fluid crossing the braid region. More efficient entrainment and mixing has been noticed for high Prandtl number computations, where vorticity is significantly reinforced by the baroclinic torque. In liquid sodium, however, for which the Prandtl number is very low, the generation of vorticity is very effectively suppressed by the large thermal conduction, since only small temperature gradients, and thus negligible baroclinic vorticity reinforcement, are then available to counterbalance the effects of buoyancy. This is then reflected in less efficient entrainment and mixing. The influence of the stratification and the thermal conductivity can also be clearly identified from the calculated entrainment coefficients and turbulent Prandtl numbers, which were seen to accurately match experimental data. The turbulent Prandtl number increases rapidly with increasing stratification in liquid sodium, whereas for air and water the stratification effect is less significant. A general law for the entrainment coefficient as a function of the Richardson and Prandtl numbers is proposed, and critically assessed against experimental data. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869910
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast imaging and fast force spectroscopy of single biopolymers with a new atomic force microscope designed for small cantilevers (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4300-4303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Small cantilevers allow for faster imaging and faster force spectroscopy of single biopolymers than previously possible because they have higher resonant frequencies and lower coefficients of viscous damping. We have used a new prototype atomic force microscope with small cantilevers to produce stable tapping-mode images (1 μm×1 μm) in liquid of DNA adsorbed onto mica in as little as 1.7 s per image. We have also used these cantilevers to observe the forced unfolding of individual titin molecules on a time scale an order of magnitude faster than previously reported. These experiments demonstrate that a new generation of atomic force microscopes using small cantilevers will enable us to study biological processes with greater time resolution. Furthermore, these instruments allow us to narrow the gap in time between results from force spectroscopy experiments and molecular dynamics calculations. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150069
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational effects in three-bond and four-bond platinum-hydrogen coupling constants in platinum complexes of methylglycines (1973)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 12 (1973), S. 412-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic50120a035
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coenzyme B12 model studies: an electrochemical comparison of both alkylcobaloxime and nonalkyl cobaloxime and Co[C2(DO)(DOH)pn] complexes to coenzyme B12 (1981)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 103 (1981), S. 5558-5566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00408a047
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical investigation of the scalar probability density function distribution in neutral and stably stratified mixing layers (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 13 (2001), S. 927-950 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Direct numerical simulations of a temporally-growing mixing layer are performed to examine how the resulting concentration probability density function (PDF) of an advected, nearly nondiffusive, passive scalar (numerical dye) varies under the combined effects of stable stratification, thermal conductivity, and perturbation of the initial velocity field. In stably-stratified mixing layers convective instabilities are responsible for the development of streamwise vortices or ribs. These exhibit shorter spanwise separation than in nonstratified shear layers and lead to differences in the subsequent three-dimensionalization of the flow field. Furthermore, vortex development is very efficiently suppressed by stratification in high-thermally-conducting fluids, because only small temperature gradients arise and thus negligible baroclinic vorticity reinforcement is available to counterbalance the stabilizing effects of buoyancy. This is reflected in smaller mixed-fluid total PDF areas with decreasing Prandtl number. The effect of coherent structures on the PDF distribution is seen to be significant. The main rolls are the cause of "global-concentration" mixing, i.e., mixing of fluid lumps with vastly different species concentration, reflected in nonmarching PDF peaks, where the peak of the PDF is located at a constant concentration value. Ribs, on the other hand, having shorter spatial extent and engendering mixing on a narrower concentration range, cause "local-concentration" mixing, which translates into marching PDF peaks. The combined action of the spanwise vortices rolling up, or pairing, and the ribs, may then give rise to tilted PDF distributions, which are intermediate between nonmarching and marching. The "pairing parameter," used to predict the transition from nonmarching to marching PDFs, was found not to be reliable, small values being sufficient to allow the PDF to be marching in stratified flow. The scalar mean, and the scalar mean-mixed-fluid, concentrations are also investigated and are seen to deviate considerably from each other, depending on the strength and coherence of the vortical structures, the imposed stratification, and the thermal conductivity. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1352622
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clonal and solitary anemones (Anthopleura) of western North America: population genetics and systematics (1987)
    Springer
    Marine biology 94 (1987), S. 537-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Francis (1979) proposed that clonal and solitary forms of the anemone Anthopleura elegantissima are actually two species. In 1984 and 1985, samples from two to six California populations of all known forms and species of California Anthopleura were analyzed electrophoretically to determine their taxonomic relationships. Data from 14 enzymes and 18 loci, 17 of them polymorphic, show that the two forms of A. elegantissima are virtually identical electrophoretically, and there is no evidence of reduced gene flow between them. We conclude there are three species of Anthopleura in California: A. elegantissima (Brandt, 1835), A. xanthogrammica (Brandt, 1835) and A. artemisia (Dana, 1848). Genetic variation in the two species capable of asexual reproduction, A. elegantissima and A. artemisia, is extremely high, approximately 2.5 times that of the strictly sexual A. xanthogrammica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431400
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